Term
| How is the integumentary system divided? |
|
Definition
| skin and accessory organs |
|
|
Term
| what is the largest body organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the skin? |
|
Definition
epidermis (top)
dermis (below) |
|
|
Term
| what are considered accessory organs for the integumentary system? |
|
Definition
hair
nails
cutaneous glands |
|
|
Term
| what makes up the epidermis? |
|
Definition
| keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what makes up the dermis? |
|
Definition
| fibrous connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| what constitutes thin skin? |
|
Definition
hair
sebaceous glands
thin stratum corneum
NO Stratum lucidum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of skin on the human body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes up thick skin? |
|
Definition
thick stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
NO hair
NO sebaceous glands |
|
|
Term
| where is thick skin found? |
|
Definition
palms (palmar)
soles (plantar)
digits (volar) |
|
|
Term
| most predominant skin type on the body? |
|
Definition
| thin skin (anything other that palms, soles, and digits) |
|
|
Term
| is the epidermis vascular or avascular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the epidermis receive nutrients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of cells can be found in the epidermis (5 types)? |
|
Definition
stem cells
keratinocytes
melanocytes
tactile cells
dendritic cells |
|
|
Term
| list the layers of the epidermis from deepest to superficial |
|
Definition
stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosm
stratum lucidum
stratum comeum |
|
|
Term
| what are the majority of epidermal cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do keratinocytes originate? |
|
Definition
| via mitosis of stem cells in the stratum basale and push the older keratinocytes upward |
|
|
Term
| what do keratinocytes produce? |
|
Definition
| membrane-coating vesicles and cytoskeletal filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytoskeletal filaments transformed into membrane-coated vesicles that release lipids that help to render the cells water-resistant |
|
|
Term
| what do merkel cells do? another name for them? |
|
Definition
| sense receptors; tactile cells |
|
|
Term
| what are langerhans cells? other name? |
|
Definition
| macrophage cells; dendritic |
|
|
Term
| where does the transformation of cytoskeletal filaments to keratin occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what composes the stratum corneum? |
|
Definition
| dead keratinocytes that have been compacted |
|
|
Term
| average life of keratinocyte from mitosis to flaking off the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the loss of dead cells from the stratum corneum called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are stem cells located that produce keratinocytes? |
|
Definition
| only in deeper layer of skin |
|
|
Term
| what does a keratinocyte synthesize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells in stratum basale with brown to black pigment |
|
|
Term
| amount of melanocytes in people? |
|
Definition
| same amount in all people |
|
|
Term
| where is the epidermal water barrier? |
|
Definition
| between the stratum spinosa and stratum granulosum |
|
|
Term
| what makes up the epidermal water barrier? |
|
Definition
consists of tight junctions
lipid coating on the kertinocytes
thick protein layer on the inner surface of the keratinocyt plasma membranes |
|
|
Term
| function of the epidermal water barrier? |
|
Definition
| greatly reduces water loss from the body |
|
|
Term
| what makes up most the dermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 0.2 to 0.4 micrometers thick |
|
|
Term
| all materials that compose the dermis? |
|
Definition
collagen (most prevalent)
elastic fibers
reticular fibers
fibroblasts
other cell types |
|
|
Term
| what does the dermis contain? |
|
Definition
blood vessels
sweat glands
sebaceous glands
hair follicles
nail roots
smooth muscle
in face: skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| describe the blood supply in the dermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe relationship/arrangement of dermal papillae and the epidermal ridges |
|
Definition
| dermal papillae has upward projections that interdigitate with the epidermal ridges' downward projections. Forms a wavy boundary! |
|
|
Term
| describe the papillary layer |
|
Definition
superficial thin zone
areolar tissue
rich in blood |
|
|
Term
| what forms fingerprints on fingers? |
|
Definition
| papillae form the friction ridges and irregular edges, separated by furrows elsewhere |
|
|
Term
| what composes the dermis? |
|
Definition
superficial papillary layer (areolar tissue)
deeper reticular layer (dense irregular connective tissue) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
not a true layer of skin
located below the dermis
contains adipose and areolar tissue |
|
|
Term
| role of the papillary layer of dermis? |
|
Definition
| forms arena for the mobilization of defenses against pathogens that breach the epidermis |
|
|
Term
| role of dermis' reticular layer? |
|
Definition
| provides toughness to the dermis |
|
|
Term
| reticular layer contains thick layers of _____? |
|
Definition
| thick bundles of collagen |
|
|
Term
| how are striae (stretch marks formed)? |
|
Definition
| stretching of the collagen in the reticular layer of the dermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
support
binds the dermis to deeper tissue
adipose storage |
|
|
Term
| what do melanocytes produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types and colors of melanin? |
|
Definition
eumelanin (brownish black)
phenomelanin (reddish yellow) |
|
|
Term
| what contributes to the red pigment of blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does carotene come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what color does carotene provide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does carotene concentrate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what contributes to normal skin color? |
|
Definition
proportions of the following:
eumelanin
phenomelanin
hemoglobin of blood
white collagen of dermis
dietary carotene |
|
|
Term
| possible diagnoses to abnormal skin color? |
|
Definition
cyanosis
erythema
pallor
albinism
jaundice
hematoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blueness of skin due to lack of oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| redness of skin due to increased blood flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pale or ashen skin color due to reduced blood flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| white skin color due to genetic lack of melanin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| yellow skin color due to liver and bilirubin dysfunctions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the types of skin markings? |
|
Definition
friction ridges
flexion lines
freckles
moles
hemangiomas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a.k.a. birthmarks
discolored skin caused by benign tumors of capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is hair (and nails) made of ? |
|
Definition
it's a filament of keratinized cells
specifically hard keratin, which is more compact and extensively cross-linked than epidermal soft keratin. |
|
|
Term
| where does hair grow from? |
|
Definition
| grows from oblique tube called a hair follicle |
|
|
Term
| places that hair does not grow |
|
Definition
lips
nipples
parts of genitals
palms and soles
ventral and lateral surfaces of fingers and toes
distal segments of fingers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fine, downy unpigmented hair of fetus |
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of hair? |
|
Definition
lanugo (only prenatal)
vellus
terminal hair |
|
|
Term
what is vellus hair?
proportions on various types of individuals |
|
Definition
fine, unpigmented hair
2/3 of hair on women
1/10 of hair on men
all children's hair except eyebrows, eyelashes, and scalp |
|
|
Term
| what is terminal hair? examples of it on human body? |
|
Definition
coarse and pigmented hair
eyebrows, eyelashes, scalp
after puberty: axillary, pubic, male facial hair, some hair of trunk and limbs |
|
|
Term
| function of hair on torso and limbs? |
|
Definition
| vestigial, but serves a sensory purpose as in detection of small insects crawling on the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heat retention, protection from sun |
|
|
Term
| function of beard, pubic, and axillary (armpit) hair? |
|
Definition
| advertises sexual maturity; associated with apocrine scent glands in these areas and modulates the dispersal of sexual scents (pheromones) from these glands |
|
|
Term
| function of guard hairs (vibrissae)? |
|
Definition
| help keep foreign objects out of nostrils and auditory canal; eyelashes help keep debris from eyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enhance facial expression, may reduce glare of sun and help keep forehead perspiration from eyes |
|
|
Term
| what are the three zones along the length of a hair? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the bulb of hair and follicle? |
|
Definition
| swelling at base where hair originates in dermis |
|
|
Term
| where is the bulb located? |
|
Definition
| dermal papillae - provides nutrition |
|
|
Term
| where is the hair matrix located? |
|
Definition
| the bulb, but just above the dermal papillae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the root of the hair? |
|
Definition
remainder of hair within the follicle
dead tissue |
|
|
Term
| what is the shaft of the hair? |
|
Definition
portion of hair above the skin's surface
dead tissue |
|
|
Term
| what are the three layers of a hair in cross section? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the medulla of a hair |
|
Definition
it is the internal layer
composed of loosely arranged cells
contains air spaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
makes up bulk of the hair
thick layer of keratinized cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thin outer layer of a hair
composed of overlapping scaley cells |
|
|
Term
| describe components of a hair follicle |
|
Definition
inner epithelial root sheath
outer connective tissue root sheath |
|
|
Term
| what is the inner epithelial root sheath an extension of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the outer connective tissue root sheath of a hair follicle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a.k.a. erector pili
smooth muscle that causes goose bump |
|
|
Term
| how do deaths from burns result? |
|
Definition
fluid loss
infection
toxic effects of eschar (dead tissue) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
only epidermis
usually localized
redness, slight edema, and pain
sunburn is an example |
|
|
Term
| what is a 2nd degree burn? |
|
Definition
epidermis and part of dermis
red, tan, or white in color
blistered and painful
may cause damage to hair follicles, nerve endings, and cutaneous glands
sunburns and scalds |
|
|
Term
| what is a 3rd degree burn? |
|
Definition
epidermis and dermis are completely destroyed
contracture and disfigurement can result |
|
|
Term
what is basal cell carcinoma?
where is it located? |
|
Definition
most common form of skin cancer
least dangerous: hardly metastasizes
arises in strantum basal and invades dermis |
|
|
Term
| what is squamous cell carcinoma? |
|
Definition
arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
can metastasize to lymph nodes
can be lethal |
|
|
Term
| what is malignant melanoma |
|
Definition
most deadly, but only 5% of cases
arises from melanocyte of existing mole
metastasizes quickly and often fatal if not treated quickly |
|
|
Term
| what is the anagen stage? how long does it last? |
|
Definition
growing stage of hair (step 1)
6 - 8 years |
|
|
Term
| what is the catagen stage? |
|
Definition
a shrinking stage of hair development (step 2)
2-3 weeks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a resting stage of hair development (step 3)
1-3 months |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| telogen or catagen stages |
|
|
Term
life of scalp hair?
growth rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is pattern baldness?
why does it occur? |
|
Definition
loss of hair from specific regions of the scalp
occurs due to combo of genetic and hormonal causes |
|
|
Term
| sections of the nail bed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what borders the nail bed? |
|
Definition
| area of raised skin called the nail fold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the skin underlying the nail |
|
|
Term
| what is the epidermis of the nail bed called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growth zone composed of epidermal stratum basale at the proximal end of the nail bed |
|
|
Term
| most abundant sweat (sudoriferous) glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are merocrine sweat glands? how do they release their product? |
|
Definition
glands that produce a watery secretion that cools the body.
released via exocytosis and contraction of myoepithelial cells around the base of the follicle squeezes the secretion up the duct to the skin surface |
|
|
Term
| what are apocrine sweat glands? |
|
Definition
sweat glands associated with hair follicles in the groin, anal region, areola, and beard
exhibit wider lumens than merocrine glands |
|
|
Term
| when are apocrine glands active? function? |
|
Definition
puberty activates apocrine glands along with the appearance of hair in the appropriate regions
secrete sex pheromones apparently |
|
|
Term
| how do apocrine sweat glands release products? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are sebaceous glands? function? |
|
Definition
usually associated with hair follicles
produce oily secretion called sebum
sebum keeps hair and skin pliable
the glands are considered holocrine glands because their cells break down in entirety to form the secretion |
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|
