Term
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Definition
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Term
| Probability values are between... |
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Definition
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Term
| Probabilities or expected frequencies of an event sum up to... |
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Definition
ONE
P(1) + P(2)+P(3)+...+P(n) = 1 |
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Term
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Definition
| the occurrence of one event has no influence on the occurrence of the other event |
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Term
| when to use multiplication rule |
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Definition
| when the probability uses the word and
P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B) |
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Term
| The probability of independent events occurring together |
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Definition
the product of their separate probabilities.
P(4 and Tail) = P(4) x P(Tail) = 1/6 x 1/2 = 1/12. |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-overlapping, which means the two events cannot both occur at the same time |
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Term
| when to use the addition rule |
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Definition
| when the probability uses the word or
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) |
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Term
| The probability that either event A or event B will occur |
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Definition
the sum of their separate probabilities.
P(Even) = P(2) or P(4) or P(6)
P (Even) = P(2) + P(4) + P(6)
= 1/6 + 1/6 + 1/6 = 1/2 |
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Term
| The probability that either event A or event B will occur when mutually exclusive |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when 2 events have one or more outcomes in common |
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Term
| probability of event A and event B occurring when they're non-mutually exclusive |
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Definition
| P(A or B)=P(A) + P(B)-P(A and B) |
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Term
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Definition
our estimate of the probability on an event B will be modified
based on partial information that we have or because we know a particular event A has taken place |
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Term
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Definition
| the probability of B given A, where the '|' means 'given' |
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Term
| the probability of B given A |
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Definition
P(B | A)
the '|' means 'given' |
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Term
| P(B | A) if A and B are independent |
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Definition
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Term
| P(B | A) if A and B are mutually exclusive |
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Definition
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Term
| probability of both A and B occurring when A and B are dependent |
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Definition
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Term
| Baye's theorem for conditional probabilities |
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Definition
P(B | A ) = P(A and B)/P(A)
P(Second|First)=P(First and Second)/P(First) |
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Term
| modified Baye's theorem for conditional probabilities (one that makes sense to me) |
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Definition
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Term
| The probability of obtaining exactly n successes in N trials is given by... |
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Definition
| the limit of binomial distribution |
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Term
| the binomial expression when n = 2 |
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Definition
| (p + q)2 = p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
p and q represent mutually exclusive events |
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Term
| the binomial expression when n > 2, in this case, n = 5 |
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Definition
| (p + q)5 = p5 + 5p4q1 + 10p3q2 + 10p2q3 + 5p1q4 + q5 |
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Term
what does each letter in this equation represent?
[image]
DRAW THIS! |
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Definition
p = probability of dominant
q = probability of recessive
N = number of times
k = number of dominants being tested for
N-k = expected number of recessives |
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Term
| the number of chromosomes in birds |
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Definition
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Term
| the sex chromosomes in birds |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| which chromosome is bigger? Z or W? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| traits linked to the Z chromosome |
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Term
| why all sex-linked genes are dominant |
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Definition
| because there are no alleles of the same gene on the W chromosome to offer dominance |
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Term
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Definition
| Having one pair of a gene, e.g. a gene on the Z chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| type of inheritance in which phenotypic expression is limited to one sex, e.g., egg production and milk yield |
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Term
| sex-influenced inheritance |
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Definition
| type of inheritance where mode of gene expression differs between males and females |
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Term
| sex linkage or sex-linked inheritance |
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Definition
| pattern of inheritance for genes located on sex chromosomes |
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Term
| examples of sex-limited inheritance |
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Definition
-egg production
-milk yield |
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Term
| example of how day-old chicks can be sexed with minimum labor cost |
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Definition
-Barring is dominant over non-barring (solid black).
-late feathering dominant over early feathering |
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Term
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Definition
| the determination of relative positions of genes along the chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
Genes that are located on the same chromosome and do not undergo independent assortment but are instead transmitted together
they have less than 50% recombination frequency |
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Term
| coupling or cis heterozygote |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| coupling or cis heterozygote |
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Term
| repulsive or trans heterozygote |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| repulsive or trans heterozygote |
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Term
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Definition
| crossing over; this happens during meiosis |
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Term
| Recombination fraction (r) |
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Definition
| the fraction of chromosomes that are recombinants, in an experiment to measure recombination rate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| have genotype that results from recombination |
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Term
| maximum frequency of recombinants for genes on the same chromosome |
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Definition
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Term
| maximum frequency of recombinants for genes on separate chromosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| some characteristics of linked genes |
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Definition
-located on same chromosome
-transmitted together
-less than 50% recombination frequency |
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Term
| when 2 genes on the same chromosome have recombination frequency < 50%,... |
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Definition
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Term
| when 2 genes on the same chromosome have recombination frequency ≥ 50%,... |
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Definition
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Term
| chi-square test that says genes assort independently |
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Definition
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Term
| chi-square test that says genes do not assort independently |
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Definition
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Term
| degrees of freedom when you're doing a chi-square for 1 locus |
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Definition
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Term
| Linkage between two genes is a measure of... |
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Definition
the probability that the two genes are being
transmitted together to the offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| illustrates the linear order of genes along the chromosome with distances between adjacent genes proportional to the recombination frequency between them |
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Term
| The unit of distance on a genetic map |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The unit of distance on a genetic map |
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Term
| One map unit represents... |
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Definition
| 1% recombination or crossing over event |
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Term
| how to calculate recombination frequency |
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Definition
| Recombination frequency = (total number of recombinants)/(total number of individuals) |
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Term
| map unit is also called... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how double recombinants are counted to estimate distance between A and C |
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Definition
| To estimate the distance between A and C, double recombinants are counted twice |
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Term
| how to calculate expected number of double crossover |
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Definition
expected double crossing over = P(co A-B) x P(co B-C)
then you multiply by population size to get the expected number |
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Term
| when the observed number of double crossover is lower than the expected, this indicates... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| crossing over in one region reducing the probability of crossing over in the adjacent region |
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Term
| coefficient of coincidence |
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Definition
| the ratio of the observed number of double crossovers to the expected number of double crossovers |
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Term
| how to calculate coefficient of coincidence |
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Definition
coefficient of coincidence = (observed double crossovers)/(expected double crossovers)
express it as a percent |
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Term
| how to calculate interference |
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Definition
Interference = 1 – Coefficient of coincidence
express it as a percent |
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Term
| two initial goals that a primary breeder needs to accomplish before improving trait(s) |
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Definition
(1) Establish a population with no inbreeding.
(2) Establish a population with maximum heterozygosity. |
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Term
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Definition
| mating of individuals that are related to each other by ancestry or through a common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| an ancestor common to the parents of an inbred individual |
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Term
| when an individual is not inbred |
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Definition
| when its parents do not have a common ancestor |
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Term
| inbreeding coefficient (F) |
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Definition
| The probability that two alleles at any locus in an individual are identical by descent. |
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Term
| The inbreeding coefficient, F, compares... |
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Definition
| the population in question with some specified or implied BASE Population. |
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Term
| inbreeding coefficient (F) of the base population |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inbreeding coefficient at generation 0 (t=0), and is equal to ZERO |
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Term
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Definition
| the inbreeding in a population at generation t |
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Term
| Ft estimates the inbreeding in a population at generation t, by... |
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Definition
| comparing the degree of relationship between individuals at generation t, and the base population |
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Term
| the chance of a gamete uniting with another of the same type |
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Definition
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Term
| Probability that 2 alleles drawn at random are the same |
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Definition
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Term
| Probability that 2 alleles drawn at random are different |
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Definition
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Term
| Inbreeding at any generation is made up two parts, which are... |
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Definition
1. An increment of 1/2N attributed to new inbreeding
2. Remainder, attributed to previous inbreeding |
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Term
| general equation for inbreeding |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. An increment of 1/2N attributed to new inbreeding
2. Remainder, attributed to previous inbreeding |
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Term
| increment attributed to new inbreeding |
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Definition
1/2N
the remainder is attributed to previous inbreeding |
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Term
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Definition
| I think this is increment or rate of inbreeding |
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Term
| how to calculate rate of inbreeding (ΔF) |
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Definition
| ΔF = (1/2N)
Ft = ΔF + (1 - ΔF)Ft-1
ΔF = (Ft - Ft-1) / (1 - Ft-1) |
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Term
| main effect of inbreeding |
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Definition
| decreases heterozygousity |
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Term
| Steps to determine inbreeding of an individual when doing a pedigree |
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Definition
1. Identify the parents of individual I.
2. Identify the common ancestor of the parents of I.
3. Determine the number of generation between the common ancestor and the first parent (n)
4. Determine the number of generation between the common ancestor and the second parent (n’) |
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Term
| how to determine the inbreeding coefficient of individual, I |
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Definition
1. The parents of I are B and C
2. The common ancestor of B and C is A
3. The number of generation between A and B, i.e. n=1
4. The number of generation between A and C, i.e. n’=1 |
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Term
| how to calculate The additive genetic relationship (a) between two collateral relatives |
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Definition
| a = (1/2)n+n’ (1 + F)
F = inbreeding coefficient of the common ancestor of the two collateral relatives |
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Term
| value of F when the inbreeding coefficient of the common ancestor is unknown |
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Definition
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Term
| the additive relationship between B and C in a pedigree |
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Definition
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Term
| Inbreeding coefficient of an individual is... |
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Definition
| half of the additive relationship between its parents |
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Term
| inbreeding coefficient of I |
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Definition
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Term
| depiction of the tabular method |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 key concepts in the tabular method |
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Definition
1. The additive relationship between an individual and itself
2. The additive relationship between an individual and another individual. |
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Term
| Additive relationship between an individual i and itself |
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Definition
| aii = 1 + (1/2) asidi = 1 + Fi |
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Term
| Additive relationship between an individual i and individual j |
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Definition
| aij = (1/2) (aisj + aidj ) = aji |
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Term
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Definition
| the relationship between j and the sire of i |
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Term
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Definition
| the relationship between j and the dam of i |
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Term
| value of aisj and aidj when the parents are absent |
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Definition
set to zero
unidentified parents are assumed to be unrelated |
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Term
| rules for doing a table relating to a pedigree |
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Definition
1. Write down animals from oldest to youngest in the first row
2. Write down animals from oldest to youngest in the first column
3. Write down the parents of animal in the first row on top of them. |
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Term
| depiction of a table based on a pedigree |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of the level or frequency of heterozygous genotypes in the population |
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Term
| relationship between allele and genotype frequency |
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Definition
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Term
| when the frequency of heterozygotes is maximum |
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Definition
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Term
| relationship between heterozygosity, inbreeding, and allele frequency |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The unit of distance on a genetic map equivalent to 1% of recombination; also called a map unit. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ratio of observed double crossover to the expected double crossovers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The arrangement of linked genes in the double heterozygote in which both the dominant or recessive alleles are located on one chromatid. |
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Term
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Definition
| An exchange of non-sister chromatids of a pair of homologous chromosomes that results in the recombination of linked genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gene that is represented only on one sex chromosome and has no alternative allele on the other sex chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of the level or frequency of heterozygous genotypes in the population. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mating of individuals related by ancestry. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of crossover in one region to inhibit crossover in the adjacent region. |
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Term
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Definition
| The probability that two genes located on the same chromosome are transmitted together. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alleles present in an offspring chromosome that are the same as that found in one of the parents. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chromosome that results from crossing over, and carries allele combination that differ from that found in both parents. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ratio of recombinants to the total number of gametic chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The arrangement of linked genes in the double heterozygote in which one dominant and one recessive allele are located on one chromatid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Traits determined by genes on the sex chromosome. |
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