Term
| Top 5 Egg Producing Nations |
|
Definition
1: China
2: U.S.
3: India
4: Japan
5: Mexico |
|
|
Term
| one nation with a low per capita consumption of eggs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one nation with a high per capita consumption of eggs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1: Cal-Maine Foods
2: Rose Acre Farms
3: Hillandale Farms
4: Versova Holdings |
|
|
Term
| two egg companies in Georgia and where they rank |
|
Definition
43: Country Charm Eggs
44: Lanthem Farms |
|
|
Term
| ______ companies own 313.2 million hens (~98% of U.S. flock) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 63 companies own ______ million hens (~98% of U.S. flock) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 63 companies own 313.2 million hens (~______% of U.S. flock) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where Cal-Maine Foods has business in GA |
|
Definition
| has 2 complexes in GA, one in Shadydale |
|
|
Term
| how Cal-Maine Foods is growing |
|
Definition
| largely by acquiring other companies |
|
|
Term
| where Rose-Acre Farms has business in GA |
|
Definition
| they have a couple complexes in GA, one near Madison |
|
|
Term
| where Country Charm Eggs is located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who owns the laying complex in Pendergrass, GA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| recent trend in conventional layer production |
|
Definition
| remained about the same over the past few years |
|
|
Term
| recent trend in % cage free layer production |
|
Definition
| increased over past few years, especially fast increase since 2015 |
|
|
Term
| recent trend in total cage-free layer production |
|
Definition
| some increase over the past few years, especially since 2015 |
|
|
Term
| recent trend in organic layer production |
|
Definition
| little increase over past few years, especially since 2015 |
|
|
Term
| the increase in cage-free production will continue increasing if... |
|
Definition
| the companies follow thru on their promises |
|
|
Term
| prevalence of cage-free farms in GA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| layer production in California has declined in production due to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| much of the egg production in the U.S. is in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one reason most of the layer production is in the Midwest |
|
Definition
| because the feed is already there, making it cheaper |
|
|
Term
| one possible reason for lower egg production in California |
|
Definition
| must be due to Cal proposition 2, which says any animal should be able to have some freedom; this has increased the cost of egg production in Cal |
|
|
Term
| top 5 egg producing states |
|
Definition
1: Iowa
2: Ohio
3: Indiana
4: Pennsylvania
5: Texas |
|
|
Term
| how many laying hens are in GA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that happened with turkeys in 2015 |
|
Definition
| disease outbreak in MN, I think AI |
|
|
Term
| when people tend to cook more with eggs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what AI did to the egg industry in 2015 |
|
Definition
| killed off lots of birds, causing the egg producers to get more young birds; young birds produce more eggs than old birds |
|
|
Term
| reasons for decrease in per capita egg consumption since 1950 |
|
Definition
-health concerns
-people started gravitating away from breakfast eggs
-cholesterol and heart disease deterred people from eggs |
|
|
Term
| why per capita egg consumption has increased in recent years |
|
Definition
-associated health benefits
-growth in scientific understanding |
|
|
Term
| when it seems that nobody buys eggs whole |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens with most table eggs? |
|
Definition
| sold in grocery stores and such |
|
|
Term
| why there seems to be a decline in number of birds being molted |
|
Definition
| kinda due to birds getting more and more productive |
|
|
Term
| trend in number of birds getting molted in 2017 |
|
Definition
| seems to be a slight increase |
|
|
Term
| why only 3.2% of the flock in the NE is molted compared to the national average 17.2% |
|
Definition
-indirectly has something to do with the cost of molting
-NE is primarily a brown egg market, and brown egg layers are harder to molt than white egg layers |
|
|
Term
| what color egg seems to be preferred in the NE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which laying hens are harder to molt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which egg layer is bigger? white or brown? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| variation of egg market in U.S. |
|
Definition
| different parts of the U.S. have different markets for eggs |
|
|
Term
| recent trend in price of feed for laying hens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why there was a sharp decline in non-processed egg price from 2015 to 2016 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why companies have to be organized |
|
Definition
| so they can survive times of economic loss |
|
|
Term
| cost to produce a dozen eggs |
|
Definition
$0.61
-feed: $0.33
-pullet: $0.11
-labor, housing dep. & interest, and miscellaneous: $0.17 |
|
|
Term
| cost to grow WL pullet to 19 wk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why it's easier to grow pullets than broilers |
|
Definition
| because pullets are more heat tolerant |
|
|
Term
| depiction of the floors cage free and organic layers are raised on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| picture of a modern pullet house |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of how things are set up in a high-rise house |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one reason it's better to get chicks from a local hatchery |
|
Definition
| because if transported from a distant hatchery, chicks may be dehydrated and stressed |
|
|
Term
| company that owns hatcheries that many companies buy their chicks from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one place in Georgia where Hy-Line has a hatchery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feeding system used with layer hens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where you might wanna put extra feed when you have new layer chicks |
|
Definition
| floor (egg flats and paper) |
|
|
Term
| the behavior layer chicks learn |
|
Definition
| the behavior of the ones they're hatched with |
|
|
Term
| which system has more floor space per pullet? cage or floor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which system has more feeder space per pullet? cage or floor? |
|
Definition
| both have the same (2" per bird) |
|
|
Term
| which system has more pullets per cup/nipple? cage or floor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the feeding behavior chickens like to do |
|
Definition
| they like to copy the other chickens |
|
|
Term
| why newly hatched chicks need warm environment to thrive |
|
Definition
| because newly hatched chicks have little ability to control their body temperature |
|
|
Term
| some things to pay attention to concerning temperature when raising pullets |
|
Definition
-breeder guidelines
-chick behavior |
|
|
Term
| when chickens peep, it could be... |
|
Definition
| a distress call asking for another chick to care for them and huddle with them |
|
|
Term
| depiction of what behavior of the chicks could indicate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the temperature you want the place to be when the pullets arrive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the temperature you want the place to be when the pullets are 112 days old |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the temperature when you're growing pullets? |
|
Definition
| goes down (from 33 C to 21 C) |
|
|
Term
| effect of growing temperature on 20 wk body weight of layer pullets |
|
Definition
| tend to be a little larger at 21 C than at 32 C |
|
|
Term
| why birds grown at 21 C were a little larger than the ones grown at 32 C |
|
Definition
| the ones at 32 C must have had suppressed appetite |
|
|
Term
| what might happen if pullets are grown at too high a temperature? |
|
Definition
| they may be undersized at sexual maturity |
|
|
Term
| options to reduce effective environmental temperature with laying pullets |
|
Definition
-convection
-evaporation of water |
|
|
Term
| some ways convection can be used to reduce the effective environmental temperature with laying pullets |
|
Definition
-circulating fans
-tunnel ventilation? |
|
|
Term
| some ways evaporation of water can be used to reduce the effective environmental temperature with laying pullets |
|
Definition
-misters
-cool cell pads on air inlets |
|
|
Term
| how ventilation is done with laying hens |
|
Definition
| air comes thru the inlets in the ceiling and kinda cascades onto the cages |
|
|
Term
| what would happen if the laying house was tunnel ventilated? |
|
Definition
| the birds in the cooler area would eat more and get bigger than the ones in the warmer area |
|
|
Term
| why ventilation isn't as big an issue for hens near the ground |
|
Definition
| because the ground is a heat sink |
|
|
Term
| trend in growth of commercial pullets |
|
Definition
| tends to be near linear over the span of 18 weeks |
|
|
Term
| why you want the birds to be a certain size at a certain age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some problems that can occur with underweight pullets |
|
Definition
-low production
-small eggs
-prone to uterine prolapse |
|
|
Term
| some problems that can occur with overweight pullets |
|
Definition
-large eggs
-high feed consumption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the uterus extrudes from the body due to the forces necessary to lay an egg and egg size; kills the bird |
|
|
Term
| the type of laying hen more likely to be underweight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to avoid underweight pullets |
|
Definition
| avoid unnecessary stresses that depress growth |
|
|
Term
| the issue with white leghorns |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how crowding affects the growth of caged pullets |
|
Definition
| slightly smaller pullets when a little more crowded |
|
|
Term
| why you want the flock to do just about everything at the same time |
|
Definition
| because it's more profitable if you can do the management more easily |
|
|
Term
| why you want the flock to be uniform |
|
Definition
| because uniformity makes the flock easier to manage |
|
|
Term
| relationship between body weight and maturity |
|
Definition
| heavier pullets tend to mature sooner than lighter pullets |
|
|
Term
| flock uniformity is determined by... |
|
Definition
| quality of flock management |
|
|
Term
| some things that can reduce flock uniformity |
|
Definition
-overcrowding
-overheating
-poor ventilation
-poor nutrition
-poor beak trimming
-uneven thermal environment
-etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| % of flock within + or - 10 % of average body weight |
|
|
Term
| the amount of uniformity you want in a flock |
|
Definition
| at least above 80%; above 90% even better |
|
|
Term
| how the amount of protein in a ration should change before sexual maturity |
|
Definition
| amount of protein in ration should decline with age before sexual maturity |
|
|
Term
| age at which a pullet will accumulate fat |
|
Definition
| after about 10-12 wks of age |
|
|
Term
| rate of muscle development vs. age of pullet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feed intake vs. age of pullet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phases in feeding a pullet |
|
Definition
-starter
-grower
-developer |
|
|
Term
| feed conversion of pullets compared to that of broilers |
|
Definition
| less efficient than broilers |
|
|
Term
| importance of light when raising pullets |
|
Definition
| light is fundamental to the growth and development of pullets |
|
|
Term
| what light affects in a pullet |
|
Definition
-growth
-circadian rhythm
-activity level |
|
|
Term
| circadian rhythm is becoming more important from this perspective |
|
Definition
| an animal welfare perspective |
|
|
Term
| important for birds to establish... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 aspects of light that need to be understood |
|
Definition
-w'length (color)
-intensity (brightness)
-photoperiod (length of the day light period) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| length of the day light period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the darker part of the day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| shorter w'lengths, such as blue and green, stimulate... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| longer w'lengths, such as red, stimulate... |
|
Definition
-sexual maturation
-egg production |
|
|
Term
| gland in brain that can respond to light |
|
Definition
| pineal gland; has cells that can respond to light |
|
|
Term
| gland that influences sexual maturation and egg production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| w'lengths that artificial lights should emit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why red is the relevant color for sexual maturation and egg production |
|
Definition
| because it penetrates better |
|
|
Term
| some artificial lights that can emit short and long w'lengths |
|
Definition
-incandescent
-triphosphor compact fluorescent
-LED |
|
|
Term
| should red light be used for pullets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bright lights stimulate... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| light intensity you want for first few days after placement of pulets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what light of intensity 10-40 lux for first few days after placement does for pullets |
|
Definition
-stimulates chicks to find feed and water
-facilitates imprinting (mediated visually)
-promotes group learning |
|
|
Term
| what you want the light intensity to be for the rest of the grow-out after the first few days after placement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why you want the light intensity to be 5-10 lux for the rest of the grow-out after the first few days after placement |
|
Definition
-reducing cannibalism
-reducing feather pecking |
|
|
Term
| light intensity needed for feeding and growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens if the light intensity is less than 2 lux? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in a layer house, everything is geared for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long you want the light period to be when the pullet first arrives |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why you want long photoperiods when the pullets first arrive |
|
Definition
| to encourage eating and drinking |
|
|
Term
| what a short dark period is helpful for |
|
Definition
-helpful to accustom chicks to regular dark period
-helps set internal rhythms for rest and activity |
|
|
Term
| photoperiod influences... |
|
Definition
| the timing of sexual maturity |
|
|
Term
| effect of shorter photoperiods on sexual maturity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of longer photoperiods on sexual maturity |
|
Definition
| stimulate sexual maturity |
|
|
Term
| photoperiod for pullets when they first arrive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| photoperiod for pullets when they're full grown |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do we need artificial light when growing laying hen pullets? |
|
Definition
| because the needed photoperiod doesn't always sync with the naturally occuring daylength |
|
|
Term
| why vaccination prgrams are important for layers |
|
Definition
| because of how long they live |
|
|
Term
| how vaccine for LT is administered |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how vaccine for fowl pox is administered |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how vaccines for IDB, Newcastle, and infectious bronchitis are administered |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when most of the mortality occurs in a well-managed, healthy flock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes most of the mortality in the first week in a well-managed, healthy flock? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some things that cause excessive early mortality |
|
Definition
-mismanagement at hatchery
-improper transportation
-improper brooding |
|
|
Term
| mortality rate in U.S. commercial pullet flocks |
|
Definition
| mortality from all causes is about 7% to 20 wks |
|
|
Term
| why most of the mortality in a well-managed, healthy flock is in the first week |
|
Definition
| something to do with shipping |
|
|
Term
| some behavioral problems that can happen with laying hens |
|
Definition
-feather pecking
-cannibalism |
|
|
Term
| what causes chickens to peck at each other? |
|
Definition
| may be redirected foraging behavior |
|
|
Term
| what can happen in some breeds if feather pecking is left untreated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one behavioral reason the Hy-Line W-36 is a popular lAying bird |
|
Definition
| very little pecking-related mortality |
|
|
Term
| most common ways to reduce problems due to beak-related behavior |
|
Definition
-light intensity reduction
-beak trimming |
|
|
Term
| why beak trimming is a more appropriate term than debeaking |
|
Definition
| because it's not removing the entire beak |
|
|
Term
| how reducing light intensity reduces pecking-related problems |
|
Definition
-reduces stimulus sailence
-reduces overall activity |
|
|
Term
| how far can lights be dimmed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the quality of being particularly noticeable or important; prominence. |
|
|
Term
| rationale for beak trimming |
|
Definition
| feather pecking and cannibalism can be serious behavior problems |
|
|
Term
| when feather pecking and cannibalism occur in pullets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cannibalism typically involves in pullets |
|
Definition
| vent pecking or pecking at tail base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what beak trimming reduces |
|
Definition
| the damage incurred by pecking |
|
|
Term
| how beak trimming reduces the damage incurred by pecking |
|
Definition
| if it doesn't puncture skin, it has no temptation to continue it |
|
|
Term
| 2 ways pullets can be be trimmed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when pullets are beak trimmed using hot blades |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when pullets are beak trimmed using infrared |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that may happen after beak trimming |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why beak trimming is bad from the welfare perspective |
|
Definition
-chronic pain
-growth depression |
|
|
Term
| why there can be chronic pain after beak trimming |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clusters of neurons that can cause phantom sensations and such |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
[image]
contains neurons and blood vessels and such; it's not like a fingernail |
|
|
Term
| how beak trimming affects mortality |
|
Definition
| usually reduces mortality |
|
|
Term
| how beak trimming affects feather scores in pullets |
|
Definition
| increases feather scores (higher feather score means better plumage condition) |
|
|
Term
| how beak trimming affects plumage condition in pullets |
|
Definition
| beak trimming leads to better plumage condition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be very large, often with millions of birds |
|
|
Term
| what does an egg company want in a Poultry Science graduate? |
|
Definition
-Common sense
-Creativity
+Good at solving problems
-Can work with people
-Doesn’t mind working
-Got to get into the chicken house
+Don’t get comfortable in the office
-Oh yes... Book knowledge is important too. |
|
|
Term
| SEXUAL MATURATION IS INFLUENCED BY... |
|
Definition
-body weight
-age
-lighting program |
|
|
Term
| how body weight influences sexual maturation |
|
Definition
| predisposition to mature once certain size is reached |
|
|
Term
| how age influences sexual maturation |
|
Definition
| the older, the harder to keep out of production regardless of weight |
|
|
Term
| how lighting program influences sexual maturation |
|
Definition
-increasing photoperiods stimulate maturation
-decreasing photoperiods inhibit maturation |
|
|
Term
| effect of long photoperiod on maturation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of short photoperiod on maturation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in pullet management, you keep the photoperiod low until... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| age vs. effect of photostimulation |
|
Definition
| the older the hen, the quicker it lays its first egg after being photostimulated |
|
|
Term
| age at lighting vs. egg size |
|
Definition
| the older the hen, the heavier the egg laid after lighting |
|
|
Term
| how time of maturation and size of hen affects egg laying |
|
Definition
| LATER MATURING, LARGER PULLETS TEND TO LAY LARGER, BUT FEWER EGGS |
|
|
Term
| SELECT BODY WEIGHT AND AGE AT WHICH TO PHOTOSTIMULATE BASED ON... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how the photoperiod changes for a laying hen |
|
Definition
| starts at 12 hrs at wk 18 and ends at 16 from wks 31-65 |
|
|
Term
| when pubertal growth spurt starts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where half the growth is when the hen undergoes the pubertal growth spurt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when medullary bone develops |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| purpose for medullary bone |
|
Definition
| Calcium reserve for egg shell formation |
|
|
Term
| what a hen needs to consume for medullary bone development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of growth that occurs during first laying cycle |
|
Definition
| Grow by 1/4-1/3 initial weight, including pubertal growth spurt |
|
|
Term
| the requirement for this type of energy increases when the hen becomes bigger |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hens eat amounts of food in accordance to... |
|
Definition
| their energy requirements |
|
|
Term
| the phenomenon feed formulation revolves around |
|
Definition
| Hens eat amounts of food in accordance to their energy requirements |
|
|
Term
| how flock uniformity benefits feed formulation |
|
Definition
| more uniform flock makes it easier to meed feed formulation requirements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DELIVERY OF DAILY REQUIREMENT FOR PROTEIN BASED ON KNOWLEDGE OF METABOLIC DEMAND AND FEED CONSUMPTION |
|
|
Term
| why there's a lower protein requirement in older hens |
|
Definition
| because older hen has higher maintenance energy requirement |
|
|
Term
| Calcium metabolism is influenced by... |
|
Definition
-egg production
-phosphorous metabolism
-vitamin D metabolism |
|
|
Term
| Calcium absorption from the digestive tract vs. age |
|
Definition
| Calcium absorption from the digestive tract declines with age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to feed a certain amount of calcium per day |
|
|
Term
| Minimum calcium levels recommended for layer rations |
|
Definition
| ~3.9% - 4.4% calcium (various ages and normal feed consumption) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of Ca in a hen's skeleton that goes to the egg |
|
Definition
| about 10% of the Ca in a hen's skeleton |
|
|
Term
| where the medullary bone is |
|
Definition
| Inside axial and limb bones |
|
|
Term
| what the medullary bone does |
|
Definition
| Stores calcium; releases it when egg shell is formed |
|
|
Term
| what structural bone does for medlluary bone |
|
Definition
| Structural bone will decalcify to supply medullary bone |
|
|
Term
| what causes osteoperosis and cage layer fatigue in laying hens? |
|
Definition
| decalcification of structural bone to supply medullary bone |
|
|
Term
| EFFECT OF CALCIUM LEVEL ON EGG PRODUCTION AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY |
|
Definition
| higher % Ca in ration leads to more eggs and higher specific gravity per egg |
|
|
Term
| EFFECT OF CALCIUM LEVEL ON BONE STRENGTH |
|
Definition
| higher % Ca in ration leads to stronger bones |
|
|
Term
| when pullets need increased calcium in diet... |
|
Definition
| about 2 weeks before first egg |
|
|
Term
| amount of Ca in pre-lay diet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the pre-lay diet begins |
|
Definition
| at photostimulation or when combs begin to “bloom” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of Ca in layer diet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the layer diet starts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the light layers should get |
|
Definition
| a broad spectrum of wavelengths |
|
|
Term
| w'lengths that help support growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what blue and green w'lengths do for layers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| w'lengths that help support egg production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what red and orange w'lengths do for layers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why you want uniform light distribution |
|
Definition
| so that all the birds get the same photostimulatory effect |
|
|
Term
| light intensity vs. egg production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the light intensity most egg companies use |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Provide ______ lux to support good production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Provide 5-50 lux to support ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lower light intensity may do for laying hens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what higher light intensity may do for laying hens |
|
Definition
| increase behavioral problems such as cannibalism, feather pecking, and nervousness |
|
|
Term
| some behavioral problems that can be associated with higher light intensity |
|
Definition
-cannibalism
-feather pecking
-nervousness |
|
|
Term
| laying hen system where behavioral problems such as cannibalism, feather pecking, and nervousness seem to be a bigger problem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how layer house should be evenly lighted |
|
Definition
-Minimize bright areas and shadows.
-Many low power bulbs over the aisles. |
|
|
Term
| minimize this when trying to evenly light a house |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to arrange bulbs when trying to evenly light a layer house |
|
Definition
| Many low power bulbs over the aisles |
|
|
Term
| when lighting a house, you want the dimmest area to be... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the goal of lighting a layer house |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why you want the dimmest area in a laying house at 10 lux |
|
Definition
| Accommodate intensity reduction due to dirt on lights and decline in light output |
|
|
Term
| cost effective lights that can be used for layer houses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| details about compact fluorescents in layer houses |
|
Definition
-20,000 hours in poultry house.
-50-69 lumens per watt |
|
|
Term
| disadvantage of incandescent lights |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-expensive
-still to be proven |
|
|
Term
| how panting hinders egg production |
|
Definition
| when the bird pants, it expels more CO2 such that there's less available C for formation of egg shell, which is made of CaCO3 |
|
|
Term
| how light is distributed in a typical lighting program |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how light is distributed in an intermittent lighting program |
|
Definition
| 15 min light and 45 min dark |
|
|
Term
| how light is distributed in a midnight lighting program |
|
Definition
| 14h light and some light interrupting the dark |
|
|
Term
| how light is distributed in an Ahemeral lighting program |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-fix the location of the hens
-make the site of egg laying predictable.
-Minimize labor in egg collection.
-eliminate floor laying eliminated
-divide population into small groups
-Separate hens from manure.
-impose behavioral constraints on hens |
|
|
Term
| why it might be good to separate laying hens into small groups |
|
Definition
-Minimize adverse effects of hysteria.
-Eliminate piling (can't pile in a cage) |
|
|
Term
| nowadays, this seems to trump everything else |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| picture of a semi-stair step cage system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where the manure goes in a semi-stair step cage system |
|
Definition
| under it, in what seems to be a lower floor |
|
|
Term
| picture of a stacked cage system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the manure in a stacked cage system |
|
Definition
| it is removed on belts between levels (manure removal belts) |
|
|
Term
| the more modern system for laying hens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where the manure goes in a stacked cage system layer house |
|
Definition
Manure stored in shed attached to the end of the layer house
goes from Drop-down at end of cage row to conveypr to shad where it's dropped from ceiling |
|
|
Term
| the amount of feeder space hens need |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disadvantage of more cage space per hen |
|
Definition
| fewer producing units per area |
|
|
Term
| effects of greater space allowance per hen on performance |
|
Definition
| seem to have lower FCR, but less productive |
|
|
Term
| how enriched cages benefit laying hens |
|
Definition
| allow them to express natural behaviors |
|
|
Term
| amount of space per bird in enriched cages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of an enriched cage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| advantages of enriched cages |
|
Definition
-More space per bird
-Nesting area
-Perches
-Scratch/Dust-bathing area |
|
|
Term
| some types of companies that have pledged to go with cage-free eggs in order from greatest to least |
|
Definition
1: grocery store and restaurant
2: food merchandising
3: hotels & travel
4: food service |
|
|
Term
| how excessive heat affects appetite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how excessive heat affects feed formulation |
|
Definition
| may make it difficult to formulate rations to provide adequate nutrient amounts |
|
|
Term
| what heat stress does to eggs production |
|
Definition
| reduces egg size, shell quality, and ultimately egg production |
|
|
Term
| temp vs. feed consumption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some ways to increase egg size |
|
Definition
-Reduce house temperature to increase nutrient consumption
-Increase nutrient density of diet. |
|
|
Term
| some ways to decrease egg size |
|
Definition
-Increase house temperature
-dilute diet |
|
|
Term
| how protein consumption could affect egg size |
|
Definition
| protein consumption could affect yolk size which could affect egg size |
|
|
Term
| temp and diet young hens are often raised with |
|
Definition
| Young hens often kept cool, with nutrient-rich diet. |
|
|
Term
| temp and diet old hens are often raised with |
|
Definition
| Old hens often kept warm, with low protein diet. |
|
|
Term
| which hens tend to lay larger eggs? older or younger? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types of tunnel ventilation used in layer houses |
|
Definition
-bi-directional
-uni-directional |
|
|
Term
| disadvantage of bi-directional tunnel ventilation |
|
Definition
| limits how wide a house can get; bigger means longer in this case |
|
|
Term
| the type of tunnel ventilation used more often in laying houses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| age of hen vs. production performance |
|
Definition
| tends to go down as hen gets older |
|
|
Term
| age of flock vs. % shell cracks |
|
Definition
| older tends to have more shell cracks |
|
|
Term
| age of flock vs. SG of egg |
|
Definition
| older tends to have lower SG |
|
|
Term
| why older hens tend to produce eggs with lower SG |
|
Definition
| seems to be due to lower egg shell density |
|
|
Term
| some things that happen as a hen's production cycle continues |
|
Definition
-Declining production
-Poorer feed conversion
-Increased egg loss
-Reduced interior quality |
|
|
Term
| 2 things that can be done to improve flock performance |
|
Definition
-replace flock
-molt flock |
|
|
Term
| one way to improve flock performance that's done in many parts of the world and is becoming more common in the U.S. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the loss and replacement of feathers |
|
|
Term
| what molt can do for a flock |
|
Definition
| it can rejuvenate the productive performance of a flock |
|
|
Term
| why it makes economic sense to molt a flock |
|
Definition
| because it improves quality at minimal expense |
|
|
Term
| why laying hens are molted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of molt on Haugh unit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of molt on shell thickness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Haugh Unit is a function of... |
|
Definition
| albumen height and egg weight |
|
|
Term
| effect of molt on production performance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of molt on egg production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one of the drawbacks of a young flock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when induced molting is beneficial |
|
Definition
| when profit margins on egg sales are low |
|
|
Term
| where molting a flock is rare |
|
Definition
| Canada and other parts of the world |
|
|
Term
| some practical methods of molt induction |
|
Definition
| feed or nutrient restriction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how the industry likes to molt flocks |
|
Definition
| Industry used (uses?) various schedules of feed withdrawal to 25-35% body weight loss, followed by a rest period before restimulation of egg production. |
|
|
Term
| Stages of an Induced Molt Program |
|
Definition
-termination of lay
-rest
-resumption of lay |
|
|
Term
| the goal of termination of lay in an induced molt program |
|
Definition
| Goal is to get hens out of production and cause regression of ovary and oviduct |
|
|
Term
| how lay is terminated in an induced molt program |
|
Definition
-Restrict nutrition. E.g., low energy, low calcium, low sodium, unbalanced protein.
-Reduce photoperiod (~ 8 h light)
-Warm house. |
|
|
Term
| why reduced photoperiod is used for termination of lay in an induced molt program |
|
Definition
| because shortened photoperiod kinda destimulates the reproductive system |
|
|
Term
| length of photoperiod when trying to terminate lay in an induced molt program |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how hens are fed during the rest stage of an induced molt program |
|
Definition
| Feed enough to sustain hen but not enough to stimulate return to production (~2-3 weeks) |
|
|
Term
| how long hens are kept at rest during the rest stage of an induced molt program |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when hens in an induced molt program are photostimulated to resume lay |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the layer ration is restored in an induced molt program |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when peak egg production occurs in an induced molt program |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how fasting affects the oviduct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how fasting affects the ovary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when should a flock be molted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Important Factors in Molting a flock |
|
Definition
-strain effects
-first cycle performance
-price differential for egg size |
|
|
Term
| how strain affects molting |
|
Definition
| Heavier breeds may require more severe programs (and are less likely to be molted) |
|
|
Term
| how first cycle performance affects molting |
|
Definition
positive association between 1st and 2nd cycle production
bears an influence on the value of molting that flock |
|
|
Term
| how price differential for egg size affects molting |
|
Definition
| Large price difference between smaller (e.g., <57 g) and larger (>57 g) favor molting. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no, not in all situations |
|
|
Term
| when it's better to go with single-cycle flock than to go with molting |
|
Definition
| when there's high profit margins |
|
|
Term
| when it's better to go with molting than to go with single-cycle flock |
|
Definition
| when there's small profit margin |
|
|
Term
| which program yields greater income/hen? 1-cycle or 2-cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The traditional feed withdrawal molt is perceived to cause... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which molting program leads to better egg production? feed withdrawal (FW) or non feed withdrawal (NFW)? |
|
Definition
| non-feed withdrawal (NFW), but only by a small margin |
|
|
Term
| which molting program leads to greater egg income? feed withdrawal (FW) or non feed withdrawal (NFW)? |
|
Definition
| non-feed withdrawal (NFW) |
|
|
Term
| which molting program leads to lower feed cost? feed withdrawal (FW) or non feed withdrawal (NFW)? |
|
Definition
| non-feed withdrawal (NFW) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Feed source suitable for non-producing hens.
-Water available at all times.
-Light reduced to no fewer than 8 h/day, or natural day length. Return to normal layer program when hens placed back on layer diet.
-Weight loss should not compromise hen welfare in subsequent laying period.
-Mortality in molt period should not substantially exceed normal variations in flock mortality. |
|
|
Term
| schematic of egg flow in the egg industry (might wanna draw this) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of where eggs go in a laying facility (might wanna draw this) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| steps in shell egg processing |
|
Definition
1: Washing
2: Sanitizing
3: Drying
4: Candling
5: Dirt detection
6: Check detection (cracks)
7: Weighing
8: Packaging
9: USDA Verification
10: Cooling |
|
|
Term
| things that are checked for in candling |
|
Definition
-interior defects
-shell defects
-leakers |
|
|
Term
| in egg production, is candling automatic or not? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in egg production, is dirt detection automatic or not? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in egg production, is check/crack detection automatic or not? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of sanitizer often used in egg operations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the temp you want the water to be when washing an egg |
|
Definition
| at least 90 F, and at least 20 F higher than egg temp |
|
|
Term
| water temperature commonly used when washing eggs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when eggs are warmer than the wash water? |
|
Definition
| contraction of contents will draw water into eggs leading to risk of contamination. |
|
|
Term
| what happens when the water is colder than the eggs? |
|
Definition
| internal contents may contract |
|
|
Term
| which system produces warmer eggs? in-line or off-line? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cracks that may occur in cooler if temperature difference with wash water is too great |
|
|
Term
| one way to prevent thermal cracks |
|
Definition
| keep difference less than 50 F |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the internal egg temperature during washing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why you don't want the contents of the egg to get too hot |
|
Definition
| because the warmer the contents of the eggs, the more easily bacteria and such can grow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Washed using spray jets, brushes and warm detergent solution.
-No immersion allowed. |
|
|
Term
| when eggs are washed, is the water recirculated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the wash water has to be completely changed |
|
Definition
| every 4 hours and after shift |
|
|
Term
| the best way to replace water used to wash eggs |
|
Definition
| Use continuous replacement water addition, preferably with overflow. |
|
|
Term
| the water that must be used when washing and sanitizing eggs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the level of iron you want in the water used to wash eggs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why you want to keep the iron <2ppm in the water used to wash eggs |
|
Definition
| because higher levels can stimulate bacterial growth on membranes (including Salmonella enteritidis) |
|
|
Term
| Albumen is normally ______ in iron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Albumen is normally deficient in ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when treating eggs with detergent, you want the pH to be... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why you want the pH to be no less than 11 when treating eggs with detergent |
|
Definition
| because pH 11 or above is unfavorable to bacteria |
|
|
Term
| how pH affects salmonella |
|
Definition
| Salmonella sensitivity to heat increases as pH goes above 10 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| higher temperature water and approved sanitizer (100-200 ppm available chlorine or equiv.) |
|
|
Term
| some commonly used sanitizers |
|
Definition
-sodium hypochlorite (NaClO)
-also Quat. Ammonium |
|
|
Term
| type of light that can be used as a sanitizer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why sunlight might be a good sanitizer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some things done to eggs after washing and sanitizing |
|
Definition
-Blow dry.
-treating it with oil (optional) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Slows CO2 and moisture loss (preserves interior quality) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they are broken and taken out of the product stream |
|
|
Term
| what happens to eggs with interior defects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some things eggs must pass thru during processing |
|
Definition
-Dirt and leaker detection
-Crack detector |
|
|
Term
| which eggs are easier to candle? white or brown? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to stained and dirty eggs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which eggs need to be rewashed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| eggs that need to be sent to egg breaker |
|
Definition
-B-shell
-cracked with membranes intact |
|
|
Term
| what happens to eggs that have B-shells and those that have cracks, but intact membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| things that may make an egg's shell B-grade |
|
Definition
-misshapen
-thin shell
-body check
-calcium deposit |
|
|
Term
| eggs that are considered inedible |
|
Definition
-those with interior defects
-leakers |
|
|
Term
| interior defects that can occur in eggs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to eggs that are considered inedible (leakers and those with blood and meat spots)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some new developments for detection of egg defects |
|
Definition
-visual imaging
-sound resonance |
|
|
Term
| how visual imaging can be used in the egg industry |
|
Definition
-detecting dirt and leaker
-detecting interior defects |
|
|
Term
| how sound resonance can be used in the egg industry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why machines may be advantageous in egg inspection |
|
Definition
| because they allow processing volumes that exceed human ability to manage |
|
|
Term
| egg grade by weight (I don't know whether or not I'll have to memorize this.) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| USDA Regs. allow individual eggs to be different than grade (within limits) as long as... |
|
Definition
| the package is at grade weight or better. |
|
|
Term
| amount of cracks USDA allows |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of leakers USDA allows |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the temp eggs must be stored at |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when eggs must be placed into cold storage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why eggs must be stored at temperature must be no higher than 45 F beginning 36 h after lay |
|
Definition
| To control Salmonella enteritidis (SE). |
|
|
Term
| something unique about Salmonella enteritidis (SE) compared to other strains of Salmonella |
|
Definition
| this strain seems to be able to go systemic in the chicken and be transmitted to the egg |
|
|
Term
| why storing eggs no higher than 45 F beginning 36 h after lay is useful against Salmonella enteritidis (SE) |
|
Definition
| because holding eggs at < 45 F reduces heat resistance of SE (easier to kill when cooking) and inhibits SE growth in egg during storage |
|
|
Term
| it can take this long to cool eggs in the center of a pallet (30 case) to 45F. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| material eggs are often packaged in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of flats and cardboard boxes on cooling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| optimal bacterial growing temps |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| optimal bacterial growing temps may last this long after processing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| optimal bacterial growing temps during cold storage are exacerbated by... |
|
Definition
| in-line processing and temp. elevation during processing |
|
|
Term
| things that can improve cooling of eggs considerably |
|
Definition
-Forced air cooling
-planned air flow pattern
-vented cases (5% of case wall area) |
|
|
Term
| salmonella outbreaks often go back to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what the end goal of some animal welfare groups seems to be |
|
Definition
| getting rid of animal protein |
|
|
Term
| amount of Americans directly involved in agriculture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how most people seem to be regarding where their food comes from |
|
Definition
| most people seem to be fundamentally ignorant of how their food is produced |
|
|
Term
| some farm and ranch issues that seem to be due to the uninformed and disengaged |
|
Definition
-animal welfare
-food safety
-environment |
|
|
Term
| one reason some people are concerned about the environment |
|
Definition
| fear of polluting ourselves out of existence |
|
|
Term
| why food is kinda free in the U.S. |
|
Definition
| because in the U.S., less than 10% of household income is spent on food |
|
|
Term
| do consumers understand farming and ranching? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one way activists push the animal welfare thing |
|
Definition
| by masquerading as consumers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do restaurant retailers make money feeding the poor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the effect of Snap decisions made by retail groups have on society |
|
Definition
| lasting effects on society |
|
|
Term
| what a restaurant has to sell |
|
Definition
| basically has to sell a brand |
|
|
Term
| do people trust scientists today? |
|
Definition
| it seems that many people no longer trust scientists |
|
|
Term
| how animal welfare seems to be a mental state |
|
Definition
| Duncan and Petherick say, "Our thesis is that animal welfare is dependent solely on the mental, psychological, and cognitive needs of the animals concerned.” |
|
|
Term
| we have to observe ______ and such to get an understanding of the mental state of the animal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| we have to observe behavior and such to get an understanding of ______ |
|
Definition
| the mental state of the animal |
|
|
Term
| the U.S. population's consensus of animal welfare as a moral issue |
|
Definition
-Chickens can suffer.
-The behavioral needs of an animal must be met to ensure its welfare |
|
|
Term
| broadly shared value about animal welfare as a moral issue |
|
Definition
| Humans have moral responsibility to take good care of poultry flocks |
|
|
Term
| why people think humans have moral responsibility to take good care of poultry flocks |
|
Definition
| this develops from the notion of these chickens being moral entities in themselves |
|
|
Term
| where the poultry industry gets its animal welfare guidelines |
|
Definition
| Developed with input from scientific experts and poultry veterinarians |
|
|
Term
| U.S. poultry industry guidelines for animal welfare |
|
Definition
-All have auditing components.
-Intended for company use, but variously have provision for third-party auditing.
+UEP offers animal care certification program.
-Do not necessarily engage all companies.
-Programs are available on association websites. |
|
|
Term
| subjects of animal welfare guidelines for the National Chicken Council |
|
Definition
-education, training, and planning
-hatchery
-nutrition and feeding
-comfort and shelter
-health care
-most normal behavior
-farm best practices
-catching and transportation
-processing
-breeder operations |
|
|
Term
| to attain animal welfare, you need to tend to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can animal welfare guidelines/audits accomplish? |
|
Definition
| Animal Welfare Assurance for Consumers |
|
|
Term
| how Animal Welfare Assurance for Consumers can be accomplished |
|
Definition
-Provision of resources and environment
-Process control
-Direct assessment of bird well-being |
|
|
Term
| some things that are examined when provisioning resources and environment |
|
Definition
-Feed
-water
-space
-ventilation
-back-up generator
-etc. |
|
|
Term
| some things that are kept record of in process control |
|
Definition
-temperature
-air quality
-mortality
-culls |
|
|
Term
| some things that are examined when doing a direct assessment of bird well-being |
|
Definition
-Gait scores
-foot condition
-uniformity
-scratches
-eye condition
-health
-bodily injury |
|
|
Term
| some things that can be accomplished by an animal welfare audit |
|
Definition
-Provision of resources and environment
-Process control
-Direct assessment of bird well-being |
|
|
Term
| the question when assessing bird well-being |
|
Definition
| are the birds in good condition? |
|
|
Term
| some problems that can occur with commercial layers |
|
Definition
-cobwebs
-dirty
-faulty light intensity
-too many birds per cage
-basically faulty management |
|
|
Term
| cages that seem to be best from the animal welfare perspective |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why enriched cages seem to be best from the animal welfare perspective |
|
Definition
| these enriched cages provide for behavioral needs and have more space |
|
|
Term
| some issues that occur with cage-free egg production |
|
Definition
-air quality issues
-pecking
-cannibalism |
|
|
Term
| what happens if you don't beak trim? |
|
Definition
natural behavior of the bird becomes a problem
-feather pecking
-cannibalism |
|
|
Term
| a danger with beak trimming |
|
Definition
| could cause chronic pain if done wrong and at the wrong time |
|
|
Term
| some bone problems that can happen in commercial layers |
|
Definition
-osteoporosis
-cage layer fatigue
-bone breakage during handling |
|
|
Term
| which catching method seems to lead to the fewest bone breaks in laying hens? commercial crew or non-commercial catch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that can reduce the risk of osteoporosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the husbandry systems use for laying hens? |
|
Definition
-battery cage
-free range
-perchery |
|
|
Term
| which husbandry system for laying hens seems to cause the fewest broken bones? battery cage, free range, or perchery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which husbandry system for laying hens seems to cause the most broken bones? battery cage, free range, or perchery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which husbandry system for laying hens seems to cause the fewest old breaks healed? battery cage, free range, or perchery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which husbandry system for laying hens seems to cause the most old breaks healed? battery cage, free range, or perchery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to spent hens? |
|
Definition
| they are caught and sent to renderers |
|
|
Term
| why catching spent hens is harder than catching broilers |
|
Definition
| because hens harder than broilers to put in hole and such |
|
|
Term
| how spent hens are killed |
|
Definition
| Modified Atmosphere Killing on the farm |
|
|
Term
| Modified Atmosphere Killing on the farm |
|
Definition
| killing by carbon dioxide, which is seen as a more humane way to kill on farm if need be |
|
|
Term
| some types of problems that can occur with broiler breeder operations |
|
Definition
-Beak trimming, toe clipping, dubbing
-Feed restriction for weight control
-Undersized males added when spiking
-Sex-separate feeding method |
|
|
Term
| why beak trimming, toe clipping, and dubbing don't look good from the animal welfare perspective |
|
Definition
| Mutilation to get around problems in the social environment |
|
|
Term
| types of feed restriction used in broiler breeder operations |
|
Definition
-Skip-a-Day
-Daily Limited |
|
|
Term
| why it might be a problem to add undersized males in a breeder operation |
|
Definition
| because undersized males might have a hard time in breeder operations |
|
|
Term
| a method of sex-separate feeding that doesn't look good from the animal welfare perspective |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some types of issues that can occur with broilers |
|
Definition
-living environment quality
-litter quality
-stocking density
-metabolic disorders
-lighting
-disease/infection |
|
|
Term
| some issues with living environment quality that can occur with broilers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some issues with litter quality that can occur with broilers |
|
Definition
-wet
-caked
-foot pad dermatitis |
|
|
Term
| some issues with stocking density that can occur with broilers |
|
Definition
-activity
-leg problems
-mortality |
|
|
Term
| some metabolic disorders that can occur with broilers |
|
Definition
-ascites
-leg problems/walking ability |
|
|
Term
| some issues with lighting that can occur with broilers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some issues with disease/infection that can occur with broilers |
|
Definition
-Air saculitis
-IP
-Gangrenous dermatitis
-LT
-etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seem to be inversely related |
|
|
Term
| some gait scoring criteria (not sure whether or not this will be on the test) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| photoperiod at which body weight of a hen tends to be greatest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| photoperiod that seems to lead to the best feed efficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| photoperiod that seems to lead to the greatest mortality |
|
Definition
23h for 7-32 and 7-39 days
20 h for 49 days |
|
|
Term
| some problems that seem to be worse with longer photoperiods |
|
Definition
-metabolic scores
-skeletal disorders
-gait scores
-heavier eye weight |
|
|
Term
| issues that can happen when catching chickens |
|
Definition
-Poor placement of birds in the cage (broiler might not be able to get on its feet if placed on its back)
-Rough Handling |
|
|
Term
| some handling-related causes of DOA |
|
Definition
-lung injury
-liver trauma
-head trauma
-leg dislocation
-suffocation |
|
|
Term
| some problems that can occur when transporting broilers |
|
Definition
-poor equipment
-Injured or suffocated birds
-Escaped birds on highway |
|
|
Term
| some Catching/Live Haul Problems |
|
Definition
-Poor placement of birds in the cage (broiler might not be able to get on its feet if placed on its back)
-Rough Handling
-poor equipment
-Injured or suffocated birds
-Escaped birds on highway
-thermal stress
-Pre-departure thermal stress
-Weather protection during transport |
|
|
Term
| some things related to thermal stress that can stress birds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Temperature issues evident during catch and pre-departure of broilers |
|
Definition
-loss of evaporative cooling
-crowding
-trailer scheduling |
|
|
Term
| something that might be used to get around the problem of heat stress that occurs when live-hauling broilers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of fan trailer on live-haul of broilers |
|
Definition
| seems to lower temperature on the way to processing plant |
|
|
Term
| problem with weather design during transport of broilers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| problems with design of trailer used to transport broilers |
|
Definition
cumbersome
-Side panels are hard to install or remove quickly.
-Over-heating or chilling due to sudden changes in weather cause spikes in DOA. |
|
|
Term
| some problems that can happen with dumping in processing plants |
|
Definition
-Dump process is rough and loud. Not unusual for equipment to be worn and out of adjustment (injure birds).
-Causes broilers to pile up and struggle, causing Heat stress and injury. |
|
|
Term
| some problems that can happen with shackling in processing plants |
|
Definition
| Shackling by humans causes fear, struggle, leg pain, and sometimes injury. |
|
|
Term
| how stunner in a processing plant needs to be maintained |
|
Definition
| Stunner needs constant monitoring to ensure proper adjustment |
|
|
Term
| some concerns with stunning in a processing plant |
|
Definition
-Pre-stun shock.
-Missed stun. (conscious neck cut; chance of a conscious bird entering the scalder)
-Some think low current may immobilize but not stun broilers |
|
|
Term
| conclusion about the current method of broiler processing |
|
Definition
| The current dumping-shackling-electrical stunning process is a dinosaur. |
|
|
Term
| why the current dumping-shackling-electrical stunning process is a dinosaur |
|
Definition
| because of the overall impact of the process on the birds |
|
|
Term
| the type of killing animal advocacy groups are pushing for broilers |
|
Definition
| controlled-atmosphere stun/killsystems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Low Atmosphere Pressure Stunning |
|
|
Term
| a type of killing endorsed by the American Humane Society |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disadvantage of Techno-Catch LAPS System |
|
Definition
| might have an effect on the breast muscles |
|
|
Term
| five freedoms of animal welfare |
|
Definition
1. Freedom from hunger and thirst
2. Freedom from discomfort
3. Freedom from pain, injury, or disease
4. Freedom to express normal behavior
5. Freedom from fear and distress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Serve as stewards of animals, land, and environment |
|
|
Term
| the animal well-being program is part of... |
|
Definition
| overall commitment to sustainability |
|
|
Term
| animal welfare dealt with by the office of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these have to be acknowledged when it comes to animal welfare |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3’rd party animal welfare audits |
|
|
Term
| Perdue Food's commitments to animal welfare |
|
Definition
1. Production systems based on “Five Freedoms”.
2. Build closer relationships with farmers who raise Perdue chickens.
3. Be transparent and build lasting relationships with stakeholders. |
|
|
Term
| how Perdue tries to adhere to the 5 freedoms |
|
Definition
| Beyond just ‘needs’ of chickens to include what they ‘want’. |
|
|
Term
| how Perdue tries to be transparent and build lasting relationships with stakeholders |
|
Definition
| by including animal welfare advocates, academics, animal industry experts. |
|
|
Term
| some environmental issues at hand |
|
Definition
-Water
-Air
-Heavy metal
-Hormones
-Overfertilization
-Etc... |
|
|
Term
| some factors other than environmental issues that can affect the poultry industry |
|
Definition
-Industry c’tration
-Urban sprawl
-Media attention
-Public pressure |
|
|
Term
| a type of rxn gthat can happen as a result of public pressure and media attention |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how ag is viewed regarding the environment |
|
Definition
| Ag viewed as industrial polluter |
|
|
Term
| Public perception of agriculture can be negatively influenced by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many broilers are produced in GA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much chicken litter is produced in GA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some land application principles |
|
Definition
-All crops can potentially benefit from poultry litter
-Plants need inorganic nutrients |
|
|
Term
| other than fertilizing, organic fertilizer can help... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some manure nutrient issues |
|
Definition
-Not too easy to evenly spread chicken litter because of consistency of the material
-Variability of nutrient content
-Land availability for manure application is on the decline
-Nitrogen-based manure usage can lead to soil phosphorus build-up
-Improper application can result in water soluble nutrients and soil bound minerals contributing to water quality degradation.
+Nitrogen, in the form of nitrate can cause human health risks from ground water.
+Phosphorus can cause degradation (Eutrophication) of surface water streams and lakes. |
|
|
Term
| not too easy to evenly spread chicken litter because of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| issue with manure content |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how eutrophication occurs |
|
Definition
| Excess P can accelerate growth of environmental ecosystems |
|
|
Term
| bad effect of eutrophication |
|
Definition
| Decaying flesh can deprive the water of oxygen |
|
|
Term
| some legislation about water quality |
|
Definition
-Clean water act of 1972
-Water quality act of 1987
-National water quality inventory
-Clean water action plan |
|
|
Term
| what the Clean water act of 1972 entails |
|
Definition
-Point source focus
-CAFO guidelines and permits |
|
|
Term
| what the Clean Water Action Plan entails |
|
Definition
-Total maximum daily load requirements (TMDL’s)
-1999 Unified National Strategy for AFO |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Total maximum daily load requirements |
|
|
Term
| an important question when it comes to poultry and the environment |
|
Definition
| How do we utilize production residuals in an appropriate manner? |
|
|
Term
| Nutrient management planning |
|
Definition
-Nutrient accountability
-Matching nutrient application with nutrient need
-Nutrient cycling
-“Water Control”
-Basically nutrient accountability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nutrient management planning |
|
|
Term
| Key components of nutrient management planning (NMP) |
|
Definition
-Nutrient generation assessments
-Crops that will use them
-Diverting clean water from storage and such
-Soil and litter analysis
-Completion of field nutrient budgets
-Appropriate storage and land application
-Site-specific conservation & erosion control
-Proper dead bird disposal
-Record keeping of management practices |
|
|
Term
| Assess on-farm nutrient generation of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most important number when assessing on-farm generation of nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| important to know this about soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a technique for testing broiler litter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nutrient in manure that helps growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adjust application of manure based on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how N-P-K-Ca values are expressed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some nutrients that are measured in manure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some important things when calibrating spreader equipment |
|
Definition
-good management
-regulations |
|
|
Term
| why lane spacing and uniformity are important when applying manure |
|
Definition
| because you want the nutrients to be as even spread as possible |
|
|
Term
| some ways to store manure |
|
Definition
-Covered stockpile
-Stockpiles with ground liners
-Bunker-type storage structures
-Permanent storage structures |
|
|
Term
| why you want to store manure in a covered stockpile |
|
Definition
| to keep storm water out of manure |
|
|
Term
| amount of N plants need vs. amount of P |
|
Definition
| Most plants need 2-3 times as much N as they do P |
|
|
Term
| what can happen if there's too much P? |
|
Definition
| If there’s too much P, that can result in ground water pollution and such |
|
|
Term
| some things that are important if you want application of manure to be productive |
|
Definition
-Timing of application
-liming effect?
-weeds |
|
|
Term
| how to prevent weeds if you're using manure |
|
Definition
| make sure there's no weed seeds in manure as removed from the rearing houses |
|
|
Term
| which type of fertilizers lead to more weeds? organic or commercial? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| problem with soil you want to prevent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| P pollution linked to this problem with soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ pollution linked to soil erosion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how prevention of soil benefits water |
|
Definition
| protects surface and ground water |
|
|
Term
| one way to keep water clean |
|
Definition
| by diverting clean water from production and litter storage |
|
|
Term
| which type of pollution is more restrictive? point source or non-point source? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something you must keep record of with chicken litter |
|
Definition
-Annual litter production
-Soil & litter analysis
-Field application record
-Litter transfer record |
|
|
Term
| some dead bird disposal considerations |
|
Definition
-Approved methods
-Biosecurity
-Backup systems
-Catastrophic loss contingency plan |
|
|
Term
| Methods for disposal of dead birds |
|
Definition
-Incineration
-Burial pit
-Rendering
-Acid fermentation
-NaOH digestion
-Gators
-Composting |
|
|
Term
| what you need in terms of emergency mortality disposal |
|
Definition
| plans for disposal of potential mass mortality |
|
|
Term
| some potential plans for disposal of potential mass mortality |
|
Definition
-Site approval for burial
-Equipment and materials needed for composted |
|
|
Term
| mortality composter profile |
|
Definition
| Chicken litter can be used as the C source, something like that |
|
|
Term
| Flies and other insects and such can’t survive this temp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what composting can do to viruses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| you gotta make sure compost goes thru... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| money we can get for manure vs. distance we can haul it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that can be made from composting or manure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something chicken litter can be used for other than fertilizer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why chicken litter can be used to feed cattle |
|
Definition
| because cattle have digestive system such that they can convert the N into protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Basically wrapping bales of litter |
|
|
Term
| type of merchandising that can be used for chicken poop |
|
Definition
| Niche market merchandising |
|
|
Term
| example of niche market merchandising for chicken poop |
|
Definition
| Garden pets literally made of chicken poop! Dissolves and fertilizes crops |
|
|
Term
| The future of manure management? |
|
Definition
| In 10 years, we could be more regulated and such |
|
|
Term
| some fallacies in the public perception of ag |
|
Definition
-Ag viewed as industrial polluter
-“Image is Everything”
-“Perception is Reality” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some volatile compounds that can be found in manure |
|
Definition
-Volatile organic compounds
-VFA |
|
|
Term
| some nutrients that can be founnd in manure |
|
Definition
-Micro-nutrients
-Nitrogen
-Phosphorus
-Potassium |
|
|
Term
| some historic uses of manure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Traditional land application of manure |
|
Definition
| For centuries animal manure has been used to as a source of plant nutrients and as a soil builder |
|
|
Term
| what manure has been used as for centuries |
|
Definition
-source of plant nutrients
-soil builder |
|
|
Term
| what happened to nutrients in farms before modernization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how nutrients were cycled in farms before modernization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the state of nutrient cycling in modern farm systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how nutrients are cycled in modern farm systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pros and cons of organic and inorganic fertilizers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what's happening to the amount of land available for manure application? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| problem in soil that can happen if manure is N-based |
|
Definition
| Nitrogen-based manure usage can lead to soil phosphorus build-up |
|
|
Term
| what can happen if manure is not applied properly? |
|
Definition
| water soluble nutrients and soil bound minerals contributing to water quality degradation |
|
|
Term
| water problem that can occur with N |
|
Definition
| Nitrogen, in the form of nitrate can cause human health risks from ground water. |
|
|
Term
| water problem that can occur with P |
|
Definition
| Phosphorus can cause degradation (Eutrophication) of surface water streams and lakes. |
|
|
Term
| emphasis of the Water Quality Act of 1987 |
|
Definition
| Non-point source emphasis |
|
|
Term
| National water quality inventory- 1998 |
|
Definition
-40% of waters too polluted for fishing/swimming
-60% of pollution in rivers/streams from Ag
-45% of pollution in lakes from Ag |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit Regulations and Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations |
|
|
Term
| some things to be considered when you have production residuals |
|
Definition
-Manure
-Wastewater
-Mortality |
|
|
Term
| you need to know this about the manure you use |
|
Definition
| you need to know the fertilizer value of manure to amend soil to optimum production levels |
|
|
Term
| Forms of Nitrogen in Poultry Manure |
|
Definition
-Resistant Organic Nitrogen
-Mineralizable Organic Nitrogen
-Inorganic Nitrogen |
|
|
Term
| when sampling soil, divide large fields according to obviously different... |
|
Definition
-soil types
-management
-drainage
-crop productivity
-slope
-erosion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-sample it
-composite 10-20 samples
-put it in 1-pint soil test bag |
|
|
Term
| goals of calibrating spreader equipment |
|
Definition
-Determine application rate
-Determine the effective swath width
-Determine the uniformity of distribution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how far apart each pass should be |
|
|
Term
| the goal of manure storage |
|
Definition
| to keep storm water out of manure |
|
|
Term
| when N availability from poultry litter is greatest and most predictable |
|
Definition
| when incorporated into the soil |
|
|
Term
| this is not an option for disposal of dead birds |
|
Definition
| pile of dead birds out in the open |
|
|
Term
| the most common methods of mortality disposal |
|
Definition
-Burial
-composting
-incineration |
|
|
Term
| importance of emergency disposal information and action plan |
|
Definition
| it's an important component of NMP |
|
|
Term
| some details about in-house composting |
|
Definition
-Provides highest level of biosecurity
-Equipment needed normally found on farm
-Treats carcasses and infected litter
-Limits farm-to-farm disease transmission
-Limits risks of groundwater & air pollution
-Limits public concerns and disease exposure
-Concerns: house design, sufficient carbon material, layout time, final disposition of product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Annual manure production estimate
-Soil and litter analysis
-Crop nutrient requirements
-Aerial photos
-Nutrient budget worksheet
-Litter utilization & application record
-Litter removal record |
|
|
Term
| Summary of Good Management Practices |
|
Definition
-Proper manure and litter sampling for accurate analysis
-Cover litter during storage to maintain nutrient content and prevent leaching.
-Avoid excessive applications of organic fertilizer.
-Time applications appropriately. Apply litter when it will be utilized by the crop.
-Incorporate applications into the soil where possible.
-Do not apply litter to steep slopes or during periods prone to erosion and runoff.
-Document the amounts and contents of material applied.
-Use filter strips or buffer zones between fields and nearby streams. |
|
|
Term
| The alternative use of poultry litter is often limited by... |
|
Definition
-Contaminants
-High moisture content
-Bulk density
-Uniformity
-Transportation and handling costs
-High initial startup costs |
|
|
Term
| Value can be added to litter by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do this during storage to maintain nutrient content and prevent leaching. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why you want to cover litter during storage |
|
Definition
| to maintain nutrient content and prevent leaching |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when it will be utilized by the crop |
|
|
Term
| when and where to not apply litter |
|
Definition
| Do not apply litter to steep slopes or during periods prone to erosion and runoff. |
|
|
Term
| one strategy to protect water from litter post-application |
|
Definition
| Use filter strips or buffer zones between fields and nearby streams. |
|
|
