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| Support for a Presidential action by a designated number of senators. |
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| 1786 meeting to discuss constitutional reform. |
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| Those who opposed ratification of the constitution. |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| The first (1781-1789) basic governing document of the United States and forerunner to the Constitution. |
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| The first 10 ammendments to the Constitution, which protect individual and state rights. |
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| Constitutional divison of power into separate institutions, giving each institution the power to block the actions of the others. |
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| Lower legislative chamber elected by male property owners in a colony. |
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| Upper legislative chambers whose members were appointed by British officials on the reccomendation of the governor. |
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| Constitutional convention proposal that created a House proportionate to population and a Senate in which all states were represented equally. |
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| Basic governing document of the United States. |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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| Document signed in 1776 declaring the United Staes to be a country independent of Great Britain. |
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| Doctrine that says God elects the sovereign for the people. |
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| Those chosen to cast a direct vote for president by a process determined by each state. |
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| Essays that were written in support of the Constitution's ratification and have become a classic argument for the American constitutional system. |
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| Those who wrote and campaigned on behalf of the ratification of the Constitution. |
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| First Continental Congress |
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| The first quasi-governmental institution that spoke for nearly all the colonies. |
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| Power of the courts to declare null and void laws of Congress and state legislatures they find unconstitutional. |
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| First document in colonial America in which the people gave their expressed consent to be governed. |
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| necessary and proper clause |
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| Constitutional clause that gives Congress the power to take all actions that are "necessary and proper" to the carrying out of it delegated powers. Also known as the elastic clause. |
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| Small-state proposal for constitutional reform. |
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| Political group defending colonial American liberties against British infringements. |
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| Appointment of individuals into public office in exchange for their political support. Widely present in the 18th and 19th centuries and continues to present day. |
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| Colony governed by either a prominent English noble or by a company. |
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| Colony governed by the King's representative with the advice of an elected assembly. |
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| Second Continental Congress |
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| Political authority that directed the struggle for independence beginning in 1775. |
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| A system of government in which different institutions exercise different components of governmental power. |
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| Uprising in Massachusetts in 1786 led by Revolutionary war captain Daniel Shays. |
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| A meeting in 1765 of delegates from nine colonies to oppose the Stamp Act; the first political organization that brought leaders from several colonies together for a common purpose. |
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| Passed by Parliament in 1765, it required people in the colonies to purchase a small stamp to be affixed to legal and other documents. |
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| Constitutional provisison that says the laws of the national government "shall be the supreme Law of the Land." |
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| taxation without representation |
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| Levying of taxes by a government in which the people are not represented by their own elected officials. |
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| Constitutional provision that counted each slave as three-fifths of a person when calculating representation in the House of Representatives; repealed by the fourteenth ammendment. |
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| Those colonists who opposed independence from Great Britain. |
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| Constitutional proposal supported by convention delegates from large states. |
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| Political opposition in eighteenth- century England that developed a theory of rights and representation. |
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