Term
| What connects the population to the government? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did the founders view direct democracy as? |
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Definition
| Impossible and undesireable |
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Term
| What is direct democracy? |
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Definition
| Citizens have a say in the policy process |
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Term
| What did the founders want when it came to elections? |
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Definition
| A certain group voting for policies |
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Term
| What was wrong with the nation that made it hard for elections? (2) |
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Definition
too big
uneducated masses |
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Term
| What was wrong with uneducated masses? |
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Definition
| They could not be trusted with policy decisions |
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Term
| What does delegating to a smaller group lead to? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is agency loss fixed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three ways that agency loss is fixed with regular elections? |
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Definition
- Ordinary citizens have a say in representation (indirect say in policy process)
- Future elections hold officeholders accountable (If they make a wrong decisions then we can vote them out)
- Aspiring politicians (people who want to run for office) closely monitor activities of incumbents
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Term
| Did the constitution say anything about who can vote? If so, what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who determines if you are eligible to vote? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who did states typically limit the franchise to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Back in the olden days, SOME states restricted people franchisement based on what two things? |
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Definition
Must pay taxes on land
Religion (ex. Catholics couldn't vote)
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Term
| When did universal white male suffrage come? |
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Definition
| Didn't come until just before the Civil War |
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Term
| When were there a series of constitutional amendments and congressional acts to extend the franchise? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was a major president that wanted to extend the franchise? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the start of extending the franchise? What did it do? |
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Definition
| The 15th amendment- Officially extended franchise to black males (in practice, they still couldn't vote in many southern states) |
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Term
| What outlawed any electoral discrimination based on race (allowed federal government to enforce voting rights act for minorities)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the first state to allow women to vote? When? |
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Definition
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Term
| By 1916 how many other states gave women the right to vote? Where were most of the states/territories located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did the 23rd Amendment say? |
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Definition
| that DC residents can vote for the president |
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Term
| What did the 24th Amendment do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did the 26th Amendment do? |
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Definition
| extended franchise to 18-21 year olds |
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Term
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Definition
| In some states, they were prohibited |
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Term
| How many state prohibit convicted felons from voting for life? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many states allowed felons to vote? Who are they? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do voting rights typically start? What happens after it begins? |
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Definition
| State level. Then it gains steam to where national parties cannot ignore the new voters and pressed for national voting rights laws |
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Term
| In 1916 who tried to win the election by supporting women's suffrage? |
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Definition
| Charles Hughes ( Wilson's opponent) |
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Term
| Why did Charles Hughes support women's suffrage? |
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Definition
| If you were against them, then you lost 50% of the votes in the 12 states |
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Term
| What did Wilson have to do to win the election and counteract Hughes change to women's suffrage? |
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Definition
| He adopted a moderate stance on the issue to defuse the political bomb that could cost him reelection. |
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Term
| When were women given the right to vote? |
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Definition
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Term
| As franchise expanded, what declined? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the formula for turnout? |
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Definition
# of actual voters
_______________
# elegible |
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Term
| Explain why turnout declines as franchise expands. |
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Definition
| Increase the denominator a lot, but the numerator only a little (not all the newly eligible voters actually voted) |
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Term
| What is the formula for the answer to: Is it rational to vote? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does V stand for in V=PB-C? |
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Definition
| Whether or not you will vote |
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Term
| What does P stand for in V=PB-C? |
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Definition
| Probability your vote will decide the election (very tiny number) |
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Term
| What does B stand for in V=PB-C? |
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Definition
| Benefit you recieve if your candidate wins |
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Term
| What does C stand for in V=PB-C? |
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Definition
| Cost associated with deciding how to vote and actually casting the ballot |
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Term
| What does the average American citizen get for B? |
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Definition
| really low number, but some get high number |
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Term
| Can C be negative? If so, how? |
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Definition
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Term
| If v is less than or equal to zero, what does that mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is P normally high or low? |
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Definition
| Very very very small, like 1 in 60 million and this causes PB to be near zero |
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Term
| What is the last addition to the formula to why vote? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does D stand for in V=PB-C+D? |
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Definition
| Feeling of necessity to perform civic DUTY, sense of satisfaction from voting |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| In order to induce voting, what has to happen? |
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Definition
| D has to be greater than C |
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Term
| What influences the values of C and D? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two demographics that is related to all types of people that is positively correlated with turnout? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does education have to do with demographics? |
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Definition
| If you are better educated, you don't have to take as much time figuring out how to vote (probably have more money) |
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Term
| What are two things that are correlated with age and education in demographics? |
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Definition
- May have more resources invested in political outcomes (like fmaily)
- May recognize the importance of election outcomes more (cost goes down)
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Term
| Another demographics: Who is less likely to vote than white counterparts? |
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Definition
| African Americans and Hispanics |
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Term
| Why are African Americans and Hispanics less likely to vote? |
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Definition
| They feel alienated by the social and political systems |
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Term
| Why do African Americans and Hispanics feel alienated by the social and political systems? |
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Definition
| Mostly because of their income- They are poorer |
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Term
| In demographics, who is more likely to vote: wealthier people or poor people? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the poor face when they vote? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 4 examples of barriers for poor people? |
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Definition
No poll near you
no car
have to pay for bus/cab
Maybe working on tuesday and can't vote |
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Term
| Wealthy people typically better _________ than poor people. |
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Definition
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Term
| Wealthy people face less barriers than poor people, so what does this mean for the D value? |
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Definition
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Term
| In demographics, who is less likely to vote: Northerners or Southerners? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is one of the reasons why southerners are less likely to vote? |
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Definition
| More rural, so there may be greater travel distance to polling location for some |
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Term
| Are people who have ties to their community more likely or less likely to vote? What does this cause for the D value and why? |
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Definition
More
Go up because they have a DUTY to their community |
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Term
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Definition
Internal efficacy
External efficacy |
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Term
| What is internal efficacy? |
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Definition
| Confidence in ability to understand and engage in poilitics |
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Term
| What is external efficacy? |
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Definition
| Confidence in ability to influence decisions of government |
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Term
| What goes down in internal efficacy? What happen in External? Why? |
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Definition
C (Dont have to learn as much)
C and D (Because... they just do...) |
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Term
| What kinds of citizens are more likely to vote? |
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Definition
| Partisan/Ideologically extreme citizens |
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Term
| What value goes up if you are partisan? why? |
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Definition
| The D value because they are invested in their candidate and they feel strongly about their candidate |
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Term
| What kind of factors play a role in voting? |
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Definition
| Institutionalized factors (institutionalized barriers) |
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Term
| What are/were legal barrier to registrations? (2) |
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Definition
Jim Crow Laws- Prevented blacks from voting
Photo ID requirements- Show ID to show you are legal |
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Term
| How did party/interest groups increase turnouts? What example? |
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Definition
| Mobilization- Party Machines go door to door sometimes |
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Term
| What is the Motor Voter Law of 1993? |
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Definition
| It allowed for registration during driver's license renewal, by mail, or in state welfare offices |
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Term
| Who did the Motor Voter Law benefit, and why was this a complete turn around? |
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Definition
Republicans
Republicans opposed it because they thought it would help the democrats, but it actually helped them |
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Term
| Who took advantage of the Motor Voter Law? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the single best predictor of whether or not you will vote in the upcoming election? |
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Definition
| Whether or not you have previously voted |
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Term
| How is the U.S.'s turnout compared to other industrialized democracies? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Voting Eligible Population |
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Term
| What is the percent for VEP for presidential elections in the U.S.? midterm elections? |
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Definition
Presidential- 50-60%
Midterm- 40-45% |
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Term
| In other countries what is voting considered? |
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Definition
| Compulsory (they are taxed or fined if they don't vote) |
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Term
| When is election held for the U.S.? What about for other countries? |
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Definition
Tuesday
Sunday or other national holidays |
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Term
| What does registration qualify you for? |
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Definition
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Term
| In other countries, what is registation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Did the Motor Voter Law work? |
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Definition
| NOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO |
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Term
| Since P is so low, what do people not do? |
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Definition
| Spend a lot of time choosing how to vote |
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Term
| Since people don't spend a lot of time choosing how to vote, what do they typically use? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are cognitive shortcuts? |
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Definition
| Things that make it easier for people to decide |
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Term
| What are two types of voting? |
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Definition
Retrospective Voting
Prospective Voting |
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Term
| What is Retrospective Voting? |
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Definition
Voting based on previous performance by the party/ candidate (If I liked Obama, then I will vote for him again)
BTW... I didn't like Obama |
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Term
| What is prospective voting? |
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Definition
| Voting based on how you feel the candidate/party will perform in office if elected (do research) |
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Term
| What is higher for perspective voting? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is easier, Retrospective or Prospective voting? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do voters typically rely on? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are single issue voters? |
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Definition
| They vote based on where the Candidate stands on one topic |
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Term
| What are the three most common examples of the Single Issue voters issues? |
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Definition
| Abortion, gun rights, and gay marriage |
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Term
| Single issue voter typically based on what kind of issues? |
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Definition
| Easy (Easy to decide on one side) |
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Term
| What are three examples of hard issues? |
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Definition
taxation policies
stimulation
health care reform |
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Term
| What is the most widely used shortcut? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Like democratic people vote for democrats and republicans will vote for republicans |
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Term
| What are three things that campaigns need? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does political science research show for campaigns? |
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Definition
| That campaigns can affect an outcome, but they usually don't |
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Term
| What are three ways of how candidates need to present themselves? |
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Definition
As: Competent (do something successfully)
Qualified
and trustworthy |
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Term
| T or F Each candidate faces different challenges. |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of candidates are typically chosen in presidential elections? (2) |
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Definition
The highest-quality
and the best-known
(already in the publics eyes, years of experience) |
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Term
| What kind of candidates can the Senate and the House attract? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are the incumbents always challenged? |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F Since someone is competely loaded, they will do well. |
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Definition
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Term
| Three questions that are asked when trying to elect: Why should a voter choose that candidate over all others? What does this candidate offer? What does that candidate stand for? |
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Definition
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Term
| The effectiveness of a message is determined by 3 factors, what are they? |
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Definition
Context
Advertisement
and "Stickiness" |
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Term
| What do I mean when I say context in a message? |
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Definition
| What you are talking about |
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Term
| What do I mean when I say advertising in a message? |
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Definition
| The way you get the message out there |
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Term
| What do I mean when I say "stickiness" in a message? |
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Definition
| Does it resignate with the people, and is it memorable? |
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Term
| What do advertisements sometimes only focus on? |
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Definition
The opponents negative sides.
(It then says your name at the end saying I abrove this message) |
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Term
| What is required when you are trying to get the message out there and you are trying to get to know who the candidate is and what he/she stands for? |
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Definition
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Term
| Campaign donations are overwhelmingly _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The history of campaign finance reform demonstrates the struggle between what two things? |
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Definition
| Maintaining free speech and reducing corruption |
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Term
| What did the 1972 Federal Election Campaign Act do? |
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Definition
- Partial public funding for presidential campaigns
- Full reporting of all donations and sources (put name on donation and it can be looked up)
- Contribution limits
- Expenditure limits
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Term
| What are contribution limits? |
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Definition
| How much money can be donated |
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Term
| What are expenditure limits? |
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Definition
| How much money candidates can spend |
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Term
| What case rule expenditure limits as unconstitutional and said that the president accepting public funding can be limited? |
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Definition
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Term
| In 1979, what did the Federal Election Campaign (FECA) do? |
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Definition
| Liberalized (remove or loosen restrictions) to allow unlimited contributions and spending for local- and state-party building and GOTV (Get Out The Vote) efforts. (As long as they aren't going for one candidate, they can donate however much they want |
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Term
| Under money in campaigns, what happened in 1996? |
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Definition
| It allowed unlimited contributions to and spending by party organizations for independent activities. (Extends the categories that they can use with the money) |
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Term
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Definition
| Unlimited money. No subject to the Federal Election Campaign's (FECA) regulations |
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Term
| What became a target for reformers in the early 2000's? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did the Bipartisan Reform Act of 2002 do? What is another name for this act? |
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Definition
Limited soft money
McCain-Feingold |
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Term
| In 2007, what does the Supreme Court do to the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act? |
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Definition
| They strike down it's attempts to limit independent campaigning by various groups |
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Term
| In 2007, the Supreme Court strikes down the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Actfor it's attempts to limit independent campaigning by various groups. It said that tax-exempt groups can organize for issue advocacy, voter mobilization (getting the word out), etc. as long as what? |
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Definition
As long as they don't expressly advocate the election or defeat of a specific candidate (I support the right to guns so I can say "Vote for John Doe because he supports the right for guns... etc)
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Term
| Attempts to regulate campaign finance is motivated by the desire for ___________, not by attempts to _______ ______ _________ ________. |
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Definition
transparency
level the playing field |
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Term
| Where is the bulk of the money made spent? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three other examples of where the money is spent? |
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Definition
| Speeches, canvassing (Door to door), staffers |
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Term
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Definition
| People who run your campaign |
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Term
| Where do presidential candidates normally spend the money? (2) |
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Definition
| They divert their resources to states with more electoral college votes, and where the election is close |
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Term
| Where do candidates try to get "free" advertising? |
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Definition
| By posting it on a controversial ad online and getting news coverage of it |
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Term
| What new group has arisen since 2010? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do Super PACs derive their existence from? |
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Definition
| The Supreme Courts decision in Citizens United v. FEC, and the DC Circuit's decision in SpeechNow.org v. FEC |
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Term
| What is Citizens United v. FEC (2010) |
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Definition
| Independent political expenditures by corporations, and unions cannot be prohibited |
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Term
| What are Independent political expenditures? |
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Definition
| non-coordinated with the candidate |
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Term
| What is SpeechNow.org v. FEC (2010)? |
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Definition
| Allowed creation of "independent expenditure-only" groups that may accept unlimited contributions from individuals |
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Term
| What are "independent expenditure-only" groups? |
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Definition
| They are only tasked with raising/spending money independently with candidates |
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