Term
| Said that without government life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short |
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Definition
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Term
| Said that in fact a "social contract" exits |
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Definition
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Term
| an agreement people make with one another to form a government and abide by its rules and laws |
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Term
| the collection of public institutions in a nation that establish and enforce the rules by which member of that nation must live |
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Term
| a situation in a society where there is no government and which is characterized by lawlessness and discord in the political system |
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Term
| the ability of public institution and the official with in them to make laws independent of the power to execute them |
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Term
| a form of government in which the people either directly or through elective representatives hold power and authority |
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Definition
| democracy: Demos kratos = rule by the people |
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Term
| a form of government in which a small exclusive class, which may or may not attempt to rule on behalf of the people as a whole, holds supreme power |
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Term
| a form of government in which a particular religion or faith plays a dominant role in the government |
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Term
| a form of government in which one person, usually a member of a royal family or a royal designate, exercises supreme authority |
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Term
| a from of government in which one political party,group, or person maintains such complete control over the nation that it may refuse to recognize and if it chooses to suppress all other political parties and interest |
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Term
| the ability to get individuals to do something that they may no otherwise do |
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Term
| the extent to which the people afford the government the authority and right to exercise power |
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Term
| the way in which the institutions of government are organized, to make laws, rules and policies, and how those institutions are organized |
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Term
| according to John Locke, the most fundamental type of law which supersedes any law that is made by government. Citizens are born with certain rights including life liberty and property that derive from this law and that government cannot take away. |
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Term
| the year and amendment that provided the right to vote may not be denied on the basis of race. |
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Definition
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Term
| the year and amendment that changes the method of selection of US senators from having state legislatures choose senators to having them directly elected by the voters of a state. |
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Definition
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Term
| the year and amendment that provides voting rights to women |
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Definition
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Term
| the year and amendment that provides residents of the District of Columbia with electoral votes in presidential elections |
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Definition
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Term
| the year and amendment that prevented states from levying a tax on people in order for them to vote in federal elections |
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Definition
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Term
| the year and amendment that provides voting rights to those who are eighteen years of age |
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Definition
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Term
| the idea that the ultimate source of power in the nation is held by the people |
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Definition
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Term
| a form of government designed by the US Constitution whereby free, open and regular elections are held to allow voters to choose those who govern on their behalf |
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Definition
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Term
| a system of government in which all citizens participate in making policy rules and governing decisions |
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Definition
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Term
| the values and beliefs about government its purpose and its operations and institutions that are widely held among citizens in a society. |
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Term
| the notion that the will of the majority should guide decisions made by American government |
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Term
| the value that promotes the idea that government power should be as restricted as possible |
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Term
| a culture that is skeptical of authority, keeps governments role limited and celebrates the US general reliance on the market place |
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Definition
| individualistic subculture |
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Term
| a culture which maintains a more ambivalent attitude toward both government and the market lace, believing that politicians should come from societies elite, whereas ordinary citizens are free to stand on the sidelines |
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Definition
| traditionalistic subculture |
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Term
| a culture which has faith in the American governments capacity to advance the public's interest and encourages citizens to participate in the noble cause of politics |
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Definition
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Term
| the value that individuals are primarily responsible for their own lot in life and that promoted and rewards individual initiative and responsibility |
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Definition
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Term
1)the decline in voter turnout
2)the 2000 presidential election crisis
3)the suspension of civil liberties
4)the disproportionate influence of money and wealth on politics
5)politics that are more negative and conflictual
6) the red state/blue state divide |
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Definition
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Term
1) decline in voter turnout
2) the 2002 Presidential election crisis
3) the suspension of civil liberties
4) the disproportion influence of money and wealth on politics
5) Politics that are more negative and conflictual
6)the red/blue state divide |
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Definition
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Term
| formal document listing colonists' grievances and articulating the colonists intention to seek independence |
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Definition
| declaration of independence |
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Term
| the document creating a league of friendship governing the 13 states during and immediately after the war for independence |
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Definition
| articles of confederation |
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Term
| armed uprising by debt-ridden Mass. farmers frustrated with the state government |
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Definition
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Term
| meeting of delegates from 12 states in Philadelphia during the summer of 1787 at which was drafted an entirely new system of government to govern the US |
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Definition
| constitutional convention |
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Term
| a proposal know as the Large States plan that empowered three separate branches of government including a legislature with membership proportional to population |
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Definition
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Term
| a proposal known also as a small states plan that would have retained the articles of confederation principle of a legislature where states enjoyed equal representation |
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Definition
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Term
| a proposal also known as the Connecticut Compromise that provided for a bicameral legislature featuring an upper house based on equal representation among the states and a lower house whose membership was based on each states population |
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Definition
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Term
| a compromise proposal in which five slaves would be counted as the equivalent of 3 free people for purposes of taxes and representation |
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Definition
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Term
| the principle that each branch of government enjoys separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility |
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Definition
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Term
| a system of limits imposed by the constitution that gives each branch of government the limited right to change or cancel the acts of other branches |
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Definition
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Term
| express powers explicitly granted by the constitution such as the taxing power specifically granted to congress |
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Term
| those who supported ratification of the purposed constitution of the US between 1787 and 1789 |
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Definition
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Term
| those who opposed ratification of the purposed constitution of the US between 1787 and 1789 |
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Definition
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Term
| a series of articles authored by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay which argues in favor of ratifying the purposed constitution of the US |
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Definition
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Term
| modifications or additions to the US Constitution passed in accordance with the amendment procedures laid out in Article 5 |
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Definition
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Term
| the first eight amendments to the US constitution which protected various rights of the people against the new federal government |
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Term
| constitutional interpretation that give constitutional provisions broad and open ended meanings |
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Definition
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Term
| constitutional interpretation that limits the government to only those powers explicitly stated in the constitution |
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Definition
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Term
| the doctrine underlying a system of government in which power is divided between a central government and constituent political subunits |
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Definition
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Term
| the supreme political power of a government to regulate its affairs without outside interface |
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Definition
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Term
| a system of government in which two or more independent states unite to achieve certain specified common aims |
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Definition
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Term
| a system of government in which the constituent states are strictly subordinated to the goals of the central government as a whole |
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Definition
| unitary system of government |
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Term
| those powers expressly retained by the state governments under the constitution |
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Definition
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Term
| those powers shared by federal and state governments under the constitution |
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Definition
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Term
| the clause in Article 1 section 8 of the constitution that affords congress the power to make laws that serve as a means to achieving its expressly delegated powers |
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Definition
| necessary and proper clause |
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Term
| the provision in article 6 paragraph 2 of the constitution that provides that the constitution and federal laws override and conflicting provision in state constitutions or state laws |
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Definition
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Term
| the supreme court case that established that state governments and state courts must abide by the US supreme courts interpretation of the federal constitution |
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Definition
| Martin v. Hunter's Lessee 1819 |
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Term
| the constitutional doctrine that holds that when congress acts affirmatively in the exercise of its own granted powers, federal laws supersede all state laws on the matter |
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Definition
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Term
| the provision in article 4 section 1 of the constitution that forces states to abide by the official acts and proceedings of all other states |
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Definition
| full faith and credit clause |
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Term
| Chief Justice John Marshall's interpretation of federalism as holding that states have extremely limited sovereign authority whereas congress is supreme within its own sphere of constitutional authority |
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Definition
| national supremacy doctrine |
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Term
| the supreme court case that established that congress enjoys broad and extensive authority to make all laws that are necessary and proper to carry out its constitutionally delegated powers |
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Definition
| McCullough v Maryland 1819 |
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Term
| the supreme court case that held that a federal license to operate steam boats overrides a state granted monopoly of NY water rights under the constitution |
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Definition
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Term
| the doctrine of federalism that holds that state authority acts as a limit on congressional power under the constitution |
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Definition
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Term
| description of federalism as maintaining that the authority of state and federal governments exists in distinct and separate spheres |
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Definition
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Term
| description of federalism that is intertwining state and federal authority in an inseparable mixture |
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Definition
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Term
| the doctrine of federalism affords congress nearly unlimited authority to exercise its powers through means that often coerce states into administering and/or enforcing federal policies |
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Definition
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Term
| grants from the federal government to states that allow state governments to pursue specific federal policies such as highway construction |
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Definition
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Term
| grants for federal government to the states that may be used at the discretion of states to persue more generalized aims |
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Definition
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Term
| a directive from the federal government to the states requiring that they perform certain functions with no accompanying funds to support those functions |
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Definition
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Term
| those specific rights that cannot be denied to citizens by government that are guaranteed by the constitution |
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Definition
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Term
| the first eight amendments generally referred as |
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Definition
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Term
| the process by which the US Supreme Court used the due process clause of the 14th amendment to make applicable to the states most of the individual rights guaranteed by the Bill of Rights |
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Definition
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Term
| the religious freedom clause in the first amendment that denies government the ability to prohibit the free exercise of religion |
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Definition
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Term
| the clause in the first amendment that prohibits government from enacting any law respecting an establishment of religion |
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Definition
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Term
| the legal test that determines if a government statute aiding public or private schools is an unconstitutional violation of the establishment clause |
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Definition
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Term
| printing or disseminating false statements that harm someone |
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Definition
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Term
| the governments requirement that a story be approved by government before it can be published |
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Definition
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Term
| a standard that courts established to determine if material is obscene based in part on whether the material has serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value. |
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Definition
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Term
| non-spoken forms of speech that might be protected by the first amendment |
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Term
| an act of legislature declaring a person guilty of come crime and then punishing them without a trial |
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Definition
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Term
| a law that punishes someone for doing something in the past at a time when the act was not illegal |
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Definition
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Term
| the legal standard that requires the government to attain a warrant demonstrating probable cause for any search that violates a persons actual and reasonable expectation of privacy |
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Definition
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Term
| a document issued by a judge or magistrate that allows law enforcement to search or seize items at a home business or anywhere else that might be specified |
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Definition
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Term
| the legal rule requiring that all evidence illegally obtained by police in violation of the bill of rights must be excluded from admission in a court of law |
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Definition
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Term
| an exception to the exclusionary rule that states if a search warrant is invalid through no fault of the police, evidence may be used |
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Definition
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Term
| the constitutional protection that those accused of a crime cannot be tried twice for the same crime |
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Definition
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Term
| the us supreme courts requirement that when an individual is arrested he or she must be read a statement that indicates the persons right to remain silent and the right to an attorney |
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Definition
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Term
| an amount of money determined by a judge that the accused must pay to a court as security against the defendants freedom before trial |
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Definition
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Term
| a condition in which members of different groups possess substantially the same rights to participate actively in the political system |
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Definition
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Term
| equality and fair treatment of all groups within the various institutions in society, both public and private that serve they public at large |
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Definition
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Term
| may be defined at providing all groups the quality of opportunity for economic success or as the equality of results |
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Definition
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Term
| those positive rights whether political social or economic conferred by the government on individuals or groups |
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Definition
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Term
1)work within the political system
2)litigation
3)legal boycotts
4)civil disobedience |
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Definition
| four approaches for equality |
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Term
| the 1954 US Supreme Court decision that declared school segregation to be unconstitutional |
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Definition
| Brown v. Board of Education |
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Term
| laws used by some southern states that required segregation |
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Definition
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Term
| 1896 as long as the facilities where the same it was ok (Louisiana) |
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Definition
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| the city and year that was the turning point of the civil rights movement |
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Definition
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Term
| the federal law that banned racial discrimination and created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission |
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Definition
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Term
| the federal law that invalidated literacy tests and property requirements and required select states and cities to apply for permission to the Justice Department to change their voting laws |
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Definition
| Voting rights act of 1965 |
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Term
| the federal law that manned race discrimination in housing and made interference with a citizens civil rights a federal crime |
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Definition
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Term
| the year and amendment that banned poll taxes in federal elections |
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Definition
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Term
| programs, laws, or practices designed to remedy past discriminatory hiring practices, government contracting and school admission |
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Definition
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Term
| the law enforcement practice of taking race into account when identifying possible suspect of crimes |
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Definition
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| the section of the federal education amendment law that prohibits the exclusion of women from an educational program or activity receiving financial assistance |
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Definition
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| said "Give me liberty or give me death" |
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Definition
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| author of the great compromise |
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Definition
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| one of the first Supreme Court justices |
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Definition
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| first US attorney general |
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Definition
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| the most influential federalist paper |
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Definition
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| the federalist paper in which Hamilton launched his attack on the articles of federation |
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Definition
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| coined the phrase "the marketplace of ideas" |
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Definition
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| a frequently cited justification for protecting free rights |
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