Term
| Action-Reaction Syndrome (and example)- |
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Definition
The action-reaction syndrome in the idea that for every government action, there will be a reaction by the public. The government then takes a further action to counter the public’s reaction – and the cycle begins again.
i.e.- the expansion and complexity of the tax system. |
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Term
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Definition
is the legal process by which a judge reviews evidence and argumentation including legal reasoning set forth by opposing parties to come to a decision which determines rights and obligations between the parties involved. Three types of disputes are resolved through adjudication:
1. Disputes between private parties, such as individuals or corporations.
2. Disputes between private parties and public officials.
3. Disputes between public officials or public bodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the process of allocating the political power of a set of constituent voters among their representatives in a governing body. |
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Term
| Attitudinal Model of Judicial Decision making |
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Definition
| a judges behavior can be predicted largely by his or her policy attitudes. Thus, they decide cases according to ideological preference rather than by the meaning or intention of legal texts or by precedent. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a type of writ seeking judicial review by a higher court that was previously reviewed by a lower court. |
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Term
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Definition
| A concurring opinion sets forth the justice’s own reasoning. This opinion may be by one or more justices whom agree with the result of the majority opinion, but disagrees in some way with the legal reasoning of the other justices. Note: Justices who write concurring opinions are still counted in the majority. |
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Term
| Delegate/Trustee/Politico |
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Definition
Delegate: Directly representing their constitutes.
Trustee: Acting upon ones knowledge.
Politico: Mixture of Delegate and trustee |
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Term
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Definition
| Is an opinion in a legal case written by one or more judges expressing disagreement with the majority opinion of the court. Used to dispute the majority opinion. |
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Term
| Executive Departments (and examples)- |
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Definition
• Department of Agriculture (USDA)
• Department of Commerce (DOC)
• Department of Defense (DOD)
• Department of Education (ED)
• Department of Energy (DOE) |
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Term
| Filibuster (process and cloture) |
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Definition
| or right to an unlimited debate. A senator or group of senators may speak for as long as they want on any topic they want. To bring the debate to a close senators must vote to bring the debate to a close by invoking cloture. Usually 60 out of 100 senators are needed for a cloture or closure. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the use of government expenditure and revenue collection (taxation) to influence the economy |
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Term
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Definition
| may be used to achieve desired results for a political party, or may be used to help or hinder a particular demographic, such as political, racial, linguistic, religious, or class group. |
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Term
| Government Corporations (and examples) |
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Definition
created by the government to undertake commercial activities. Examples:
• Fannie Mae- National mortgage association
• Freddie Mac- Home Loan Mortgages
• Federal Housing Finance Agency-
• United States Postal Service- Mail delivery
• AmTrak- Rail Road |
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Term
| Independent Executive Agencies (and examples) |
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Definition
agencies that exist outside of the federal executive departments. These agencies are constitutionally apart of the executive branch, however the president has limited control, unable to dismiss the agency head.
• CIA
• NASA
• Federal Communications Commission |
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Term
| Independent Regulatory Agencies (and examples) |
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Definition
Exist outside of the federal executive departments.
• Federal Election Commission
• Social Security Administration
• US Internal Trade Commission |
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Term
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Definition
| power of the courts to examine the actions of the legislative, executive, and administrative branches of government to determine whether such actions are consistent with the constitution. |
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Term
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Definition
| the authority to formally constitute a legal body by a political leader. The term is also used to describe the denoted geographical area to which the authority applies. |
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Term
| Legal Model of Judicial Decision making |
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Definition
Three levels:
Attitudinal Model ^ More Autonomy (personal beliefs relied on more)
Strategic Model
Legal Model Less Autonomy |
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Term
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Definition
| is a judicial opinion agreed to by more than half of the members of a court. A majority opinion sets forth the decision of the court and explains the rationale behind the court’s decision. |
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Term
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Definition
| John Marshall of the Supreme Court declared section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional. This was the first Supreme Court case to turn over legislation. Power of judicial review. |
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Term
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Definition
| A federal system of health insurance for those requiring assistance. |
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Term
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Definition
| A federal system of health insurance for people over 65 years of age. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is the process by which the government controls the supply of money, often targeting rate of interest for the purpose of promoting economic growth and stability. The goal is to have relatively stable prices with low unemployment. |
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Term
| Original vs. Appellate Jurisdiction |
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Definition
Original: the power to hear a case for the first time.
Appellate Jurisdiction: power of Supreme Court to review decisions and chance outcomes of decisions of lower courts. |
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Term
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Definition
| or the Declaration of Principles, was an attempt to resolve the ongoing Palestinian-Israeli conflict. This was the first face-to-face agreement between the government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). This was intended to be the frame work for future negations and relations between the two countries. |
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Term
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Definition
| An opinion issued in the name of the court rather than specific judges. Reflects the opinion of the court, and usually tends to be short. Usually non-controversial. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the opinion formed by a group of justices in which no single opinion received the support of the majority of the court. The plurality opinion did not receive the support of more than half the justices, but received more support than any other opinion. |
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Term
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Definition
Realism (Aristotle): things should be accepted as they are, with all defects or weaknesses.
Idealism (Plato): Reality only exists in ideas. Ideally everything and everyone should be perfect and flawless. |
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Term
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Definition
| To give new boundaries to administrative or election districts. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a Supreme Court practice that permits four of the nine justices to grant a writ of certiorari. This is done specifically to prevent a majority of the court from controlling the court’s docket(official summary of proceedings in a court of law). |
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Term
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Definition
refers to the process that the executive and independent agencies use to create regulations. In general legislatures first set broad policy mandates by passing statutes, then agencies create more detailed regulations though rulemaking.
• i.e.- A legislature would pass a law mandating the establishment of safe drinking water standards, and then assign an agency to develop the list of contaminants and safe levels through rulemaking. |
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Term
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Definition
| literally meaning: "to stand by decisions and not disturb the undisturbed." is a legal principle by which judges are obligated to respect precedents established by prior decisions. |
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Term
| What are some of the key differences between the House and the Senate? |
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Definition
_______ uses “proportional representation,” which means that each states gets a number of representatives based on the population of the state.
• Pass federal legislation that effects the whole country.
• Impeach officials
________ uses equal representation, each state gets the same number of senators (2), for a total of 100 |
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Term
| How does congress check the president? |
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Definition
• Congress can override his veto w/ 2/3 congressional vote.
• Congress can check the president on money spent.
• Congress can override president’s veto. |
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Term
| How does congress check the judiciary? |
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Definition
| • Approve and disapprove judges. |
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Term
| How does the President check congress? |
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Definition
• He can veto a bill.
• President decides how money is spent, shows budget to congress. |
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Term
| How does the president check the judiciary? |
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Definition
| • President can appoint judges. |
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Term
| How does the Judiciary check congress? The President? |
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Definition
| • Judiciary has the power to decide whether a law passed by congress and signed by the president is constitutional. |
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Term
| What are the requirements to become a senator? |
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Definition
• 30 years of age and U.S. citizen for 9 years.
• Serve a 6 year staggered term.
• Chosen by people of your state. |
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Term
| What are the requirements to become a member of the house? |
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Definition
• 25 years of age and U.S. citizen for 7 years.
• Serve a two-year term.
• Voted directly by voters in their district. |
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Term
| What are the requirements to become a supreme court justice? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the requirements to becoming President? |
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Definition
• Natural born citizen.
• At least 35 years old.
• Elected by electoral college system. |
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Term
| Which level of the federal courts are the "workhorses" of the courts? |
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Definition
| The US district courts, they handle the majority of federal cases. |
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Term
| Which circuit (U.S. Courts of Appeals) is Washington State in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the primary roles of the president? |
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Definition
Chief Executive
Chief of State
Chief Administrator
Chief Diplomat
Commander and Chief
Chief Legislator |
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Term
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Definition
| Executive powers vested by the constitution |
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Term
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Definition
| Ceremonial head of government, symbol of all American people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Actual head of government , in charge of over 2.7 million civilian jobs |
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Term
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Definition
| Directs foreign policy and nation’s spokesperson to the rest of the world. |
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Term
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Definition
| Head of nations armed forces. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shapes public policy of congressional agenda. |
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Term
| What does going public mean? |
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Definition
| The president as commander and chief has the power to go public on radio or TV at anytime he wants to. |
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Term
| What did the War Powers Resolution of 1973 attempt to do (and do)? |
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Definition
| Requires the president to notify congress within 48 hours of committing armed forces to military action. |
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Term
| What are the differences between the types of terrorism? |
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Definition
State Terrorism- acts of terrorism conducted by a state against another state.
Foreign Terrorism- terrorism outside of the United States. |
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Term
| What are Congress’s main powers? |
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Definition
• Power to tax.
• Regulate Commerce.
• Coin and regulate the value of money.
• Power to create post offices and roads. |
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Term
| What are the stages of the policymaking process? |
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Definition
1. Agenda building- Problem must exist. i.e.- Immigration
2. Formulation & Adoption- Bill goes before congress or an agency drafts a proposal
3. Implementation- The carrying out of a policy is most often accomplished by institutions other than those that formulated and adopted it. i.e.- Congress mandates improved water quality, but the Environmental Protection Agency provides the details on the standards of measuring compliance.
4. Evaluation & Termination- Cost-benefit analysis: if the government is spending X amount of dollars on this policy, is the policy worth the expenditure. i.e.- congress enacted a national speed limit of 55mph to reduce accident fatalities and gasoline consumption, however the law increased the cost for the trucking industry. |
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Term
| What does Keynesian economics suggest the U.S. should do during times of recession? |
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Definition
| Government should spend money to stimulate the economy. |
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Term
| What kind of tax system does the U.S. have? |
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Definition
| Progressive tax system where the higher your income the more you will be taxed. |
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Term
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Definition
| in the US and state constitution. Includes fundamental rights such as freedom of speech, freedom of religion etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| enacted by legislature. ie- when Florida passes a bill to make everyone wear seat belts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Directly representing their constitutes(people). |
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Term
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Definition
| Acting upon ones knowledge. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mixture of acting upon ones knowledge and representing their constitutes. |
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Term
| Executive Department examples (4) |
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Definition
Department of Education
Department of Agriculture
Department of Defense
Department of Energy
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Term
| How many votes are needed to cloture(close) a filibuster. |
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Definition
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Term
| The CIA and NASA are considered a (an)? |
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Definition
| Independent Executive Agency |
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Term
| The Social Security Administration and the Federal Election Commission are considered what type of agency? |
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Definition
| Independent Regulatory Agency |
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Term
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Definition
| rulings are suspected of being based on personal or political considerations, rather than law. |
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Term
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Definition
| encourages judges to limit the exercise of their own power. Judges should hesitate to strike down laws unless they are obviously unconstitutional. |
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Term
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Definition
| District and appellate courts must take the case at hand. |
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Term
| Discretionary Jurisdiction |
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Definition
| US supreme court level, only take a certain amount of cases per year. |
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Term
| What landmark court case provided the power of Judicial Review? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Unchanging moral principles regarded as a basis for all human conduct. |
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Term
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Definition
| Man-made laws which bestow specific privileges upon, or remove them from an individual or group. |
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Term
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Definition
| the power to hear a case for the first time. |
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Term
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Definition
| power of the supreme court to review decisions and chance outcomes of decisions by lower courts. |
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Term
| The _________ was the first face-to-face agreement between the government of Israel and The Palestine Liberation Organization. |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the independent and executive agencies do through policy mandates and passing statutes? |
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Definition
Agencies create more detailed regulations through rulemaking.
ie- a legislature passes a law mandating the establishment of safe drinking water standards, then assign an agency to develop a list of standards through rulemaking. |
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Term
| Strategic Model of Judicial Decision Making? |
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Definition
| Judge seeks to achieve policy goals. Since they cant act directly upon preference, they must act to achieve their goals given and constraints. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rules are interpreted solely based on what the constitution says. |
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Term
| Broad(loose) constructionism |
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Definition
| Constitutional rules are looked at more freely. |
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Term
| What type of representation does the House of Representatives use? |
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Definition
| Proportional- each state gets a number of representatives according to the population of the state. |
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Term
| What type of representation does the senate use? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many senators does each state get? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many votes does congress need to override a presidents veto? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is one of the powers the president has over the Judicial branch? |
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Definition
| President can appoint judges. |
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Term
| What are some ways the president can check congress? |
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Definition
| He can veto a bill. Decides how money will be spent and shows budget to congress. |
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Term
| How long is a senators term? |
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Definition
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Term
| How old do you have to be to become a senator? How many years do you have to be a US resident? |
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Definition
| 30 years old. Citizen for 9 years. |
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Term
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Definition
| People of the state they represent. |
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Term
| How old do you have to be to become a member of the House of Representatives? How many years do you have to have citizenship for? |
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Definition
| 25 years of age, citizenship for 7 years. |
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Term
| How long is a House members term? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the minimum required age to become president? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which court of appeals is Washington State in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What branch of government has the power to tax? |
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Definition
| Congress or Legislative Branch |
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Term
| What branch of government has the power to coin money and regulate commerce? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes up the Legislative branch? |
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Definition
| House of representatives and the senate. This is know as congress. |
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Term
| What makes up the Judiciary branch? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes up the executive branch? |
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Definition
| The president and his advivsors for various federal agencies. |
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Term
| How many votes by congress are needed to override a veto? |
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Definition
| 2/3 by both the senate and House of representatives. |
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