Term
|
Definition
| wynia: USD needed to pay for oil to develop. part of economic 80s crisis and lost decade. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wynia: different, interest affect policy. bargaining. winners and losers change, state mediates private interests - no monopoly on power. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wynia: no government neutrality, no open competition, no public/private relations mediation, groups instruments of government - get resources through acceptance of position in government. used when pluralism would weaken and authoritarianism wouldn't be flexible enough to handle issues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wynia: autocrats rule over others (often through oppression) not with or through them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wynia: want common interests and equality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxhorn: multiplicity of self-constituted territorially and functionally based units that peacefully and collectively resist subordination to the state as well as demanding inclusion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxhorn: fluid relationship between state and civil-society. There are two key components: negative/prescriptive: defend existing rights and accountability. positive/proscriptive: setting agendas and new rights, laws. called SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF CITIZENSHIP |
|
|
Term
| citizenship as co-optation |
|
Definition
| oxhorn: controlled inclusion. mediated threat of lower classes by buying them. Rights are precarious, people expected to tow the line. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxhorn: active role of groups/actors, particularity representing disadvantaged groups within society, must play key role in construction of citizenship. For democracy to fully incorporate, NEED strong civil society. |
|
|
Term
| citizenship as consumption |
|
Definition
| oxhorn: spending resources to get rights. Usually have universal political rights, not not civic or social. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxhorn: limited pursuit of interests within a competitive environment, respect for property (ideally) rule of law was well. Public official have few (if any) checks. Resources = degree of social inclusion. |
|
|
Term
| popular participation law |
|
Definition
| Oxhorn: bolivia - established OTBs, base territorial organizations. tried to establish synergy (state-civil society communication). OTBs local points of power. Didn't get input from civil society, top down, oppressed opposition, didn't reinforce quotas - youth women marginalized. Thus no social legitimacy (budgets controlled by elites). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oxhorn: considerable civil society input, budgets reviewed, council elected. started small and grew - grew in legitimacy - some tangible control. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leon, Vincente, Smilde: chavez made community councils, 200 - 400 households (20% pop) write history of community, problems and propose solutions. Apply for funding to do projects within the community. CC has executive, bank and accountability board. Attempt at decentralization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leon, Vincente, Smilde: a form of government where elected representatives make decisions on behalf of the people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leon, Vincente, Smilde: components of the state are present at all levels of government. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leon, Vincente, Smilde: taking power from the centre and dispersing it to lower levels of government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leon, Vincente, Smilde: direct participation of individuals in decision making process. Chavez believes in this. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| doyle: top-down political mobilization of mass constituencies by personalistic leaders (fujimori and the urban poor - peru) who challenge elite groups on behalf of ill defined pueblo. OXHORN: results from opinion that representative institutions incapable to responding to frustrations of people. Can develop through rent, more confidence, less likely for populism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| doyle: top-down political mobilization of mass constituencies by personalistic leaders (fujimori and the urban poor - peru) who challenge elite groups on behalf of ill defined pueblo. OXHORN: results from opinion that representative institutions incapable to responding to frustrations of people. Can develop through rent, more confidence, less likely for populism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| doyle: tool used by populist leaders to counterbalance the economic and institutional resources of their opponents. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cruz and diamint: budget cuts force them to invest. 2 advantages: access to officials and military resources. makes competition within the state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cruz and diamint: military has discretion in their area of expertise, but institutional prerogative is subordinate to the state (that they do not choose). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| once given the budget, the state doesn't supervise. Give them their toys and they will be happy. institutionalized extortion. enables civic action programs that develop clientelistic relationships with local elites. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| murillo: 3 jobs: new alliances, organizational autonomy, industrial participation. give services to workers weak industrial employers cant. but with democracy and increased informal sector, less important. policy makers seek to neutralize them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| htun: stations (not prestigious job) run by women. reports of crime have gone up, prosecution has not. Outside their traditional role to play their traditional role. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Yahsar: attempt of mediation between indigenous groups and state through a cartel of elites that is constitutionalized. assumes primordial nature of ethnic identity, vertical instead of horizontal power preferences , elites can be undemocratic and assume preferences instead of ask. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| LEVINE/MAINWARING: base community, church groups focused on critical discourse of god, charity and the bible. Azuleika and patricio, different experiences, both led to self-confidence, dignity, capacity for change. brazil social change, columbia hierarchy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Starr: interdependence of Mexico and the US means that domestic policy choices have international consequences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| valenzuela: behavioural or microsociological. values, beliefs and structure determine development. parsimony makes it less accurate when tackling complex issues. Hierarchy or church are obstacles, tradition needs to be overcome to modernize. crit: tradition can have modernizing characteristics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mode of production and placement in the economic sphere (centre, periphery) dictates development and policy choice. No country can emulate another's development because of the time restriction. unclear how variables interact. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| terry lyn karl: initially land and resources were given to elites, high rent extraction and loose legal systems perpetuate cycle. NA, contrast, no cheap abundant labour, so land was divided up. egalitarian sentiment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| terry lyn karl: resource curse, focus on one crop and sensitive to price shock, more likely to be unequal and unstable and fall into authoritarian rule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| willianson: focus on macroeconomics, outward orientation and free-market capitalism. NO focus on development. |
|
|
Term
| Washington consensus development |
|
Definition
| james and mahon: better as a guidline than a development model. developed countries protect sectors LA could penetrate, keeping them on the periphery. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vilas: privatization, targeting and decentralization. Leads to citizenship as consumption. trickle-down development. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o'donnell: monopoly of the legitimate use of force. |
|
|
Term
| bureaucratic authoritarianism |
|
Definition
| capitalist class that maintains domination, the highly oligopolized system makes institutions appear as the state with the objective of economic normalization and social order (political deactivation). serves interests of actors who help achieve the above goals. Use technical rationality to deal with issues, closes democratic channels. basis of their own legitimacy - only legitimate through force. reject negotiation with citizens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o'donnell: right to judicial recourse and consent of citizens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o'donnell: military elites and upper bourgeoisie |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Karl: landed elite played a minor role, no slave labour looking for rights (venezuela and oil) thus state doesn't need to oppress. works is all important actors are included. |
|
|
Term
| authoritarian electoral regime |
|
Definition
| petras: ecision making structure is made by outside forces, institutions are constrained by budgets that COULD have a check on the government, people are afraid to speak out, no legal equality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| petras: international clandestine military network of brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay. Pursue enemies of the Chilean dictatorship throughout the world and murder opponents. Today the network still allows them to defy local authorities and commit impunities in other countries. They have an extrajudicial status of themselves and civilian employees – no amount of democracy has changed this – berrios case. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| petras: Elections =/= democracy, they are oppressive and deceptive. Ruler of Haiti, ARSTIDE – US wanted a more pliant figure, so they stepped in and worked with the military to overthrow him. Eventually had to get him back, example of how difficult it is to go against the US and military interests. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carlin/singer: the rule my many. to support inclusive political and civil freedoms as well as the institutional safeguards that make them effective by checking power vertically (between government and the governed) and horizontally (between government branches). public contestation, inclusive participation, limits on executive authority and horizontal institutions and process. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pinhiero: crime because they are poor, they are unable to use normal channels of social mobility, thus join gangs to gain social status and money.
The crimes of the rich are often not considered crimes – laundering, exploitation, slavery…etc. most people who commit crimes against ‘undesirables’ are never punished, and these killing can sometimes even be supported by the poor – the often victims of the crimes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lagos: very important factor missing in latin america. political participation will not increase unless there is an increase in trust. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| often follow periods of instability. Claim legitimacy through national security. They take an important role in the government through their institutional hierarchy. Represent economically predominant classes. believe in trickle now and neoliberalism. everything subordinate to national security. democracy allows enemies infiltration. |
|
|
Term
| national security ideology |
|
Definition
| the nation is one unitary object whose mission is to protect the nation and will kill anyone who will threaten. The military is only institutions with both the capability and willingness to rule. Democracy allows enemies to infiltrate. Locate the enemy within. Thus concept of nation need to exclude the enemies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| garreton: insulated and claim to be unbiased, but there si always disagreement. Cannot get ideology out of technocracts because they are selected based on the ideological opinion of those who select them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| old actors will not leave and abandon power and new actors only allowed if they accept participation of old ones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| god put thin king there, he is the best ruler thus there is no opposing him. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| empowering people to take non-violence routes towards poverty alleviation in line with Christian thinking. |
|
|
Term
| conservative evangelicalism |
|
Definition
| less of a time commitment then being a good catholic and focuses more on spirituality. Celebration of faith. Women like it because it puts the fear of god into their husbands. Race is a non-issue, and can be left behind. More relatable due to lack of pope. No lofty, scary goals and accepts people’s class location, and helps them deal with it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| foreign policy control of cuban went to US as a protectorate after liberation from spain. Cuba had no army. |
|
|
Term
| Asymmetry and economic dependency |
|
Definition
| a situation in which the economy of certain country is conditions by the development and expansion of another economy to which the former is subjected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not all elections are democratic |
|
|
