Term
| 1. What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system? |
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Definition
| somatic and autonomic nervous systems |
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Term
| 2. What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems |
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Term
| 3. Where are somatic receptors located? |
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Definition
| skin, muscles, and joints |
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Term
| 4. What are two types of somatic receptors? |
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Definition
| exteroceptors and proprioceptors |
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Term
| 5. What type of receptors detect changes at the body surface and muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
| 6. What type of receptors detect changes in muscles, tendons, and body position? |
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Definition
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Term
| 7. Give 3 examples of exteroceptors. |
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Definition
| touch receptor, pressure receptor, and pain receptor |
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Term
| 8. Give 2 examples of proprioceptors. |
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Definition
| golgi tendon organs, stretch receptor |
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Term
| 9. What is the name for the autonomic receptors and where are they located? |
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Definition
| visceroceptors/located in the viscera |
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Term
| 10. Give three examples of visceroceptors. |
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Definition
| baroreceptor, chemoreceptor, and pain receptor |
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Term
| 11. What are some changes in the viscera that a visceroceptor might detect? |
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Definition
| blood pressure, oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH, pain |
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Term
| 12. What are 3 functions of all receptors? |
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Definition
| 1. absorb energy from a stimulus 2. transduce energy of stimulus into electrical energy 3. produce a receptor potential |
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Term
| 13. A receptor potential is proportional to what _________? |
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Definition
| the intensity of the stimulus |
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Term
| 14. If the receptor potential is great enough to reach threshold, what happens? |
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Definition
| an action potential is produced |
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Term
| 15. The frequency of action potentials produced from receptor potentials is proportional to what? |
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Definition
| the intensity of the stimulus |
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Term
| 16. When a doctor taps on your knee to check your reflexes, what receptor is detecting the stimulus? |
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Definition
| proprioceptor (somatic receptor) |
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Term
| 17. What happens to an action potential produced from a receptor? |
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Definition
| it travels to the CNS to be interpreted |
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Term
| 18. What would happen to a receptor if it was receiving a constant stimulus? |
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Definition
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Term
| 19. What happens to action potentials produced by receptors undergoing sensory adaptation? |
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Definition
| they slow down or stop over time |
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Term
| 20. What is the name for the receptors that cannot adapt to a constant stimulus very well? |
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Definition
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Term
| 21. What is the name for the receptors that can adapt to a constant stimulus? |
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Definition
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Term
| 22. What type of receptors can be phasic receptors? |
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Definition
| temperature and pressure receptors |
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Term
| 23. Are the efferent motor neurons that arise from anterior horn myelinated? |
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Definition
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Term
| 24. What type of neurotransmitter is released from somatic motor neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| 25. The acetylcholine released from somatic motor neurons binds to what on what? |
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Definition
| binds to nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscle |
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Term
| 26. Is the somatic nervous system voluntary or involuntary? |
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Definition
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Term
| 27. Is the autonomic nervous system voluntary or involuntary? |
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Definition
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Term
| 28. What are the effectors in the somatic nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| 29. What are the effectors in the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
| cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands |
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Term
| 30. In the somatic nervous system, how many efferent neurons are there from the CNS to the effector? |
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Definition
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Term
| 31. In the autonomic nervous system, how many efferent neurons are there from the CNS to the effector? |
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Definition
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Term
| 32. In the autonomic nervous system, what type of neurons arise from the CNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| 33. In the autonomic nervous system, what type of neurons synapse with preganglionic neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| 34. Are preganglionic neurons myelinated or unmyelinated? |
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Definition
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Term
| 35. Are postganglionic neurons myelinated or unmyelinated? |
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Definition
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Term
| 36. Neurons forming part of the sympathetic nervous system come from what spinal levels? |
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Definition
| thoracic and lumbar regions (T1 - L2) |
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Term
| 37. Cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division are located where? |
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Definition
| lateral horn of the spinal chord |
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Term
| 38. In the sympathetic division, are the preganglionic neurons short or long? |
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Definition
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Term
| 39. In the sympathetic division, cell bodies of the postganglionic neurons are located where? |
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Definition
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Term
| 40. What is the name for the series of ganglia located along the length of the vertebral column? |
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Definition
| paravertebral sympathetic ganglion chain |
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Term
| 41. What is the name for the ganglia located in the abdomen that is part of the sympathetic division? |
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Definition
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Term
| 42. What is the one structure that is innervated directly by the preganglionic neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
| 43. In the sympathetic division, what is the neurotransmitter released by the preganglionic neuron? |
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Definition
| acetylcholine (called a cholinergic neuron) |
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Term
| 44. In the sympathetic division, what is the neurotransmitter released by the postganglionic neuron? |
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Definition
| norepinephrine/noradrenaline (called an adrenergic neuron) |
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Term
| 45. In the sympathetic division, the acetylcholine binds to what type of recptors on the postganglionic neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
| 46. In the sympathetic division, the norepinephrine/noradrenaline binds to what type of receptors on the effector? |
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Definition
| alph receptors and beta receptors |
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Term
| 47. In the sympathetic division there is an exception: what structure has muscarinic receptors that bind to acetylcholine from the postganglionic neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
| 48. Are alpha-1 receptors excitatory, inhibitory, or both? |
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Definition
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Term
| 49. Alpha-1 receptors are inhibitory for the digestive system, so activation of these would cause what? |
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Definition
| relaxation of digestive tract (decrease in GI motility) |
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Term
| 50. Alpha-1 receptors are excitatory for most blood vessels, so activation of these would cause what? |
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Definition
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Term
| 51. What drug is an alpha-1 agonist? |
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Definition
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Term
| 52. If someone had a stuffy nose, what drug would they take and what could be a side effect of that drug? |
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Definition
| phenylephrine - can raise blood pressure bc. of vasoconstriction |
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Term
| 53. Which alpha-1 antagonist is used to treat high blood pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| 54. Which alpha-1 antagonist is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia? |
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Definition
| flomax (it causes relaxation of the smooth muscle in the urethra) |
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Term
| 55. Are alpha-2 receptors mainly excitatory, inhibitory, or both? |
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Definition
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Term
| 56. What is the function of the alpha-2 receptors? |
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Definition
| they inhibit the release of norepinephrine |
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Term
| 57. Where would you find alpha-2 receptors? |
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Definition
| on the postganglionic neuron (negative feedback system on itself) |
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Term
| 58. Are beta-1 receptors excitatory, inhbitory, or both? |
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Definition
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Term
| 59. Activtion of the beta-1 receptors would cause what? |
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Definition
| increased heart rate and increased heart contractility |
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Term
| 60. What drug would you give someone to treat high blood pressure, arrythmias, and angina? |
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Definition
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Term
| 61. What drugs act as beta-1 antagonists? |
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Definition
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Term
| 62. What drug is both a beta-1 and a beta-2 antagonist? |
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Definition
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Term
| 63. Are beta-2 receptors excitatory, inhibitory, or both? |
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Definition
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Term
| 64. Activation of the beta-2 receptors would cause what to happen in the lungs? |
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Definition
| bronchodilation (relaxation of bronchioles) |
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Term
| 65. Activation of the beta-2 receptors would cause what to happen to the blood vessels going to the heart and brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| 66. What drug is a beta-2 agonist? |
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Definition
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Term
| 67. What drug would you give to someone with asthma? |
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Definition
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Term
| 68. What drug would you give to someone with a history of asthma that needs help with their high blood pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| 69. Would you ever give a beta blocker to someone with asthma? |
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Definition
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Term
| 70. In the parasympathetic division, where do the preganglionic neurons originate from? |
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Definition
| from cranial nerves (brainstem) and sacral spinal region |
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Term
| 71. Where does 75% of all parasympathetic output come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| 72. What do the pelvic nerves from the sacral region innervate? |
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Definition
| large intestine, urinary system, and reproductive system |
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Term
| 73. In the parasympathetic division, are preganglionic neurons short or long? |
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Definition
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Term
| 74. In the parasympathetic division, are postganglionic neurons short or long? |
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Definition
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Term
| 75. In the parasympathetic division, where would you find cell bodies of preganglionic neurons? |
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Definition
| in brainstem or lateral horn of sacral spinal cord |
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Term
| 76. In the parasympathetic division, where would you find cell bodies of postganglionic neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| 77. In the parasympathetic division, what neurotransmitter is released from the preganglionic neuron? |
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Definition
| acetylcholine (cholinergic neurons) |
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Term
| 78. In the parasympathetic division, what neurotransmitter is released from the postganglionic neuron? |
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Definition
| acetlycholine (cholinergic neurons) |
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Term
| 79. In the parasympathetic division, acetylcholine from the preganglionic neuron binds to what type of receptors on the postganglionic neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
| 80. In the parasympathetic division, acetylcholine from the postganglionic neuron binds to what type of receptors on the effector? |
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Definition
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Term
| 81. Are muscarinic receptors slower or faster than nicotinic receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| 82. Are muscarinic receptors excitatory, inhibitory, or both? |
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Definition
| both (it depends on the organ they are located on) |
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Term
| 83. What two drugs are muscarinic antagonists? |
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Definition
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Term
| 84. What drug is a muscarinic agonist? |
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Definition
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Term
| 85. What drug would you give to someone if you wanted to dilate their pupils and what side effect may you see? |
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Definition
| Atropine and would see increased heart rate |
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Term
| 86. What drug would you give to Walter to help him with his urinary frequency and incontinence? |
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Definition
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Term
| 87. What drug is used to treat glaucoma? |
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Definition
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Term
| 88. What drug causes the urethral sphincter to contract and the bladder to relax? |
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Definition
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Term
| 89. What drug causes drainage of the aqueous humor? |
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Definition
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Term
| 90. What type of reflexes regulate the autonomic nervous system, and give an example? |
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Definition
| autonomic reflexes / baroreceptors (effect on heart rate and contractility) |
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Term
| 91. If the baroreceptors detected an increase in blood pressure, what would be stimulated and what would be inhibited? |
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Definition
| stimulate parasympathetics and inhibit sympathetics |
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Term
| 92. If the barorecpetors detected a low blood pressure, what would be stimulated and what would be inhibited? |
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Definition
| stimulate sympathetics and inhibit parasympathetics |
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Term
| 93. What structures influence the preganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
| cerebrum, limbic system, hypothalamus, brainstem, and spinal cord |
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Term
| 94. Where are autonomic reflex centers located? |
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Definition
| in brainstem and spinal cord |
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Term
| 95. What reflex centers are located in the brainstem? |
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Definition
| heart rate, blood pressure, coughing, breathing |
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Term
| 96. What reflex centers are located in the sacral spinal cord? |
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Definition
| defecation, urination, erection, and ejaculation |
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Term
| 97. What structures do not receive parasympathetics? |
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Definition
| most vascular smooth muscle, adrenal glands, sweat glands, and arrector pilli muscles |
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Term
| 98. How do you control activity of the structures that are not innervated by parasympathetic neurons? |
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Definition
| by increasing or decreasing sympathetic activity |
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