Term
| What is meant by mass extinction? |
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Definition
| An excessive amount of one type of species becomes extinct. |
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Term
| What is natural selection, and who came up with this theory? |
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Definition
| Natural selection is the way animals with favorable genes prosper, and those with unfavorable genes perish; Charles Darwin |
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Term
| What are omnivores? Grazers? Browsers? |
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Definition
| Omnivores=eat anything; grazers=eat grasslands; broswers=eat tree leaves |
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Term
| Plant life changed dramatically during the Triassic Period and Milocene Epoch. What resulted? |
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Definition
| Angiosperms and grasslands became common and grazers flourished as browsers became extinct. |
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Term
| What events led to the Cretaceous extinctions, and what were the casualties? |
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Definition
| Volcanic eruptions, inland sea drained, and an asteroid impact led to the extinction of dinosaurs. |
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Term
| When did the Cretaceous asteroid impact Earth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What survival disadvantages do large-bodied animals or plants have? |
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Definition
| Large body size, reproduced slowly, warm-blooded=needing a constant supply of food. |
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Term
| When environmental changes are sudden, small-bodied animals are more likely to survive. Why? |
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Definition
| They were generalists, small, and cold-blooded=hibernated. |
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Term
| Are highly specialized organisms more likely to adapt to sudden changes or not? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the sauropod dinosaurs, and why did they decline during the Cretaceous? |
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Definition
| They were browsers and they perished due to the appearance of grass and the disappearance of trees. |
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Term
| How did mammoths differ from the mastadons? |
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Definition
| Their teeth were specialized for eating grass. |
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Term
| What physical adaptations enabled the wooly mammothto adapt to the Pleistocene? |
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Definition
| Increase molar folding and crown height, modify tusks, get hairier and fatter, enlarge heart and feet, reduce ear size, and modify trunk tip. |
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Term
| How did the diets of mammoths and mastadons differ? What type of habitats did each seek? |
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Definition
| Mammoths ate grasses and sought grasslands and prairies; mastadons ate trees and sought forests. |
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Term
| What role did human hunters play in the extinction of the woolly mammoth? |
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Definition
| At a time when environmental stresses began taking a toll on the woolly mammoth, man came and began to kill off the rest of them. |
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Term
| How did the mammoths of Wrangle Island adapt, and why did they survive so long? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of teeth are in your mouth? |
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Definition
| Incisors, canines, and molars |
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Term
| How are human teeth similar and/or different from those of elephants? |
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Definition
| Elephants have no canines, only 2 incisors, modified molars, and everything is enlarged. |
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Term
| Why are most browsing animals not suited for life on the prairies? |
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Definition
| They have low-crowned teeth that are meant for eating soft, succulent vegetation. |
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Term
| What is a sigmoid curve and its components? |
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Definition
| A way to compare populations in relation to their resource, its components are the lag phase, exponential phase, and the decceleration phase. |
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Term
| Who was Thomas Malthus, and what is meant by Malthusian limits? What is carrying capacity? |
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Definition
| Malthusian limit is the limit at which the land no longer has enough resources to support life. |
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Term
| Where is Easter Island, who settled there, and when? |
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Definition
| It is in the South Pacific, the Lapita people settled there in 1000 AD. |
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Term
| Who were the Lapita people, and where did they come from? |
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Definition
| They were master artisans, navigators, and story-tellers, and they came from Polynesia. |
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Term
| What is pollen dating? How can this help archaeologists? |
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Definition
| They test what used to be swamp land to see what kind of pollen they find and then they are able to date certain artifacts. |
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Term
| What is obsidian? How can it be used to date archaelogical sites? |
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Definition
| Obsidian is glass that when broken cracks (hydration) and those cracks can be tested to date how long ago they were broken. |
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Term
| When did the Easter Islanders begin using obsidian weapons and why? |
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Definition
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Term
| How and why were the Easter Island stone heads made, and how were they moved? |
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Definition
| Heads were chipped away at, created for "mana" from the Gods, moved using logs. |
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Term
| Why were the statues mutilated, and who did it? What was the birdman cult? |
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Definition
| They were mutilated by the Long Ears because the Gods were not venerating them. The birdman cult are the people who began worshipping birds in the hopes that they would bring them luck. |
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Term
| Were there trees on Easter Island, and is so, what happened to them? |
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Definition
| Yes, but all the trees were cut down and the soil was unable to grow more. The people of Easter Island made it even more impossible for thier gorwth because they ate all of the trees' seeds. |
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Term
| What happened to the Easter Islanders after they were discovered by Europeans? |
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Definition
| Europeans take them into slavery, carrying workers to Peruvian guano mines and returns them with smallpox. |
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Term
| Who were the Olmecs and the Classic Maya? Where did they live, and when? |
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Definition
| Olmecs civilization began in 1200 BC and ended in 400 BC; Classic Mayan civilization began in 300 AD and ended around 900 AD.Both lived in the Copan Valley. |
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Term
| When the Olmec and Mayan civilizations were collapsing did violence ensue? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do the Maya still exist today as an ethnic group, speaking the Mayan language? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is fallow and crop rotation? Why are they so important for agricultural sustainability? |
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Definition
| Fallow is when the a field is allowed to sit for a year or two so that the soil's nutrients can replenish themselves; crop rotation is when a different crop is planted on a field every growing season.This allows the soil to provide better nutrients to the crops. |
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Term
| The Classic Maya people suffered from iron deficiency anemia. Why was this disease so common? |
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Definition
| There was severe malnutrition amonst the Classic Maya people due to their propensity to ignore fallow and crop rotations. |
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Term
| Where were the first four riverine centers of agriculture in the Old World? |
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Definition
| Tigris/Euphrates, Nile, Indus, and Huang Rivers |
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Term
| What were the main food crops of the four civilizations there? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some benefits, drawbacks of civilizations? |
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Definition
| Benefits: monumental public works, schololarly pursuits; drawbacks: people less robust and not as healthy, more disease |
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Term
| Is agriculture generally a prerequisite for the existence of cities? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happened in Greece between 500-300 BC? |
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Definition
| The Pericles of Athens died of the plague, deforestation, erosion, and ecological havoc, Alexander the Great died of the plague, and there were many scholorlarly advances. |
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Term
| Who was Pericles of Athens and Alexander the Great and what did they die of? |
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Definition
| The two leaders of Greece that both died of plague. |
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Term
| Who were Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Theophrastus? |
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Definition
| Scientists; Aristotle=specialized in anatomy, but never dissected a cadaver; Hippocrates="Father of Medicine;" Theophrastus="Father of Botany" |
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Term
| What did these three great scientists know about disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where did most of Rome's wheat come from? |
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Definition
| Carthage, Eqypt, and Sicily |
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Term
| Where was Carthage and why was it so important to Rome? |
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Definition
| Carthage was in Africa and it supplied Rome with most of its wheat. |
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Term
| Was most of the wheat transported to Rome by land or water? Why? |
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Definition
| Water, land trasnportation was impossible. |
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Term
| What plant disease caused so much trouble there? Who was Robigus? |
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Definition
| Rust was a major plant disease that affected the wheat and Robigus was the Roman god of rust that they prayed to to alleviate the problem. |
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Term
| What energy sources did Rome have available to it? |
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Definition
| Wind, hydroelectric (water), and agriculture |
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Term
| Who were Galen and Pliny the Elder and what did they know about agents od disease? |
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Definition
| They were biologists who tried to cope, but could not. |
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Term
| List some of the factors that contributed to Rome's decline. |
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Definition
| Outbreaks of human disease and plant diseases. |
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Term
| As Rome weakened, what groups of nomads infiltrated the former empire? |
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Definition
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Term
| About when did Islam come into being? How did it expand? Who was Muhammad? |
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Definition
| It came into being around 570 AD after Muhammad's birth, and was expanded by Arab horsemen. |
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Term
| When and where was the Alexandria Library built? |
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Definition
| It was built in Alexandria, Egypt when Alexander the Great was in power. |
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Term
| Who was the first librarian, and what did he learn about Earth? |
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Definition
| Eratosthenes learned the world was round. |
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Term
| Who was Hypatia and what happened to her? |
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Definition
| She was the last librarian and she attacked by a mob, stripped, and had her skin peeled off by abalone shells. |
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