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| President Wilson’s Peace proposal in 1918 stressed national self-determination and the rights of the small countries. Freedom of the seas and free trade. Clemenceau said, "God only had ten." |
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| Versailles Conference (1919) – |
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| The conference to determine the conditions for peace after World War I. Located at the Palace of Versailles near Paris. Most nations were invited but the main exceptions were Germany and Russia (because of the Revolution.) |
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| Devised by Wilson to prevent future conflicts. It would be comprised of delegates from all nations, but was intended to be run by the major powers. |
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| Article 10 (Article X) of the Versailles Treaty |
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| Created the League of Nations. |
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| Payments as compensation for damages or losses. The Treaty of Versailles mandated Germany to pay reparations to the Allies. Germany’s inability to make the payments led to hyperinflation in Germany |
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| Government raids on individuals or companies in an attempt to find political radicals. Instigated by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, authorities questioned over 5,000 suspects, some were deported. |
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| In 1919, a wave of anti-Communist sentiment that swept across the country. |
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| Hoover, J. Edgar (1895-1972) |
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| Hoover was the director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation from 1924 until 1972. During the 1920s and 1930s he successfully dealt with the mobster problem in America. After the Second World War he had to deal with the problems associated with McCarthyism. |
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| President Harding wanted the American lifestyle to return to normalcy after World War I. However normalcy also meant isolationism and the rounding up of thousands of suspected radicals. |
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| The political and business friends of President Harding who often gathered at the White House. Many of these men were later involved in scandals. |
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| Corruption involving secretary of the interior, Albert Fall. The Navy had secured oil fields to make sure of a constant fuel supply. In 1921 those oil fields were transferred to Fall’s department. Fall gave Mammoth Oil secret and illegal permission to drill for oil for which he was paid over $300,000. Fall told investigators that the money was just a loan. |
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| Millionaire Secretary of the Treasury Mellon argued that high taxes on the wealthy discouraged investment, so he designed a series of tax cuts to relieve the tax burden on the wealthiest individuals between 1921 and 1926. |
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| Political party formed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912. The party collapsed when Roosevelt returned to the Republican party in 1916. The party advocated tax reform, conservationism, improving education and a revival of traditional morals. |
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| Perhaps the most popular writer of the 1920s. His work epitomized the feelings of the decades and included The Great Gatsby and Tales of the Jazz Age. |
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| American author who received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954 and a Pulitzer in 1952. His classic work was, A Farewell to Arm, which dealt with human relations against a backdrop of World War I. |
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| The first of a series of bills to limit the number of immigrants arriving every year. |
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| Sacco and Vanzetti case (1921) |
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| Italian immigrants Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were convicted of murder in Braintree, MA. They were found guilty, even though the evidence was very suspect. They were electrocuted in 1927 despite numerous pleas for clemency. |
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| Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922) |
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| Tariff designed to protect domestic producers from foreign competition because it raised tariffs to a record high. The policy had mixed results because it prompted other countries to initiate their own protective tariffs. |
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| John Scopes, a high school teacher was prosecuted for teaching evolution, which was a violation of Tennessee law. William Jennings Bryan, prosecuted the case, and Clarence Darrow, defended Scopes. Ultimately Scopes was convicted and fined $100, but the trial turned public opinion away from Fundamentalism and towards evolution. |
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| Staunch advocate of Progressivism he opposed William Jennings Bryan in the Scopes trial. |
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| Inventor and founder of the Ford Motor Company. He developed the idea of mass production and produced cheaper that were affordable. |
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| Automobile produce by Ford between 1908 and 1927. It was cheap and affordable so the average American could now purchase one. |
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| With the passing of the eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1919 the manufacture, sale, and import of liquor became illegal. Also known as the Volstead Act. Large-scale prohibition proved almost impossible to enforce. |
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| Perhaps the most notorious gangster during the age of Prohibition. Capone made millions from bootlegging, gambling, and prostitution. He was eventually sent to prison for income tax evasion. |
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| Typified by the new popular jazz music style from the United States with its lively, energetic beat. Young people sought individual freedoms and experimented with values that often differed from their parents. |
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| American singer who was very popular during the 1920s. Starred in the first talking movie, The Jazz Singer (1927). |
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| Many American writers, artists, and painters left the United States to live in Europe, primarily Paris, to mix with other intellectuals and artists. Hemmingway, Fitzgerald, and Stein wrote about the emptiness and disillusion after the Great War. |
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| A young woman in the 1920s who ignored the old-fashioned ways of dress and behavior. They wore short skirts, had hair short hair, and wore lots of make-up. |
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| Secret bars at which prohibited alcohol was sold. There were thousands of speakeasies especially in the major cities. |
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| Literary and artistic movement that flourished in the 1920s and was centered in Harlem, New York. It was a celebration of African-American culture by black artists and writers. One of the leading people was Langston Hughes who wrote poems, stories, and essays. |
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| Washington Disarmament Conference (1921-1922) |
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| The United States and nine other nations discussed setting limits on naval armament to reduce the risk of war. Each country was allowed a certain quota of ships based on the size of the existing navy. |
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| Evolved from the Washington conference and involved Britain, France, U. S., Japan, and Italy. The treaty established that these countries would suspend the construction of large vessels for 10 years. Led to the Four Powers Treaty and the Nine Powers Treaty. |
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| Since Germany was unable to make the payments on her reparations; Charles Dawes constructed a plan that would allow them to pay off their debts. The idea was to make annual payments. |
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| Kellogg-Briand Pact (Pact of Paris) (1928) |
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| Signed by fifteen nations (later 64) it renounced the use of war to settle disputes. The countries that signed reserved the right to fight a defensive war if the need arose. The Treaty was basically ineffective. |
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