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| waxy, protective layer that covers the stems, leaves, and flowers of many plants and helps prevent water lost |
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| chemical compound made out of sugar; forms tangled fibers in the cell walls of many plants and provides structure and support |
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| plant with tubelike structures that move minerals, water, and other substances throughout the plant |
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| plant that absorbs water and other substances directly through its cell walls instead of through tubelike structures |
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| threadlike structures that anchor nonvascular plants to the ground |
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| first organisms to grow in new or disturbed areas; break down rock and build up decaying plant material so that other plants can grow |
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| tiny openings in a plant's epidermis through which carbon dioxide, water vapor, and oxygen enter and exit |
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| pairs of cells that surround stomata and control their openings and closing |
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| vascular tissue that forms hollow vessels that transport substances, other than sugar, throughout the plant |
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| vascular tissue that forms tubes that transport dissolved sugar throughout a plant |
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| vascular tissue that produces xylem and phloem cells as a plant grows |
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| vascular plants that do not flower, generally have needlelike or scalelike leaves, and produce seeds that are not protected by fruit |
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| flowering vascular plants that produce fruits containing one or more seeds; monocots and dicots |
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| angiosperm with one cotyledon inside its seed, flower parts in multiples of three, and vascular tissues in bundles scattered throughout the stem. |
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| angiosperm with two cotyledons inside its seed, flower parts in multiples of four or five, and vascular bundles in rings |
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