Term
|
Definition
| 90 percent of cortex, primary cortex of humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| piriform lobe, includes 1ary and 2ary olfactory area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hippocampal formation, recent memory and spatial memory |
|
|
Term
| how many layers in the cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| connections of layers I-III of cortex? |
|
Definition
| intracortical, intercortical which lends itself to higher associative fxns |
|
|
Term
| connections of layer IV of cortex? |
|
Definition
| thalamocortical, ventral tier thalamic nuclei, geniculate nuclei |
|
|
Term
| projection of layer V of cortex? |
|
Definition
| cortico- fibers minus corticothalamic |
|
|
Term
| projection of layer VI of cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do pyramidal cells predominate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do granule cells predominate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what gyrus comprises the 1somatosensory cortex? |
|
Definition
| postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe |
|
|
Term
| what is the Brodmanns of the 1somatosensory cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what thalamic nuclei project to SI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do VPL and VPM project? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caudal to SI on upper bank of sylvian canal |
|
|
Term
| where are the somatosensory association areas? |
|
Definition
| superior parietal lobe (5,7) |
|
|
Term
| what gyri comprises the prim vis cortex? |
|
Definition
| banks of calcarine fissure on medial surface of hemisphere |
|
|
Term
| what is the Brod of the prim vis cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the visual field is on the upper bank of the prim vis cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what thalamic nucleus projects to the vis cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the lat gen n project? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what gyrus comprises the auditory cortex? |
|
Definition
| sup temp gyrus, Heschl's gyrus |
|
|
Term
| what is the Brod area of the auditory cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the taste cortex? |
|
Definition
| inf end of postcentral gyrus |
|
|
Term
| where is the vestibular cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what gyrus comprises the prim mot cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the Brod of the prim mot cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the premotor cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the Brod of premotor cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the supp motor cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the Brod of the supp mortor cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interconnects the parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate, medial frontal and parietal lobes |
|
|
Term
| what is the uncinate fasiculus? |
|
Definition
| connects orbital frontal gyri and ant temporal lobe |
|
|
Term
| what is the sup occipitofrontal fasciculus? |
|
Definition
| connects frontal/occipital poles |
|
|
Term
| what is the sup long fasciculus? |
|
Definition
| connects frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes |
|
|
Term
| what is the arctuate fasciculus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what connects the orbital frontal gyri and the ant temporal lobes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what connects the parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate, medial frontal and parietal lobes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what connects the frontal and occipital poles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what connects the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes? |
|
Definition
| sup long fasc/arctuate fasc |
|
|
Term
| waht does the ant commisure do? |
|
Definition
| connects the middle and inferior temporal gyri |
|
|
Term
| what is the internal capsule? |
|
Definition
| afferents and efferents from the CC compacting from the corona radiata |
|
|
Term
| where is the anterior limb of the internal capsule? |
|
Definition
| between the lentiform nucleus and the caudate |
|
|
Term
| where is the posterior limb of the internal capsule? |
|
Definition
| between the lentiform nucleus and the thalamus |
|
|
Term
| where is the genu of the internal capsule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which hemisphere normally dominates for speech/language? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the inability to recognize stimuli even in the prescense of primary inputs |
|
|
Term
| what are the intellectual signs of prefrontal damage? |
|
Definition
| inability to solve complex problems, decrease in abstract reasoning, lack of foresight |
|
|
Term
| what are the emotional signs of prefrontal damage? |
|
Definition
| apathy with R, euphoria with L, inconsiderate, rude, self-centered behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement, language, attention, emotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| somatic sense, integration of somatosens, visual, auditory info |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hearing, language perception, memory |
|
|
Term
| what is in cortex layer 1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in layer II and III of the cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in layer V and VI of the cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in layer IV of the cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the cortex is associational? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the cortex is sensory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the cortex is motor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does Brod 4,6 represent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does Brod 3,1,2 represetn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does Brod 17,18,19 represent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does Brod 41,42 represent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does area 3a correspond to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does area 3b and 1 correspond to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does area 2 correspond to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does a lesion of the post parietal cortex produce? |
|
Definition
| astereognosis, neglect if lesion in on R |
|
|
Term
| what can a lesion of the sec visual cortex cause? |
|
Definition
| inability to recognize familiar objects, prosopagnosia (faces) |
|
|
Term
| in the auditory cortex are low frequency areas found rostrally or caudally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the auditory cortex are high frequency areas found rostrally or caudally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what sort of lesion is found in Broca's aphasia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is often comorbid with Broca's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the lesion in Wernicke's aphasia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the lesion in conduction aphasia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is fluency in Broca's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is fluency in Wernicke's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is comprehension in Broca's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is comprehension in Wernike's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is fluency in conduction aphasia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is comprehension in conduction aphasia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 elements of normal gait |
|
Definition
| strength (UMN, LMN) Coordination (cerebellum) Posture (extrapyramid) Sensation (DCT) Memory/Concept |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hemiplegic gait indicates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| foot drop (peroneal n. vs L5) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Park gait, leaning forward and then running to catch up |
|
|
Term
| what is Friedrich's ataxia? |
|
Definition
| a problem w/ the dorsal spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| what causes Friedrich's ataxia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| resting tremor indicates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| kinetic tremor indicates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slow, continual, writhing of limbs |
|
|
Term
| what is knocked out in Huntington's to produce chorea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid, violent flinging of proximal limbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continual contraction of muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repetitive, semipurposeful, stereotyped movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid, shocklike movements of the arms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of postural tone of hands/feet |
|
|
Term
| how does one treat a Park temor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does one treat an essential tremor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does one treat choreoathetosis, ballismus, and tics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does one treat dystonia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sx assoc w/ lesion of frontal lobe |
|
Definition
| disinhibition, lack of concern, poor judgement, apathy, poor hygiene, imcontinence, sexual behavior, slowed/distractable fxn, frontal lobe release signs, gegenhalten |
|
|
Term
| sx assoc w/ lesion of the temporal lobe |
|
Definition
| B/L: amnesia (hippo), cortical deafness, Kluver-Bucy. dominant u/l: Wernicke's aphasia |
|
|
Term
| sx assoc w/ lesion of parietal lobe |
|
Definition
| sensory deficit, anosognosia, hemispat neglect, dressing/construction apraxia, Gerstmann's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dominant parietal lobe lesion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agraphia, R-L problems, dyscalculia, finger agnosia |
|
|
Term
| sx assoc w/ lesion of the occipital lobe |
|
Definition
| B/L: denial of cortical blindness, visual agnosia U/L: color anomia |
|
|
Term
| what are the frontal lobe release signs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pt unawareness of hemiparesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluctuating attn, conc, motor activitiy; impairment of mem/lang/thinking/coord; mood change/halluc; motor signs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hx, focal neuro exam, neuropsych exam, imaging, blood/CSF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dec brain weight, gen atrophy of cortex, enlargement of ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gliosis/neuron loss in subcortical nn: cholinergic n. basilis, NEergic LC, 5HTergic raphe midline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AChEi, NSAIDS, estrogen, sedative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| with what sort of lesion might you see perseveration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| with what sort of lesion might you see agraphesthesia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diagnostic microscopic features of Alz |
|
Definition
| B-amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles |
|
|
Term
| what causes optic atrophy? |
|
Definition
| loss of ganglion cell axons |
|
|
Term
| sudden visual loss + pain w/ EOM, optic disk appears swollen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| field deficit assoc w/ pituitary tumor |
|
Definition
| initial b/l sup temp quantopsia, eventual ditemporal hemianopsia |
|
|
Term
| field deficit assoc w/ temporal lobe tumor |
|
Definition
| c/l superior homo quandrantopsia |
|
|
Term
| what might one conclude if the NB/DH test resulted in right nystagmus? |
|
Definition
| that the post ssc on that lowered side is "overly sensitive" |
|
|
Term
| conductive hearing loss hi/lo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sensineural hearing loss hi/lo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is Meniere's disease? |
|
Definition
| membranous labyrinth swells and ruptures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vertigo, tinnitus, deafness, nystagmus, ataxia |
|
|
Term
| what thalamic nucleus relays ML to cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what thalamic nucleus relays trigeminal inputs to cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the thalamic VP project to the cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what thalamic nucleus relays visual inputs to the cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the thalamic LG project to the cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what thalamic nucleus relays auditory inputs to the cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the thalamic MG project to the cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what thalamic nucleus relays cerebellar inputs to the cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does teh thalamic VA project to the cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what thalamic nucleus projects to the lateral prefrontal cortex (eyes-head-attention) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what thalamic nucleus projects to the medial orbital cortex (autonomic-emotion)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the cortex is eyes-head-attention? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the cortex is autonomic-emotion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the input to the MDI-ILN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the input to the MDm-MID? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the metathalamus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| general fxn of the thalamic VL |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| general fxn of the thalamic VA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| general fxn of the thalamic LP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| general fxn of the thalamic PUL |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| waht is the input to the thalamic ANT/LD? |
|
Definition
| hippo/mamm (mammilothalamic tract) |
|
|
Term
| components of the motor servo |
|
Definition
| gamma mn, spindles, alpha mn, tendon organs, muscles, load |
|
|
Term
| overall fxn of motor servo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which desc motor pathways preferentially control distal muscles of limbs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of spasticity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| strict def of spasticity? |
|
Definition
| a velocity dependant increase in resistance of a passively stretched muscle |
|
|
Term
| what nuclei comprise the basal ganglia |
|
Definition
| caudate, putamen, GP, substantia nigra, STN, amygdala, claustrum |
|
|
Term
| what do CAG repeats do to striatal cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extrapyramidal motor system |
|
|
Term
| fxn of ventral striatal basal ganglia system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| components of the ventral striatal basal ganglia system? |
|
Definition
| n. accumbens (ventral striatum), ventral palladium, ventral tegmental area |
|
|
Term
| what projects from the VTA and where does it go? |
|
Definition
| mesolimbic DA to ventral striatum, mesocortical DA to frontal cortex |
|
|
Term
| effect of "direct" path on movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of "indirect path on movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DAR in the direct pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DAR in the indirect pathyway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GP NT in the stop pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two routes from GP to thalamus |
|
Definition
| lenticular fasciculus, ansa lenticularis |
|
|
Term
| effect of large lesion in the STN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| striatal element of the dorsal striatal system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| striatal element of the ventral striatal system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pallidal element of the dorsal striatal system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pallidal element of the ventral striatal system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cortical input of the dorsal striatal system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cortical input of the ventral striatal system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thalamic target of the dorsal striatal system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thalamic target of the ventral striatal system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cortical target of the dorsal striatal system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cortical target of the ventral striatal system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the D2 receptor blocker used to treat schizo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the long term SE of the haldol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what structure is sometimes submitted to DBS to treat PD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the anatomy of the bradykinesia in PD? |
|
Definition
| inc inhib output of GPm to the VL thalamic motor nucleus impairs stim of motor cortex |
|
|
Term
| what is the anatomy of hyperkinesic disorders in the basal ganglia? |
|
Definition
| dec inhib output of GPm to VL enhances stim of motor cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resting tremor, rigid, bradykin, postural problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| masked fascies, hypophonic speech, stooped posture with shuffling/propulsive gait, micrographia, autonomic disfxn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eosinophilic, intraneuronal cytoplasmic inclusions |
|
|
Term
| why give anticholinergics to PD pts? |
|
Definition
| counteract 'unnopposed' cholinergic system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hallucination, psychosis,chorea, dystonia, nv, hyperkinesia |
|
|
Term
| two surgical procedures for PD |
|
Definition
| pallidotomy (GPm), STN stim |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cortical components of limbic system |
|
Definition
| subcallosal, anterior cingulate, post cingulate, parahippocampal-entorhinal, orbitofrontal, and insular cortices |
|
|
Term
| extracortical componenets of the limbic system |
|
Definition
| olf bulb, piriform olf cort, hypothal, amyg, hippocampus, VA thal, septal nn., n. accumbens (ventral striatum) |
|
|
Term
| amygdala lesion produces inabillity to recognize which facial expression? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| olf epithelium, glomeruli, mitral cells that make up olf tract |
|
|
Term
| what is the cortical target of smells? |
|
Definition
| piriform, medial amygdala, entorhinal cortex |
|
|
Term
| what hypothalamic n. does the amygdala communicate with and how? |
|
Definition
| VM via the stria terminalis |
|
|
Term
| what part of the limbic system directly affects autonomics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the hippo give rise to the fornix? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the fornix terminate? |
|
Definition
| mamms, VA, subcallosal cortex |
|
|
Term
| what is the lesion producing Kluver-Bucy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visual agnosia, oral tendencies, loss of fear/anger, hypersex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subiculum, CA, dentate gyrus |
|
|
Term
| hormone regulated by the hippo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what aspect of memory is knocked out by b/l hippo lesions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hippo-mamm-ant n.-cingulate-enterorhinal (H.MACE, FMACP) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NMDAR activate inc number of AMPA GluR increasing postsyn response to Glu |
|
|
Term
| what causes Wernicke's encephalopathy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sx of Wernkikes encephalopathy? |
|
Definition
| confusion, visual problems, stupor, coma, hypotherm, hypotens, ataxia |
|
|
Term
| chief feature of Korsikoff's syn? |
|
Definition
| inability to form new memory or retrieve old mem |
|
|
Term
| why can older animals not terminated stress related cortisol secretion rapidly? |
|
Definition
| degen of hippocampal neurons |
|
|
Term
| what substances participate in nocioceptive transduction? |
|
Definition
| SP, AA metabolites, CGRP, neurokinin A |
|
|
Term
| what nerve afferents are assoc with pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| myelination of A-d fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nerves carry visceral nocioception? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where doe nocioceptive fibers terminate in the SC and BS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lamina are the origin fo the STT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what NTs are released in pain afferents in the short term? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what NTs are released in pain afferents in the short term? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pathways of the lateral pain system |
|
Definition
| lSTT --> VPL, trigeminothalamic --> VPM |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of the lateral pain system |
|
Definition
| small fields, fast CNS conductance, high somatotopy |
|
|
Term
| fxn of lateral pain system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pathways of the medial pain system |
|
Definition
| lateral system, SRtT, FG/C, DLF |
|
|
Term
| projections of the medial pain system |
|
Definition
| intralaminar thalamus --> ant. cing. cortex |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of med pain system |
|
Definition
| large fields, slow conductance (multi-syn), no somatotopy, opiodR in the Ant. Cing. Cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activation of med/large myelinated afferents, which activate dorsal horn interneurons |
|
|
Term
| two ways to activate the PAG |
|
Definition
| input (ACC, ascendings), disinhibition (i.e. opiates) |
|
|
Term
| NT of descending PAG mediated inputs to dorsal horn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| action of descending PAG mediated inputs to dorsal horn |
|
Definition
| inhibition of neurons, stim of interneurons to release ENK |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pain from nonnoxious stim |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chronic burning (neural trauma) |
|
|
Term
| d reflex sympathetic dystrophy |
|
Definition
| pain mediated by abnmly active symp fibers |
|
|
Term
| what is Hansen's disease? |
|
Definition
| leprosy, loss of skin innervation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| wide dynamic range, low threshold characteristic of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do wide dynamic range neurons sense? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do low threshold neurons sense? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what projections does lamina I send to the STT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what sort of pain travels in A-d? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what sort of pain travesl in C fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| simple explanation for referred pain |
|
Definition
| somatovisceral convergence in the dorsal horn |
|
|
Term
| lamina I projects to what part of the STT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lamina V projects to what part of the STT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inc ICP, vascular distention, inflammation, muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prodrome, sometimes w/ visual changes; throbbing, pounding, unilateral pain; photosonophobia, dizzy, N+V |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| periorbital pain, ipsi red watery eye, transient Horner's, nasal d/c |
|
|
Term
| 2 theorys of migraine pathophys |
|
Definition
| 1. vascular reactivity 2. Trigeminovasc theory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ergot alkaloids (DHE), (suma)triptan |
|
|
Term
| migraine prevention drugs |
|
Definition
| b-blockers, Ca chann blockers, methysergide, TCA, valpro |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| steady, bandlike pressure, little autonomic stuff |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| TCA, anti-inf, stress avoidance |
|
|
Term
| what is pseudotumor cerebri |
|
Definition
| inc ICP (impaired CSF resorption?) |
|
|
Term
| rx for pseudotumor cerebri |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what populations are at highest risk for temp arteritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are associated findings with temp arteritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no prior, sudden/prog worsening of chronic, wake up, seizure/loc, mem/person/neuro |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid, less motion artifact, fresh hemmorhage, good skull bone pic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| poor imaging of post fossa, rads, intrathecal contrast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hi-res, greater path than CT, no bony artifact, multiple planes w/o repositioning pt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slower, more sensitive to motion artifact, METAL!!! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| BBC - blood, bone, calcium |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of partial seizures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of gen seizure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a simple partial seizure? |
|
Definition
| rythmic invo, tonic-clonic of body part w/o loc |
|
|
Term
| what is a complex partial seizure? |
|
Definition
| impaired conc, "staring into space", automatisms |
|
|
Term
| most frequent seizure focus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a gen, non-con seizure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a gen, con seizure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mechs to prevent seizure? |
|
Definition
| collaterals to inhibitories, uptake of K by astros, spread of dendritic tree |
|
|
Term
| a malfunction of which part of the brain causes complex partial seizures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what sort of channel is implicated in benign familial neonatal convulsions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| autoimmunie disease of V-gate K channels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involuntary contractions following voluntary contractions |
|
|
Term
| channels implicated in myotonia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| human dom myotonia congenita, recessive myotonia congenita |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hum dom myontonia congenita AKA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| human paramyotonia congenita, hyperkalemic periodic paralysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sx of malignant hypertherm |
|
Definition
| rigidity, hypermet, fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| episodic ataxia 1, MG, Hyperplexia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is aqueous humor made? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what sort of neurons project to the EWN in the pupillary light reflex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between the lens and the retina |
|
|
Term
| what is the arterial supply to the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the arterial supply of the retina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much of the optical power of the eye is in the cornea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does contraction of the cilliary muscle do to the lens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is hyeropia corrected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| myopia is near/far sightedness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hyperopia from loss of elasticity in lens |
|
|
Term
| how is the lens dehydrated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the cornea get energy to supply the Na/K pump |
|
Definition
| glucose from anterior chamber, o2 from the air |
|
|
Term
| how does the lens get E to supply the Na/K pump? |
|
Definition
| glucose from aqueous humor, anaerobic metabolism |
|
|
Term
| where is aqueous humor reabsorbed? |
|
Definition
| in the anterior chamber thru the spaces of Fontana |
|
|
Term
| where does aqu. humor go after it passes through the space of Fontana? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does aqu. humor go after it passes through the canal of Schlemm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is found in the outer layer of the retina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is found in the inner layer of the retina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do photoreceptors use APs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what colors is rhodopsin sensitive to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when are rods most useful? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| more sensitive to light rods/cones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| general fxn of horizontal cells? |
|
Definition
| inhibit neighboring photoRs, contribute to concentric fields |
|
|
Term
| general fxn of bipolar cells? |
|
Definition
| input from photoR and horiz, excite amacrine and ganglion cells |
|
|
Term
| general fxn of amacrine cells? |
|
Definition
| input from bipolar cells, contribute to receptive fields of ganglion cells |
|
|
Term
| what cells activate ganglion cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmission along optic nerve |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of ganglion cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what stimulus do W-cells respond to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to where do W-cells project? |
|
Definition
| sup coll, pretectal region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar to astros, regulation of ionic/NT environ of retina |
|
|
Term
| what happens when retinal is struck by a photon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all-trans retinal acts like a... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what effect does dec. cGMP concentration have in phototransduction? |
|
Definition
| cGMP dissociates from Na/Ca channels, closing them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in/out Na movement in the photoreceptor |
|
|
Term
| what is the effect of the closing of the Ca channel in phototransduction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glutamate is inhibitory to hor/bip cells in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glu is excitatory to hor/bip cells in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are Y cells good at color discrim? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are Y cells not good at color discrim? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Y cells: large/small fields? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are Y cells sensitive to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many types of cones are X cells sensitive to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| discuss X cells as they related to on-center fields |
|
Definition
| ex/inhib reversed with two colors |
|
|
Term
| X cells: small/large fields? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to where to X cells project? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what surrounds the optic nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the retina decussates at the chiasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the retina remains uncrossed at the chiasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do some optic fibers project to the suprachiasmatic n? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are fibers in the optic tract oriented? |
|
Definition
| similar visual fields are close to each other |
|
|
Term
| in which tract is the right visual field? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which layers in the LG recieve ipsilat input? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which layers in the LG recieve contralat input? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the LG is the parvocellular region? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the LG is the magnocellular region? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which part of the LG is involved in depth and contrast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the lower visual field get from the LG to 17? |
|
Definition
| courses over the lateral vent |
|
|
Term
| how does the upper visual field get from the LG to 17? |
|
Definition
| around inferior horn of lat vent |
|
|
Term
| upper visual field on bottom/top of CalcSulc? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the left visual field in the cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| macula terminates on post/ant occipital lobe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the fxn of the "dorsal stream" of visual processing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the fxn of the "ventral stream" of visual processing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the stapes attach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what innervates the tensor tympani? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what innervates the stappedius? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the core of the bony labyrith called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what window is assoc with the scala vestibuli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what window is assoc with the scala tympani? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the organ of Corti? |
|
Definition
| in the scala media (cochlear duct) |
|
|
Term
| what fills the membranous labyrinth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| between scala vestibuli and the cochlear duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| between scala tympani and the cochlear duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do inhibitory inputs to the hair cells come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what allows for frequency sensitivity along the organ of corti? |
|
Definition
| floppiness of the basilar membrane |
|
|
Term
| what NT do hair cells release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are hi freq sounds best heard? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are low freq sounds best heard? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cochlear n. fibers - d/v cochlear nn. - SON - ll - ic - bic - mg |
|
|
Term
| where does sound localization occur first? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which nucleus projects to the c/l S.O.N.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the case if Rinne's is bestter heard on bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the case if louder on one side? |
|
Definition
| conductive deafness on that side or sesorineural deafness on the other side |
|
|
Term
| what decibel loss is considered abnml? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes sensirneural deafness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| painful spasm of jaw, face, back; impaired swallow/breathe; seizures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ICU, vent, NMJ blockade, sedation, Ig |
|
|
Term
| ptosis, diplopia, pupillary paralysis, dysphagia, weakness, respiratory paralysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| equine antitoxin, guanidine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HA, v, blurry, coma, seizures, Cp arrest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rx for EtOH withdrawl seizures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nystagmus, ataxia, opthalmoplegia, confusion |
|
Definition
| Wernicke's encephalopathy |
|
|
Term
| sx of Wernicke's encephalopathy? |
|
Definition
| nystagmus, ataxia, opthalmoplegia, confusion |
|
|
Term
| sx of Korsikoff syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a chronic amnestic syndrome with confabulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| petechiae/gliosis in mamm, fornix, 3rd vent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fever, malaise, lethargy, ha, nv, impaired conc, nuchal rigidity, meningeal irritation signs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LP reveals >500 WBC (pmn), high protein, low glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LP reveals <500 WBCs, normal/hi protein, nml glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LP reveals <500 WBCs, high protein, low glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LP reveals <500 WBCs, high protein, nml/low glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| complications of bac meningitis |
|
Definition
| hydroceph, infarction, deafness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mild ha/confusion, usually no obvious signs |
|
|
Term
| suseptible group for chronic meningitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rapid onset (hrs, days), fever, HA, altered behavior/conc, seizure/focal deficets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what distinguishes encephalitis from meningitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| area of herpes encephalitis? |
|
Definition
| inf frontal, medial temporal |
|
|
Term
| sx of herpes encephalitis? |
|
Definition
| aphasia, memory change, behavior change |
|
|
Term
| dx of viral encephalitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rx for viral encephalitis? |
|
Definition
| ICU, control ICP, anticonvulsant, antivirals |
|
|
Term
| CST, EPS, cerebellar, LMN signs, dementia, myoclonus, rapid progression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CST/EPS/Cerebellum/LMN, dementia, myoclonus, rapid onset |
|
|
Term
| systemic infection, HA, meningitis, seizures, focal signs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy |
|
|
Term
| what cells in the brain are most sensitive to ischemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells in the brain are least sensitive to ischemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most to least sensitive cells in brain to ischemia? |
|
Definition
| neurons, oligos, endos, astros |
|
|
Term
| two really sensitive types of neurons when talking about ischemia? |
|
Definition
| pyramidals in the hippo, purkinjes in the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those that have died due to ischemia, eosinohilia and loss of cyto, pkynotic nuc |
|
|
Term
| what causes hemm. infarcts? |
|
Definition
| reperfusing an area of damaged endothelium |
|
|
Term
| what will a berry aneurysm give you? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percent of kids tumors are in the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 tumors of the pineal gland... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 tumors of the pituitary... |
|
Definition
| adenoma, craniopharyngioma |
|
|
Term
| what sort of astrocytoma is a GBM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. cellularity 2. mitosis 3. vasc hyperplasia 4. necrosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| yellow necrosis, reddish hemm, cystic change, may cross CC |
|
|
Term
| a tumor with gross yellow necrosis, reddish hemm, cystic changes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gross path of fibrillary astrocytoma |
|
Definition
| expansion of white, gray white blurring |
|
|
Term
| a tumor with gross expansion of white matter and blurring of the gray-white line? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| micropath: fibrillary process, mild pleomorphism, no mitosis or vasc hyperplasia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| micropath: pleomorphic mal astros, necrosis, vasc hyperplasia, mitosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a common cause of oligodendrocytomas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| common sites of ependymomas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| micropath: true rosettes, pseudorosettes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are medulloblastomas in kids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| micropath: sheets of undiff cells, scant cyto, dark nuclei, rosettes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when do you get meningiomas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| micropath: sheets and whorls of semisensitial cells, pale nuclei |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| micropath: spindle cells in fascicles, antoni patters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| micropath: monotonous sheet of neuroendocrine cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| % of CNS tumors that are mets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do you usually find brain mets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do you usually find fib astrocytomas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do you find oligodendrocytomas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of LG is parvocellular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| horizontal/bipolar inhib or excite? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which hair cells insert onto the tectorial membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| agrpahia, r-l confusion, dyscalculia, finger agnosia |
|
Definition
| Gerstmann's, dom par lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are saccades produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do cortical assoc bundles come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| with what part of the LG is the "what" path associated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| with what part of the LG is the "where" path associated? |
|
Definition
|
|
