Term
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Definition
| gradual degredation of biomolecules for ATP production |
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Term
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Definition
| something that converts one form of energy to another |
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Term
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Definition
| ADENOSINE---PO3---PO3---PO4 |
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Term
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Definition
| protein that hydrolyzes the terminal phosphate group of ATP |
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Term
| types of catabolism/metabolic fuels |
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Definition
1. carbohydrate/glucose
2. amino acid
3. lipid
4. lactate
5. ketones
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Term
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Definition
1. membrane transport of things
2. synthesis of biomolecules
3. muscle cell contraction |
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Term
| how much atp do you have in your body at any given moment? how long will that last you? |
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Definition
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Term
how many atp are made/replaced each second?
how much to you make a day? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| modulation of the catalytic properties of an enzyme by the binding of nonsubstrate ligands to a specific non-binding active site |
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Term
| where do ligands bind in allosteric regulation? |
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Definition
| allosteric OR regulatory sites...duh! |
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Term
| two categories of cofactors |
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Definition
1. metal ions
2. coenzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| organic molecules that assist some enzymes |
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Term
| molecules that bind to make sucrose |
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Definition
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Term
| main processes that contribute to the cellular respiration of glucose |
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Definition
Glycolysis
V
Kreb's Cycle
V
electron transport chain
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are the most common two coenzymes? |
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Definition
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Term
which of the following molecules are reduced? oxidized?
NAD+
NADH
FAD
FADH2 |
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Definition
| NADH and FADH2 are reduced. |
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Term
| As glycolysis runs through how does the free energy that was available in the glucose molecule change? |
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Definition
| it increases twice as it is phosphorylized in the beginning. then it loses energy when it reduces the NAD and ATP molecules. |
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Term
| where does glycolysis occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| where does a cell get the glucose it needs for cellular respirations? |
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Definition
| food and from the glucose stored in the form of glycogen in the liver |
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Term
why does anaerobic glycolysis happen?
what is the resulting product of it in humans. |
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Definition
there is not enough oxygen to satisfy the e- coming down the electron transport chain. things get clogged up and it anaerobic glycolysis occurs to free up the electron carriers. It does this by oxidizing NADH2 to produce NAD that can be used in glycolysis.
In humans it creates lactic acid. |
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Term
| anaerobic glycolysis diagram |
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Definition
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Term
| what enzyme converts pyruvate into lactic acid during anaerobic glycolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| in the case of anaerobic glycolysis, what is the benefit of creating pyruvate just to make lactate and NADH? |
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Definition
| NADH goes back into glycolysis which makes 2ATP. So, even tho there is no ATP production from the electron transport chain (due to lack of oxygen) the cell can still make some ATP. |
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Term
Cori Cycle
What is it?
When is it used?
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Definition
The cori cycle is when lactic acid (as a result of anaerobic glycolysis) is transported to the liver and converted back into glucose that can be used in glycolysis.
used when there is a build up of two much lactic acid during anaerobic conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
what is the intermediate step in between glycolysis and krebs cycle?
what is needed to make this happen?
what is the byproduct of this rxn? |
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Definition
pyruvate is converted to acetyl coA.
in order for this to happen, one NAD is needed and then reduced to NADH.
the byproduct is CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| where does krebs cycle occur |
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Definition
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Term
describe how an electron works its way down the electron transport chain?
what is a result of this movement? |
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Definition
NADH, ATP, FADH2 drop off electrons to the proteins that serve as the e.t.c.
many of these proteins are h+ pumps
when the 1st protein in the chain gets the e-, it causes a conformation change in the protein which causes it to pump a h+ into the intermembrane space.
the e- goes to the next protein and the same thing happens again.
this continues until the e- are accepted by 2Hs and an O to make H20.
the result is a proton gradient where there is a high conc. of H+ in the intermem. space |
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Term
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Definition
| intermembrane of the mitochondria |
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Term
| for what does a cell use the h+ gradient that was created by the e.t.c? |
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Definition
| there is also and ATP synthase in the inner membrane. this molecule allows h+ to come down the gradient through the molecule and phosphorylate ADP to ATP |
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Term
| what are the proteins involved in the electron transport chain? what are each of their roles? |
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Definition
I. NADH hydrogenase: oxidizes the NADH and accepts the first electron. also pumps H+
II. Succinate dehydrogenase: reduces FAD to FADH2 using e- from I. and takes them to ubiquinone.
Ubiquinone
III. Cytocrome B-C1: takes the e- from ubiquinone and drops them off at Cytochrome C. also pumps H+
Cytochrome C
Cytochrome Oxidase: takes e- from Cytochrome C and gives them to 02 to make water.
IV Cytochrome oxidase: takes e- from cytochrome C and gives them to O2 to make water. also an h+ pump
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Term
uncoupling protein
what does it produce? |
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Definition
the e.t.c. creates an h+ gradient used by atp synthetase. the etc and atp synthetase are coupled processes. however, the e.t.c. creates a higher gradient than necessary for phosphorylating adp.
so, there are these proteins in the innermembrane of the mitochondria that just allow h+ to fall back down the gradient
it produces heat. |
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Term
| what allows e- to travel down the etc instead of just stay at the first e- acceptor? |
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Definition
| each following protein has a higher affinity for electrons |
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Term
| how many atp produced per pair of e- going through the e.t.c? |
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Definition
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Term
how many atp can you get from one NADH?
FADH2?
GTP? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does preperatory conversion of pyruvate refer to? |
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Definition
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Term
| substrate level phosphorylation |
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Definition
| when adp is directly phosphorylated during glycolysis (refers to the 4 atp produced in glycolysis) |
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Term
| ATP accounting for all of cellular respiration |
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Definition
Glycolysis
-2: investment
4: substrate level phosphorylation
6: 2NADH
Preparatory Conversion of Pyruvate
6: 2 NADH
Krebs Cycle
18: 6NADS
TOTAL: 38 ATP
4: 2FADH2
2: GTP
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Term
what is the first step to metabolizing amino acids?
what does this reaction consist of? |
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Definition
deamination/transamination
the amino acid is cleaved into the amine (nh2) group and an alpha-keto acid.
the a-k acid can enter the krebs cycle through a couple different points in the reaction.
the amine group enters the urea cycle. |
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Term
| what happens to the amine (resulting from deamination) that goes into the urea cycle? |
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Definition
it attaches to alphaketogluterate becoming gluterate which is a urea precursor.
then two of the amines come off the 2 gluterates + CO2 +ornithine + H20
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V
Urea |
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Term
| three big entrance points for amino acids in the krebs cycle and how they get there |
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Definition
pyruvate
acetyl coA
alpha-ketoglutaric acid
these all start out as amino-acids which lose their NH3 group to become the molecules above. |
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Term
| define essential amino acids |
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Definition
| amino acids that the body cannot make itself |
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Term
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Definition
adipose tissue (adipocytes/ hepatocytes)
adipose tissue can be found:
under the skin
in abdomen
in muscles |
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Term
| when do you metabolize glucose, amino acids and fatty acids? |
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Definition
glucose: absoptive state
amino acids/fatty acids: post-absorptive state |
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Term
the suffix -glyceride refers to what?
what are the structures of these molecules? |
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Definition
acylglycerols
3 carbon glycerol backbone with either 1,2,3 fatty acids attached to them.
1: monoglyceride
2: digylceride
3: triglyceride |
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Term
| by what process are lipids metabolized? describe this process |
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Definition
beta-oxidation
(lipids= fatty acid chains + glycerol)
1. lipolysis: the f.a. chains are freed with a lipase
2. glycerol is converted to acetyl-coA and sent to Krebs
3. the free f.a. chains get a coA added to them and become fatty acyl-coA
4. the end of the chain with the coA on it is cleaved using 1 NAD and 1 FAD. It's cut to have be twocarbons long. this resulting two carbon+coA molecule is acetyl coA
5. the acetyl coA is sent to Krebs
6. The remainder of the molecule goes back to step 3.
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Term
| where does beta oxidation occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| what organs utilize lipid acid metabolism? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| acid in digestive system that absorbs fat from food |
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Term
| acetyl coA is the precursor to many molecules such as....... |
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Definition
cholesterol
ketone bodies
fatty acids: phospholipids, glycerides |
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Term
| what metabolite does the brain run on? |
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Definition
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Term
| where is most energy stored and in what form is it stored? |
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Definition
| liver stores energy as glycogen |
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Term
| where does the glycerol needed to construct fatty acids come from? |
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Definition
the liver
it stores glycogen which can be degraded to glucose. this glucose then is transformed into phosphoglyceraldehyde which is a precursor for glycerol |
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Term
| where are amino acids stored |
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Definition
| proteins, often in the skeletal muscle. |
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Term
how much energy is stored in:
mixed lipids
mixed carbs
mixed proteins
(give in kcal AND kJ per gram) |
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Definition
kcal per gram; kJ per gram
lipids: 9.4; 40
carbs: 4; 17
protein: 4.5; 20 |
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Term
what vitamin does NAD come from?
FAD? |
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Definition
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Term
| two categories of vitamins |
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Definition
fat/lipid soluble
h20 soluble |
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Term
| what are the fat soluble vitamins? |
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Definition
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Term
uses for vit A
problem w/it |
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Definition
vision
bone growth
sperm production
not too much during pregnancy |
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Term
mammalian uses for vit D?
vit E?
vit K? |
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Definition
D: needed in calcium and phosphorous metabolism
E: protects integrity of molecules
K: blood clotting
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Term
| what metabolite does the liver run on? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
energy needed to raise 1 g of h20 1degC at 15degC
needed to raise 1000g 1degC at 15degC
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Term
what physiological set point does CO2 effect?
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Definition
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Term
| what system regulates co2/pH levels? |
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Definition
cardiovascular system
respiratory system
renal system |
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Term
| where does the oxygen used at the end of the e.t.c come from? |
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Definition
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Term
what is metabolic rate?
what is it measured in?
how is it measured? |
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Definition
rate at which E is consumed by an individual
measured in joules or calories
measured via heat production, o2 consumption or co2 production. |
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Term
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Definition
Ts: body surface temp
Tb: body temp
Ta: ambient temperature, ambient temperature. |
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Term
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Definition
poikilotherm: fluctuating body temperature
homeotherm: relatively constant Tb |
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Term
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Definition
endothermy: body temperature derived from the hydrolysis of ATP. a result of metabolic reactions
ectothermy: body temperature derived from the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| when organisms use hehavioral of physiological mechanisms to regulate body temperature |
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Term
| how are metabolic rate and body tem related? |
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Definition
| as body temp increases MR increase exponentially. |
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