Term
| two kinds of cells in neural tissue |
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Definition
| neurons and neuroglia (glial cells) |
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Term
| ____ are cells that send and receive signals |
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Definition
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Term
| ____are cells that support and protect neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the organs of the nervous system? |
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Definition
| brain, spinal cord, sensory receptors (eyes, ears, etc) and nerves |
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Term
| what are the 2 anatomical divisions of the nervous system? |
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Definition
| central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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Term
| _______ consists of the spinal cord and brain; contains neural tissue, connective tissues, and blood vessels |
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Definition
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Term
| the functions of the CNS are to _____ and _____ |
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Definition
| process and coordinate - sensory data (from inside and outside the body), motor commands (control skeletal muscles and activities of peripheral organs), higher functions of brain (intelligence, memory, learning, emotion) |
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Term
| _____ includes all the neural tissue outside the CNS |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the functions of the PNS? |
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Definition
| to deliver sensory info to the CNS (afferent) and carry motor commands from the CNS to the peripheral tissues and systems (efferent) |
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Term
| nerves are also known as ____ ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| nerves are bundles of ______ with ____ tissues and blood vessels |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ carry sensory info and motor commands in the PNS |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ nerves connect to the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ nerves attach to the spinal cord |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| afferent division and efferent division |
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Term
| what does the afferent division of the PNS do? |
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Definition
| carries SENSORY info from PNS sensory receptors TO THE CNS |
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Term
| what is the function of the efferent division of the PNS? |
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Definition
| carries MOTOR commands FROM CNS to PNS muscles and glands |
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Term
| in afferent division: _____ detect changes or respond to stimuli; contain neurons and specialized cells; include complex sensory organs |
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Definition
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Term
| in afferent division: _____ respond to efferent signals; are in cells and organs |
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Definition
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Term
| the efferent division of the PNS contains two systems |
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Definition
| somatic nervous system and auntonomic nervous system |
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Term
| what does the somatic nervous system of the efferent division of the PNS do? |
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Definition
| controls skeletal muscle contractions: voluntary and involuntary (reflexes) muscle contractions |
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Term
| what does the autonomic nervous system of the efferent division of PNS do? |
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Definition
| controls subconscious actions: contractions of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle and glandular secretions; two divisions- sympathetic and empathetic |
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Term
| ________ division of the ANS has a stimulating effect |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ division of the ANS has a relaxing effect |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ are the basic functional units of the nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the characteristics of a multipolar neuron? |
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Definition
| it's common in the CNS; has a cell body (soma); short, branched dendrites; long, single axon |
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Term
| what are the major organelles of the cell body of a neuron? |
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Definition
| large nucleus and nucleolus, perikaryon (cytoplasm), mitochondria, RER and ribosomes, cytoskeleton (includes neurofilaments, neurotubules, and neurofibrils) |
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Term
| ____ is the cytoplasm of the cell body of a neuron |
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Definition
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Term
| in neurons, RER and ribosomes: |
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Definition
| produce peptide neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and enzymes |
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Term
| ___ are bundles of neurofilaments that provide support for dendrites and axon of neuron |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ _____ are dense areas of RER and ribosomes; make neural tissue appear grey (grey matter) |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ are highly branched parts of neurons that have spines, many fine processes, receive info from other neurons, and make up 80-90% of the neuron surface area |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is the long part of the neuron that carries the electrical signal (action potential) to the target cell; is critical to function of neuron |
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Definition
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Term
| structure of axon: _____ is cytoplasm of axon; contains neurotubules, neurofibrils, enzymes, organelles |
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Definition
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Term
| in axons: ______ are a specialized membrane that covers the axoplasm |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| in axon: ____ is the thick section of the cell body; attaches to the initial segment |
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Definition
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Term
| in axon: _____ attaches to the axon hillock |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ are branches of a single axon |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ are fine extensions of distal axon |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ ____ are the tips of telodendria |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is the area where a neuron communicates with another cell |
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Definition
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Term
| the synapse: _____ is the cell that sends a message |
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Definition
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Term
| the synapse: _____ is the cell that receives the message |
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Definition
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Term
| the synapse: ____ ____ is the small gap that separates the presynaptic membrane from the postsynaptic membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| the synapse: _____is the expanded area of an axon of a presynaptic neuron; contains synaptic vesicles of neurotransmitters |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ are chemical messengers |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ are released at the presynaptic membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ affect receptors of the postsynaptic membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ are broken down by enzymes and reassembled at the synaptic knob |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens during axoplasmic transport? |
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Definition
| raw materials are transported via neurotubules within the axon between the cell body and synaptic knob; powered by ATP in mitochondria and kinesin and dynein |
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Term
| ____ is the synapse between 2 neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| ____is the synapse between a neuron and muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is the synapse between a neuron and a gland |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| neuroneuronal junction, neuromuscular junction, and neuroglandular junction |
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Term
| _____ _____ are bags of neurotransmitters |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 classifications of neurons |
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Definition
| anaxonic, bipolar, unipolar, and multipolar |
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Term
| where are anaxonic neurons found? |
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Definition
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Term
| where are bipolar neurons found? |
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Definition
| in special sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose) |
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Term
| where are unipolar neurons found? |
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Definition
| in sensory neurons of PNS |
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Term
| where are multipolar neurons found? |
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Definition
| in the CNS; includes all skeletal muscle motor neurons |
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Term
| characteristics of an anaxonic neuron |
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Definition
| small; all cell processes look alike; no distinct axon |
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Term
| characteristics of a bipolar neuron |
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Definition
| small, one dendrite and one axon |
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Term
| characteristics of unipolar neurons |
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Definition
| have very long axons, fused dendrites and axon, cell body is to one side |
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Term
| characteristics of multipolar neurons |
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Definition
| have very long axons, multiple dendrites, one axon, MOST COMMON |
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Term
| three functional classifications of neurons |
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Definition
| sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons |
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Term
| ______ neurons are the afferent neurons of the PNS (carry info to CNS) |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ neurons are the efferent neurons of the PNS (carry info to skeletal muscle and effector organs) |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ neurons are "association neurons" (carry info between sensory and motor neurons) |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ sensory neurons monitor the internal environment (IT, blood vessels, heart) |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ sensory neurons monitor effects of external environment (skeletal muscles and tendons, skin, joints) |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ _______ are unipolar; cell bodies are grouped in sensory ganglia (clumping of cell bodies); processes (afferent fibers) extend from sensory receptors to CNS |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 3 types of sensory receptors |
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Definition
| interoceptors, exteroceptors, proprioceptors |
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Term
| sensory receptors: ______ monitor internal systems (digestive, respiratory, cardio, urinary, reproductive) and internal senses (taste, deep pressure, pain) |
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Definition
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Term
| sensory receptors: ________ have external senses (touch, temp, pressure) and distant senses (sight, smell, hearing) |
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Definition
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Term
| sensory receptors: _______ monitor position and movement (skeletal muscles and joints) |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ neurons carry instructions from the CNS to the peripheral effectors via efferent fibers (axon) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| two major efferent systems of motor neurons |
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Definition
| somatic nervous system (SNS) and autonomic (visceral) nervous system (ANS) |
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Term
| ______ includes all somatic motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles |
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Definition
|
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Term
| ____ _____ neurons run from brain to spinal cord |
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Definition
|
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Term
| ___ ___ neurons run from spinal cord to skeletal muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ _____ neurons of the ANS innervate peripheral effectors such as smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| autonomic motor neurons: signals from CNS motor neurons to visceral effectors pass synapses at autonomic ganglia that divide axons into: |
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Definition
| preganglionic and postganglionic fibers |
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Term
| interneurons are located in: |
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Definition
| brain, spinal cord, and autonomic ganglia between sensory and motor neurons |
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Term
| interneurons are responsible for: |
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Definition
| distribution of sensory info and coordination of motor activity |
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Term
| interneurons are involved in higher fxns such as: |
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Definition
| memory, planning, learning |
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