Term
| if some factor becomes excessive or deficient, a control system initates what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the normal range and non lethal limits of Oxygen? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the normal range and non lethal limits of Carbon dioxide? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the normal range and non lethal limits of sodium ion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal range and non lethal limits of Potassium ion? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the normal range and non lethal limits of Calcium? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the normal range and non lethal limits of Chloride? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the normal range and non lethal limits of Bicarbonate ion? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the normal range and non lethal limits of Glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal range and non lethal limits of Body temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal range and non lethal limits of Acid-base? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the initiating stimulus causes more of the same is called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a good example of positive feedback? |
|
Definition
blood clotting -uterine contractions -nerve action potential |
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Term
| muscle often use what kind of control...if it doesnt work a correction is made for next time. |
|
Definition
feed-forward control -adaptive control |
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|
Term
| extracellular fluid is what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| patients perception of change in normal function is what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| physical manifestation of disease is called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| determines the parameters and potential that you exist on? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| this gene must be present in order for the body to be functional? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many sets of genetic information on human chromosome? |
|
Definition
23 sets father-23 chromosomes mother -23 chromosomes 46 combined |
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|
Term
| body cells are replications of 46 recombined chromosomes is called? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| keeps humans w/in certain parameters; includes fetal development, postnatal development, life cycle development? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| wer are not always equipped to deal with this environmental influence change? |
|
Definition
Social environment (other environment is biologic environment) |
|
|
Term
| why is it important to keep ECF volume and composition normal? |
|
Definition
| carries nutrients for ICF and maintenence for cellular life |
|
|
Term
| the penetrating proteins of cell layer are called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| transport proteins that allow free movement of certain ions are called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| transport proteins that bind with substances that are to be tranported are called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| transport through layer occurs by what two processes? |
|
Definition
| diffusion or active transport |
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|
Term
| random molecular movement of substance through intermolecular spaces or with a carrier protien is called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the energy that casues diffusion is what? |
|
Definition
| normal kinetic motion on matter |
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|
Term
| movement of molecule with carrier protein against energy gradient is called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In diffusion motion of particles is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the continual movement of molecules among one another in liquids, or in gases is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two types of diffusion are? |
|
Definition
| simple and facilitated diffusion |
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|
Term
| rate of simple diffusion is determined by? |
|
Definition
-amount of substance available -velocity of kinetic motion -number of in cell membrane |
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|
Term
| simple diffusion can occur through cell membrane what 2 ways? |
|
Definition
-interstices of lipid bilayer -through watery channels in some of transport proteins |
|
|
Term
| name important factor on how fast a substance will move through bilayer? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| give examples of high lipid solubility? |
|
Definition
-oxygen -CO2 -nitrogen -alchohol |
|
|
Term
| protein channels are distinguished by what 2 characteristics? |
|
Definition
-selectively permeable -can be open/closed by gates |
|
|
Term
| the inner surface of sodium channels have what charge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the important chemical for chemical gating? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| facilitated diffusion is also called? |
|
Definition
| carrier-mediated diffusion |
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|
Term
| in facilitated diffusion the rate of diffusion approaches a maximum called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in facilitated diffusion the rate the molecules can be transported can never be greater than? |
|
Definition
| rate of conformational change between its two states |
|
|
Term
| what is an important substance that crosses cell membrane via facilitated diffusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the diffusion coefficient is ? |
|
Definition
D = P x A D is diffusion coefficient P is permeability A is total area |
|
|
Term
| water diffuses in each direction through a red cell membrane per second equal to? |
|
Definition
| 100 times the volume of the cell itself |
|
|
Term
| the process of of net movement of water caused concentration difference of water is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the two types of active transport are called? |
|
Definition
| primary active transport and secondary active transport |
|
|
Term
| primary active transport uses ____ for energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secondary active transport uses ____for energy? |
|
Definition
| stored in the form of ionic concentration differences |
|
|
Term
| sodium- potassium pump is what kind of active transport? |
|
Definition
| primary active transport ( so it uses ATP) |
|
|
Term
| one of most important roles of sodium potassium pump is to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 places in body are important primary active transport systems for hydrogen ions? |
|
Definition
-in gastric glands of the stomach -in distal tubules and cortical colecting ducts of kidneys |
|
|
Term
| if sodium pulls other substances along with through cell membrane it is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when sodium ion moves to interior and other substance moves to exterior this is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a good example of co transport? |
|
Definition
| glucose binding onto sodium |
|
|
Term
| another important co-transport is? |
|
Definition
sodium-potassium - two chloride (all moving in same direction) |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 important counter transports? |
|
Definition
| sodium-calcium and sodium-hydrogen |
|
|
Term
| where is an important example of sodium-hydrogen counter transport? |
|
Definition
| proximal tubules of kidneys |
|
|
Term
| transport through intestinal epithelium, and epithelium of renal tubules is called? |
|
Definition
| transport through cellular sheets |
|
|
Term
| the mechanism of active transport through cellular sheets is? |
|
Definition
| active transport on one side and either simple or facilitated diffusion on the other side |
|
|
Term
| an exitable membrane has what kind of direction of propogation |
|
Definition
| will travel both ways, even along all branches of nerve fiber until entire membrane has been polarized |
|
|
Term
| what kind of muscle fibers has a plateau near the peak of action potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes plateau in cardiac muscle spike? |
|
Definition
sodium fast channels and calcium slow channels |
|
|
Term
| repetitive self-induced charges are called what and found where? |
|
Definition
| called rythmicity and found in heart , and in most smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| rythmical discharges cause what? |
|
Definition
| beat of heart, and rythmical control of breathing |
|
|
Term
| the cell membrane of the muscle fiber is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thick filaments in skeletal muscle are ____, thin filaments are ____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "I" bands are made up of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| myosin filaments and as well as ends of actin filaments |
|
|
Term
| small projections from sides of myosin filaments are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Interaction between _____ and _____ cause contraction of muscle |
|
Definition
| cross bridges and actin filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| filamentous proteins different from actin and myosin |
|
|
Term
| the portion of a myofibril that lies between two successive Z discs is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the myofibrils are suspended inside muscle fiber in a matrix called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the extensive endoplasmic reticulum in muscle is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the more rapidly contracting types of muscle have especially extensive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes forces of actin and myosin filaments to act together |
|
Definition
| calcium ions that were released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| what causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium? |
|
Definition
| action potential depolarizes the muscle fiber membrane |
|
|
Term
| the contractile process of muscle is? |
|
Definition
| actin and myosin filaments sliding together |
|
|
Term
| where do calcium ions go after causing actin and myosin to interact in muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
| pumped back into sarcoplamic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| in a muscle contraction, how do actin and myosin filaments interact? |
|
Definition
| actin filaments slide over myosin |
|
|
Term
| muscle contraction is said to be ____ when the muscle does not shorten during contraction, and _____ when it does shorten? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| give 5 characteristics of fast muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
1.much larger fibers for great strength of contraction 2.extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum for release of calcium 3.large amounts of glycolytic enzymes 4.less extensive blood supply 5.fewer mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| give 5 characteristics of slow muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
1. smaller fibers 2.innervated by smaller nerve fibers 3. more extensive blood vessel system to supply extra oxygen 4.increased numbers of mitochondria 5. large amounts of myoglobin |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of myoglobin in muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
| combines with oxygen and greatly speeds oxygen transport to mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| what kind of muscle fibers has myoglobin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when muscle stimulation frequency are so rapid they literally fuse together is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when muscles are at rest, they still have a tautness, this is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is rigor mortis caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what drugs can stimulate the muscle fiber like acetylcholine, but stay latched on causing a spasm? |
|
Definition
| methacoline, carbachol, nicotine |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
| multi-unit smooth muscle and unitary smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| what type of smooth muscle operates independently and is innervated by a single nerve ending-much like skeltal muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of smooth muscle can contract inpendently of the others? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F multi unit smooth muscle rarely exhibits spontaneous contractions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of smooth muscle is in a sheet and has gap junctions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F smooth muscle has troponin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| slow cycling of cross bridges and low energy requirement and slowness of contraction and relaxation is what type of muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the maximimum force of contraction in smooth muscle is often greater than in skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| instead of troponin, smooth muscle uses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in smooth muscle calmodulin-calcium activates? |
|
Definition
| myosin kinase-a phosphorylating enzyme |
|
|
Term
| in smooth muscle myosin-kinase activates what? |
|
Definition
| regulatory chain of myosin head becomes phosphoralated and binds with actin |
|
|
Term
| the time required for relaxation of smooth muscle is greatly up to what? |
|
Definition
| amount of myosin phospatase in cell |
|
|
Term
| neurotransmitter substances in smooth muscle are typically? |
|
Definition
| acetylcholine and norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| cell membranes that seperate indvidual cardiac muscle cells are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| interconnecting cardiac muscle cells that easily pass impulse on to other cells is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes the plateau in the action potential of cardiac muscle |
|
Definition
| after onset of action potential, postassium permeability decreases about 5 fold, causing the plateau |
|
|
Term
| autonomically, fibers that secrete acetylcholine are said to be ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| autonomically, fibers that secrete norepinephrine are said to be ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All preganglionic neurons in both sympathetic and parasympathetic are ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All postganglionic neurons in parasympathetic are ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most postganglionic neurons in sympathetic and are ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is the parasympathetic transmitter and _____ is the sympathetic transmitter? |
|
Definition
| acetylcholine, norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| norepinephrine is broken of receptor cites in 3 ways, list them? |
|
Definition
1. reuptake 2.diffusion 3.destruction by enzymes such as MAO or COMT |
|
|
Term
| what are the two principle types of acetylcholine receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the two types of adrenergic receptors are? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to excite beta receptors what would be the best excitant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to excite alpha receptors what would be the best excitant? |
|
Definition
| either norepinephrine or epinephrine |
|
|
Term
| what kind of drug stimulates specifically alpha receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of drug stimulates specifically beta receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of drug stimulates specifically beta 2 receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name 3 drugs that cause release of norepinephrine from nerve endings? |
|
Definition
1.ephedrine 2.tyramine 3.amphetamine |
|
|
Term
| the best known drug that blocks the synthesis and storage of norepinephrine is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| body temperature is controlled by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 3 methods which heat is lost? |
|
Definition
| radiation, conduction and evaporation |
|
|
Term
| unheated air continually brought in contact with skin is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at very high temperatures what is the only way the body can shed heat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sweat glands are innervated by? |
|
Definition
sympathetic cholergenic fibers (acetylcholine) |
|
|
Term
| what helps a person acclimatize to hot weather? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F there are more cold receptors than warm receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 temperture decreasing mechanisms are? |
|
Definition
1.vasodilation 2.sweating 3.decrease heat production |
|
|
Term
| 3 temperture increasing mechanisms are? |
|
Definition
1.vasoconstriction 2.piloerection 3.increase in heat production |
|
|
Term
| what actually causes shivering? |
|
Definition
| increase of tone of skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
| drugs such as aspirin that reduce the level of fever are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in order for alimentary tract to provide body with supply of water, nutrients and electrolytes what 5 things are required? |
|
Definition
1.movement of food in tract 2.secretion of digestive juices 3.absorbtion of digestive products 4.circulation of bloood to carry away absorbed substances 5.control of all these fuctions by nervous and hormononal system |
|
|
Term
| the slow waves of GI tract usually do not cause muscle contraction in most parts except in the ______? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the true action potentials of the GI tract are _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| muscle contraction in GI tract is caused by an influx of _____that binds with ____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do the slow waves cause flow of calcium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the nervous system of the GI tract is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the enteric nervous system has what 2 parts? |
|
Definition
1.myenteric or Auerbachs plexus 2.submucousal or Meissners plexus |
|
|
Term
| the myenteric plexus controls _____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the submucosal plexus controls _____? |
|
Definition
| GI secretion and local blood flow |
|
|
Term
| what CN is responsible for GI tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ most often excites the GI tract, while ____ most often inhibits the GI tract? |
|
Definition
| acetylcholine, norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| the afferent sensory nerve fibers can be stimulated by what? |
|
Definition
1.irritation of gut mucosa 2.excessive distension 3.presence of specific chemical substances |
|
|
Term
| _____ percent of nerve fibers in the vagus nerves are ____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what hormone triggers emptying of gallbladder, slows down stomach and is triggered when fat, fatty acids and monoglycerides need to be broken down? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is secreted in response to acidic gastric juice emptied from the stomach through the pylorus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is secreted in response to faty acids and amino acids, and lesser extent carbs? (mild slowing effect) |
|
Definition
| gastric inhibitory peptide |
|
|
Term
| the two types of movement in GI tract are? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| peristaltic reflux or law of the gut does not occur in absence of ____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| swallowing has what 3 stages? |
|
Definition
1.voluntary stage 2.pharyngeal stage 3. esophageal stage |
|
|
Term
| the area in medulla and lower pons that contral swallowing is called? |
|
Definition
| deglutition or swallowing center |
|
|
Term
| the musculature of the pharynx and upper third of esophagus is _____ muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the lower 2/3 of esophagus is ____ muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when gastoesophageal sphincter does not relax satisfactorily it is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
3 major functions of stomach are?
|
|
Definition
1.storage of food 2.mixing of food to form chyme 3.slow emptying of food into small intestine at proper rate for digegestion and absorbtion |
|
|
Term
| what has more control over emptying of stomach, the stomach or duedenum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what hormone acts as competitive inhibitor to block the increased stomach motility caused by gastrin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the person who has uclerative colitis will have a sign of? |
|
Definition
|
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