Term
| T/F you can go beyond your genetic core? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cell chooses what traits to be shown is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| genes that are used only during fetal development and never used again unless you get cancer are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if the developmental expression proteins come back in a case of cancer it is called what? |
|
Definition
| onco fetal antigens proteins |
|
|
Term
If your kidneys never rise in fetal development what is that called? (example of developmental expression gone wrong) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| observable differences of cell types is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ability of cells to communicate with one another is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genetic information is the result of recombination of genetic characterstics from parents is called? |
|
Definition
Genetic information potential (23 sets of genetic information; 23 from dad, 23 from mom, 46 recombined) |
|
|
Term
| premature puberty is a sign of what? |
|
Definition
| post natal development funtioning improperly |
|
|
Term
| What are some environmental influences? |
|
Definition
biological environment-body has been fine tuned for this social environment-changes here make more impact, not always equipped to deal with social environmental changes |
|
|
Term
| is length of life something that is programmed into ones genetic core? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stress can be defined as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percentage of fluid is ICF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Living function can occur outside the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ECF makes up what percent of fluid in body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the ECF in relationship to the ICF? |
|
Definition
| supply the needs of the ECF ie. nutrients, waste etc |
|
|
Term
| If there is decreased oxygen in blood where would you look? |
|
Definition
lungs -not being delivered -not being absorbed (lungs filled with fluid so patient has pnuemonia) |
|
|
Term
| If levels of potassium, sodium are low what could be happening? |
|
Definition
| action potentials not working, so muscles may not be working, nervous system not working etc. |
|
|
Term
| if glucose levels are below range what could happen? |
|
Definition
| not enough glucose to brain so have diabetic coma and possibly die |
|
|
Term
| T/F body temperature is a response of getting cues from environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is low blood volume called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what maintains the level of glucose in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the brain has a storage of energy? |
|
Definition
| false. not like muscles that can switch to anerobic activity. |
|
|
Term
| what is main role of renal system? |
|
Definition
controls fluids, gets rid of waste -produces arthrobrevin which signals blood marrow to make rbc's |
|
|
Term
| what is the classic example of negative feedback mechanism? |
|
Definition
| barrow receptors measuring blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| can negative feedback mechanisms levels change based on activity or environment? |
|
Definition
| yes, they would be different if working out for example |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of postive feedback mechanism? |
|
Definition
| birthing process -uterine contractions-stretching = more contractions |
|
|
Term
| presence of excess fluid in body tissues is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when edema fluid collects in the potential space is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effusion can be caused be what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| large amounts of fluid in pericardial space is can lead to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the abdominal space that houses GI tract is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fluid in peritoneal space can do what? |
|
Definition
creates pressure on organs of abdomen -digestion is hindered -blood flow is slowed -pressure upward comprimises breathing |
|
|
Term
| when abdominal cavity collect effusion fluid it is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| abnormal collections of pleural space may be due to what and cause what? |
|
Definition
excessive intravenous fluids, renal failure -collapsed lung can occur |
|
|
Term
| kidney is source of what that signals bone marrow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F muscle cells once lost can be replaced or grown back? |
|
Definition
| false- once they are gone they're gone |
|
|
Term
| T/F liver cells once they die can be replaced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells that line the GI tract are replaced how often? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F in developing brain several billion cells must die in order to have well connected system? (programed cell death) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does cell use to interact with ECF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most important structure of cell? |
|
Definition
| cell membrane (not nucleus) |
|
|
Term
| anything that causes damage to cell membrane will ultimately lead to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the maintenece of cell membrane is based on constant supply of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the first component of cell to go down with deletion of energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is important in maintaining structure of cell membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| defeciencies of cholestrol translates to what? |
|
Definition
| deficient cell membrane, therefore deficient cells |
|
|
Term
| T/F there is NO covalent linkage in cell membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what holds the cell membrane together? |
|
Definition
| hydrophobic bonding (no covalent linking) |
|
|
Term
| T/F the membranes of the cell are of different than that of intercellular structures ie mitochondria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mitochondria in old times was a _____ type cell that invaded a ____ type cell |
|
Definition
| prokaryotic , invaded a eukaryotic |
|
|
Term
| T/F there are different patterns of lipids in the cellular membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the cristae on the inner portion of cell membrane of mitochondria? |
|
Definition
| so we can line up things...specifically cytocrome for TCA cyle regarding mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| we define proteins that are associated with cell membrane how? |
|
Definition
| operational classification (not related to function) |
|
|
Term
| proteins embedded in the cell membrane are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of proteins are on the outside and inside of cell membrane that can be removed without damaging cell membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F cell membranes have sideness? |
|
Definition
| TRUE-different sides or different things on the two sides |
|
|
Term
| What type of protein in cell membrane when you remove you will damage cell membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carbohydrates are typically where on cell membrane? |
|
Definition
| on outside layer binding to proteins |
|
|
Term
| most polysaccarides function related to cell membrane are involved in what? |
|
Definition
| identification and recoginition |
|
|
Term
| in blood typing there are 3 types of alleles that are differentation of what? |
|
Definition
| one different polysacharide chain |
|
|
Term
| T/F blood antigens are found on all cells in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| your blood type is based on what? |
|
Definition
one single sugar substitution (monosaccharide) |
|
|
Term
| when you have tissue transfusion your body can accept or attack the new tissue based on what? |
|
Definition
| blood type-or being able to recognize difference of one sugar on cell |
|
|
Term
| rejection of a heart based on blood type is an example of ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all lipids are what charge? |
|
Definition
| negative or neutral (most are negative, but some can have neutral charge) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hydrophilic heads outwards, hydrophobic tails inwards |
|
|
Term
| T/F inside of micelle there can be a dissolving of fatty materials? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is created in micelles of cellular wall to carry drugs into cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance is dragged laterally through cell membrane wall during fetal development |
|
|
Term
| two sides of membrane switching is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is one of the problems related to flip-flopping cell membrane? |
|
Definition
| there is sideness to cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of carbohydrates on the outside of the cell membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the pressure in the membrane that slows down the molecule from crossing called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mediated transport has to be able to do 4 things to mediate transport what are they? |
|
Definition
1. recognize its material 2.move from one side of membrane to the other 3.release material on other side of cell membrane 4. recover and display itself to transport another molecule
|
|
|
Term
| in order to be a true transporter what does it need? |
|
Definition
| a way to block the transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single molecule moves in one direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two molecules move in the same direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two molecules move at some time in opposite direction |
|
|
Term
| Is passive or active transport faster? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an example of uniport transport system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a potential problem of bringing glucose into cell? |
|
Definition
| builds up concentration of glucose in cell, so could flow out |
|
|
Term
| what prevents glucose from flowing out of cell when there is a build up? |
|
Definition
| as soon as it enters it is changed to something else i.e glucose 1 phoshate, or glucose 6 phosphate |
|
|
Term
| in muscle how can one use utilize the glucose flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of transport is critical in maintaining concentration gradients on either side of cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is the molecule accepted in a higher concentration of that molecule? |
|
Definition
| via active transport, ATP is used to transport and change the molecule so it can stay at the higher concentration |
|
|
Term
| local anesthetics like liocane block what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F a neural impulse will only flow in one direction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increasing the speed and decreasing energy required to move an impulse along a neuron is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| having to recreate charge as impulse moves down nerve is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a charge that is transfered from cell to cell through gap junctions is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| another name for gap junctions is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cardiac muscle and smooth muscle (such as in GI tract) impulses are electric or chemical? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| impulses transfered in cardiac muscle is done through |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the impulses to your eye use electrical or chemical impulses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transfer of impulse through synaptic junction is elictrical or chemical |
|
Definition
chemical (most cell interaction is chemical) |
|
|
Term
| what is the action of the tetris toxin? |
|
Definition
| block the production of GABA |
|
|
Term
| T/F a neurotransmitter is either always excitory or always inhibitory? |
|
Definition
| False-neurotransmitters are both |
|
|
Term
| if you were to block GABA what would happen |
|
Definition
| blocking inhibitory neuron, so impulses would continue to fire in brain, and eventually cause tetanis or tetani |
|
|
Term
| high levels of potassium in blood is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hyperkalemia can lead to? |
|
Definition
| cardiac arrythmias or sudden death |
|
|
Term
| excessive levels of chloride in blood is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some symptoms of hyperchloremia? |
|
Definition
excess fluid loss via vomiting or diarrhea -if diabetic, poor control of blood sugar levels |
|
|
Term
| low levels of sodium in blood is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| many impulses delivered one after another is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the nerve cell bodies for the motor neurons located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| motor neuron leaves motor cortex and leaves ____ root to get to cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a shortcut to motor cortex sending impulse down spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sensory neurons typically run in ____root ganglia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when doing patellar reflex is an exitory or inhibitory impulse being sent? |
|
Definition
| both, thats why leg fly up |
|
|
Term
| why do you do the patellar tendon reflex test? |
|
Definition
| in order to see neuron and spinal cord pathways are in tact |
|
|
Term
| what is it called when nerves are wrapped around muscle to asses how where the muscle is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do we have nerves wrapped around muscle? |
|
Definition
| to know position and contraction of muscle |
|
|
Term
| getting drunk will inhibit what funtion? |
|
Definition
| motor function-neuropathways of walking are inhibited |
|
|
Term
| we can tranfer nerve impulses to structures that have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 characterstics of muscle tissue? |
|
Definition
1.exictability 2.contractility 3.extensibility 4.elasticity |
|
|
Term
| extremely large long cell that are striated and multi nucleated is what kind of muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| square, striated and have a single centrally nuclei is what kind of muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| spindle shaped, non striated cells and single centrally located nuclei is what kind of muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is smooth muscle found? |
|
Definition
| wrapped around hollow organ, ie. blood vessels, etc |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of muscles, and differetiates animals from plants? |
|
Definition
| movement, movement in their environment |
|
|
Term
| human beings being upright and having posture is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| muscles also do what with joints? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the primary site for creating heat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a sign of muscles generating heat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the location description of skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
| attached to bones (connective tissue) |
|
|
Term
| what kind of muscle is in eyes, glands and skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of muscle is clydrical and branched? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of muscle is cylindrical and long? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of muscle is spindle shaped? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does skeletal muscle develop? |
|
Definition
| trilaminar embryo in embryonic disc with the mesodermal layer |
|
|
Term
| the specialized cells of mesoderm that form skeletal muscle cells are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the derivation of the multinucleated muscle cell? |
|
Definition
| multinucleated myoblastic cells |
|
|
Term
| T/F the muscle fiber is the muscle cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the muscle fibers called within the muscle cells called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the latissimus dorsi is an example of a muscle fiber? |
|
Definition
| False, it is an example of muscle bundle |
|
|
Term
| the cell membrane of the muscle cell is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the glycoprotein in between muscle fiber is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of endomysium? |
|
Definition
| allow contraction and expansion |
|
|
Term
| small bundle of muscle cells is called ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| covering over fasiculus is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what covers all fasiculi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the conractile portion of muscle fiber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what connects actin myofiliaments to z line? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many actin filaments surround a myosin filament? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| calcium binds with what for muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tropinin binds with what to alter the muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prior to contraction ATP binds to what in muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the result of the tropinin/tropmyosin being released in muscle? |
|
Definition
| twists the molecule to expose the actin |
|
|
Term
| what forms together to form a cross bridge in muscle? |
|
Definition
| myosin heads with actin active sites |
|
|
Term
| what has a hinge that causes actin to slide past myosin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what enables the actin to slide on myosin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the release of ATP in muscle cell signal? |
|
Definition
| all clear for next impulse to come in |
|
|
Term
| where is the ATP in muscle supplied from? |
|
Definition
| aerobic respiration by the mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| a cytoplasmic reaction in muscle is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is produced in anerobic respiration in muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is ATP stored in muscle during high levels of oxygen? |
|
Definition
| attached to creatinephosphates |
|
|
Term
| the glycogen stored in liver is designed to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the glycogen in muscle cells can only be used in muscle cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the impulse is carried from sacrolema to sacrolemic reticulum through what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is the relaxation phase in muscle produced? |
|
Definition
| as calcium is pulled back into sarcoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| in order to get to relaxation phase, the tripin/tropmyosin need to what? |
|
Definition
| be released from inhibiting binding sites |
|
|
Term
| T/F each motor neuron innervates several muscle fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is one way to increase strength of contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another way to increase strength of contraction? |
|
Definition
| increase frequency of stimulation |
|
|
Term
| what is the upper limit of frequency of impulse called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in muscle tone the delivery of the impulse must be ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if you lose the ability to have muscle tone it is called? |
|
Definition
| flacid paralysis or muscle flacitity |
|
|
Term
what is an agent that can cause flacid paralysis?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does botulinal toxin do? |
|
Definition
| blocks release of acetylcholine from presynaptic cell |
|
|
Term
| what is myasthenia gravis |
|
Definition
| antibody binds to acetylcholine receptors essentially blocking them |
|
|
Term
| myasthenia gravis first shows up where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a continous high frequency volley to muscle fiber is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe how tetani can occur? |
|
Definition
| if you only need to keep muscle tone, you need only one exitotory impulse to go through, the rest of the receptors will have inhibitor impulses. If those inhibitor impulses aren't there you get a bigger action potential than wanted thus tetani |
|
|
Term
| what is a way with calcium that will cause tetani? |
|
Definition
| if calcium can't be pulled back into sarcoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| when muscle cells die due to over contraction, because of calcium levels not being reabsorbed can lead to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what will induce muscle fatigue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when we can't generate ATP fast enough is called? (has to do with muscle fatigue) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the inability to keep up with required acetylcholine levels is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in skeletal muscle the step by step increasing impulse is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F muscle structure and function can be altered? |
|
Definition
| True-through working out ie. training for marathon |
|
|
Term
| when you block motor neuron causing atrophy in muscle could be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in cardiac muscle, when one neuron fires what happens? |
|
Definition
| is transferred across entire network instead of just on neuron |
|
|
Term
| smooth muscle is innervated by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What takes more energy to contract, skeletal or smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
| skeletal muscle, smooth muscle has very low energy requirements |
|
|
Term
| what are two types of smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
visceral smooth muscle (single unit) multi unit muscle |
|
|
Term
| visceral smooth muscle is in what type of construction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does smooth muscle have tropinin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does calcium reside in smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| calcium binds with what in smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the contraction is faster or slower in smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F smooth muscle can be self stimulating? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F a lot of smooth muscle lacks direct innervation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
list factors that could cause relaxing of smooth muscle? (also leads to vasodialation) |
|
Definition
-increase CO2 -decrease pH -increase in K -increase in lactic acid -fall in calcium -fall in body temperture |
|
|
Term
| T/F the adrena medulla can be classified as a neural cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the sympathetic nerves reside in _____ and arise from ____? |
|
Definition
| CNS, thoracolumbar region of spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| the parasympathetic nerves arise from ____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the preganglionic neuron synapsing with postganglionic neuron is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the neurotransmitter that is released by ALL pre-ganglionic neurons is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the postganglionic sympathetic system the transmitter being released is what? |
|
Definition
| one of the catecholamines--primarily norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| where is the preganglionic sympathetic body located? |
|
Definition
| lateral horn of spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| are the sympathetic preganglionic fibers myelinated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the preganglionic parasympathetic body located? |
|
Definition
| autonomic nuclei of cranial nerve-primarily in brain stem |
|
|
Term
| T/F there are no sympathetic fibers coming out of sacral region? |
|
Definition
| TRUE-only parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| T/F there are no parasympathetic fibers leaving the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the the sympathetic truck located? |
|
Definition
| it is paravetebral-both sides of verterbal column |
|
|
Term
| where do collateral ganglia usually lie? |
|
Definition
| anterior to spinal colum and close to large abdominal arteries |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of a collateral ganglia? |
|
Definition
| solar plexus called celiac ganglion |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 examples of collateral ganglia in the abdomen? |
|
Definition
| superior and inferior mesenteric ganglion |
|
|
Term
| where is the parasympathetic ganglion usually located? |
|
Definition
| close to the wall or in the wall of the organ that is stimulated |
|
|
Term
| T/F The postganglionic sympathetic neurons are unmilenated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the postganglionic parasympathetic ganglion are unmylinated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the exception to parasympathetic neurons generally have no affect on blood vessels? |
|
Definition
face and penis (blushing and erection) |
|
|
Term
| T/F all organs that have a parasympathetic innervation have a sypmathetic innervation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do all organs that are sympathetically innervated, have parasympathetic innervation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is sympathetic tone maintained? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the neurotransmitter that will always be released from postganglionic parasympathetic is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the sypmathetic pathway can take many different routes to get to organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the chromaffin cell in the adrenal medulla is? |
|
Definition
| the postganglionic neuron |
|
|
Term
| the postganglionic fibers carry what color ramus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the preganglionic fibers carry what color ramus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two types of receptors that acetylcholine will interact with are? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| T/F nicotic receptors are always exitatory? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what type of specific recepter is in sodium channel? |
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Definition
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Term
| what will bind to muscarinic receptors? |
|
Definition
| muscarine and polycarpine |
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Term
| what inhibits a muscrinic receptor? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F muscarine will bind to nicotinic receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What will bind to nicotinic 1 or 2 receptors? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what will block nicotinic receptors? |
|
Definition
| tubacurarine or hexanomium |
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|
Term
| what type of nicotinic receptor is on skeletal muscle? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what type of receptor cell is on sympathetic postganglion neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| an example of stimulation of beta 1 receptor will generally cause what ? |
|
Definition
| stimulate metabolism and cardiac muscle stimulation |
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Term
| an example of stimulation of beta 2 receptor will generally cause what ? |
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Definition
| relaxation of smooth muscles in respitory pathways and dialate vessels in skeletal muscles |
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Term
| T/F typically both alpha and beta receptors are found on tissues |
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Definition
| true-but a particular type will predominate |
|
|
Term
| where are alpha 1 receptors primarily found where? |
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Definition
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Term
what happens when alpha 1 receptors bind?
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|
Definition
| smooth muscle contracts and vessels constrict |
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|
Term
| alpha 2 receptors are found? |
|
Definition
| adipose cites and platelets |
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Term
| what happens when alpha 2 receptors bind? |
|
Definition
| inihibition of lapolisis and trigger aggregation of platelets |
|
|
Term
| where are beta 1 receptors found |
|
Definition
| adipose cites and cardiac muscle |
|
|
Term
| what is the predominate type of receptor on cardiac muscle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where are beta 2 receptors found? |
|
Definition
| vasculture smooth muscle and bronchiole smooth muscle |
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|
Term
| what is an example that will block nicotinic receptors |
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Definition
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|
Term
| where are nicotinic receptors mostly found? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| so if nicotinic receptors are blocked what is the result? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| if you want to block muscranic receptors what would you use? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is the result of atropine? |
|
Definition
| supresses salivary and respitory secrections |
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|
Term
| if you want to have clear respitory track of patient what would you give him? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what blocks the acetylcholine esterase? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what could be used to dialate the eye of patient? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| general beta blocker-blocks both beta 1 and 2 is ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what will we use to dilate the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 3 things that will cause sypmpathetic responses |
|
Definition
1.emergency 2.excercise 3.embarassament |
|
|
Term
| what are conditions that are set off from parasympathetic response? |
|
Definition
SLUDE 1.salivation 2.lacrimation 3.urination 4.defication 5. erection |
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|
Term
| if there is incomplete canalization of GI tract, the narrowing is called? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| if there is no opening at all of GI tract is called? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| where is atrisia most commonly found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the dorsal and ventral pancreas fuse in embryo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if no gut rotation occurs what could happen? |
|
Definition
| two islands of pancreatic tissue and two entrances into GI tract |
|
|
Term
| how are salivary glands innervated? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| initial breakdown of polysacharrides in the mouth is done by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is another and the main location of amylase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many types of muscle are in the stomach? |
|
Definition
| 3-circular, longitudinal and oblique |
|
|
Term
| what do chief cells of stomach produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what enzyme breaks down proteins? |
|
Definition
| pepsin (the active form of pepsinogen) |
|
|
Term
| how do parietal cells react to pepsinogen? |
|
Definition
| release HCL and intrinsic factor |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of intrinsic factor? |
|
Definition
| aid in absorbtion of vitamin b12 |
|
|
Term
| what are the three phases of digestion from stomach |
|
Definition
1.cephalic phase 2.gastric phase 3.intestinal phase |
|
|
Term
| what stimulates gastric juice? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| if in a patient you can't hear bowel sounds they may have? |
|
Definition
| bowel peralysis or periatic ilieum |
|
|
Term
| what is the nervous system of GI tract called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is released when fattty acids and monoglycerides from the wall of duedenum and jejunum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of cholecystokinan? |
|
Definition
stimulates gall bladder contractions -inhibit gastric contraction and emptying |
|
|
Term
| what does cholecystokinan trigger in brain? |
|
Definition
| satiation-I can quit eating now |
|
|
Term
| what harmone is associated with fasting upper duedenum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for vomiting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the intestines come from what 2 loops embryonically |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if the intestines do not retract embryonically it is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a twist in intestines that have not turned is called? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| small intestine on top of large intestine is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a fibrous pouch much like appendix is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what produces amylase for primary role in digestion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the most important substances secreted by pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some example of pancreatic proteases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is released from pancreas that breaks down RNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is essential in washing the enzymes from pancrease into GI tract |
|
Definition
| bicarbonate alkeline fluid |
|
|
Term
| where does gycogen to glucose breakdown occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what organ is mainly responsible for detoxification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what secretes bile acids? (and a lot of other stuff) |
|
Definition
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