Term
| What is physiological pH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At physiological pH, most amino acids exist as ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Histidine is hydrophilic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Lysine is hydrophobic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Arginine is hydrophilic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Serine is hydrophilic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Threonine is hydrophobic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the aromatic amino acids. |
|
Definition
| tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine |
|
|
Term
| Valine, leucine, and isoleucine are ____________. |
|
Definition
| branched chain amino acids |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Branched chain amino acids are hydrophobic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which amino acid is neither hydrophilic nor hydrophobic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Only the __ forms of amino acids are found in mammalian proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause denaturation of proteins? |
|
Definition
| pH, temperature, mechanic |
|
|
Term
| Enzymes are ______________ that enhance reaction rates without themselves being used up in the process. |
|
Definition
| substrate-specific catalysts |
|
|
Term
| ___________ are sometimes needed to activate enzymes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ degrade protein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ remove phosphate residues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ transfer amino groups between substrates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Enzyme concentrations are used to diagnose or treat disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Km is the substrate concentration at which _________________________. |
|
Definition
| the reaction rate is 1/2 its maximal value |
|
|
Term
| An enzyme with low affinity for its substrate has a ___ Km. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An enzyme with high affinity for its substrate has a ___ Km. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is reached when the enzyme becomes saturated with its substrate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ inhibitors can be reversed by increasing substrate concentrations. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ inhibitors cannot be changed by increasing substrate concentrations. |
|
Definition
| Reversible noncompetitive |
|
|
Term
| _________ inhibitors form a stable complex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ catalyze similar reactions but are slightly different in chemical structure and kinetic properties. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein is digested in the stomach by ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein is digested in the intestine by __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Free amino acids can be absorbed intact. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Small di-and tripeptides can be absorbed intact. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Larger peptides are digested further by ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During absorption in the small intestine, amino acids are transported from __________ to __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ can be absorbed intact in the neonate for 24-36 hours. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For how long can immunoglobulins be absorbed intact in the neonate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aromatic amino acids are metabolized in the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Branched chain amino acids are oxidized by ________ and ________ tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The brain and muscle tissues have high levels of ____________ that oxidizes branched chain amino acids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In healthy animals, the BCAA:AAA ratio is approximately ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In liver disease, the BCAA:AAA ratio is approximately ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In liver disease, there is decreased hepatic clearance of _______ and increased utilization of ________ in muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Catabolism of BCAA in skeletal muscle for energy purposes results in transfer of amino groups to _________ or _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The transfer of amino groups to pyruvavte forms _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The transfer of amino groups to glutamate forms ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ is the favored gluconeogenic substrate of liver cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
An amino acid must still have its amino group in order to be metabolized. |
|
Definition
| False: amino acids cannot be metabolized if they still have an amino group |
|
|
Term
| ______ that is produced during amino acid metabolism is toxic to the body and must be removed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pyruvate undergoes transamination to __________ by __________. |
|
Definition
| alanine, alanine transaminase |
|
|
Term
| After transamination of pyruvate to alanine, the alanine enters the blood and is transported to the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Within the liver, alanine is converted back into _________ which is then used for ____________. |
|
Definition
| pyruvate, gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
| Once alanine is converted back to pyruvate in the liver, what happens to the NH3 group that was removed from alanine? |
|
Definition
| it enters the urea cycle and is excreted |
|
|
Term
| ________ is the preferred substrate for amino acid oxidation in the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Valine can be deaminated to ___________ in the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After valine is deaminated, the NH3 group is transferred to _________ to form __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
The majority of amino acids are glucogenic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucogenic amino acids form ____________ and ___________ when metabolized. |
|
Definition
| TCA intermediates, pyruvate |
|
|
Term
| List the ketogenic amino acids. |
|
Definition
| leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan |
|
|
Term
| Ketogenic amino acids form __________ when metabolized. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Positive nitrogen balance occurs when _________ exceeds __________ of protein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Negative nitrogen balance occurs when _______ exceeds _______ of protein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Urea synthesis occurs only in the _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Urea biosynthesis involves __ steps in the mitochondria and __ steps in the cytosol. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The main reason to form urea is to reduce levels of ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BUN is freely filtered by the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About 25% of urea goes into the digestive tract, where __________ activity is high. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In cases of hyperammonemia, diffusion of NH3 out of the intestine needs to be minimized. This is achieved by __________ of the intestine with ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In hyperammonemia, in order to trap NH3 in the intestinal tract so it can be excreted instead of absorbed, NH3 is acidified to _____. Why does this trap it in the intestine? |
|
Definition
| NH4+, NH4+ is a charged molecule, so it cannot travel through membranes and is therefore excreted instead of reabsorbed |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal range for total protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ is the most abundant plamsa protein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ acts as an osmotic agent by creating oncotic pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Albumin works as a Ca++ transport agent. |
|
Definition
|
|
