Term
| What is Animal Physiology? |
|
Definition
is the study of animal function.
--“how the animal works”
It is the principal discipline in the understanding of health and disease. |
|
|
Term
| Physiology seeks to answer two central questions about how animals work: |
|
Definition
What is the mechanism by which a function is accomplished?
How did that mechanism come to be? |
|
|
Term
| What is Natural Selection? |
|
Definition
| is the increase in frequency of genes that produce phenotypes that raise the likelihood that animals will survive and reproduce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is a physiological mechanism or other trait that is a product of evolution by natural selection.
Also aids in the survival and reproduction of animals living
Example: light flashes of fireflies used to attract mates |
|
|
Term
| What is Comparative Animal Physiology? |
|
Definition
the “synthetic” study of the function of all animals.
compares systematically the ways that various sorts of animals carry out similar functions
(i.e. vision, breathing, circulation) |
|
|
Term
| What is environmental animal physiology? |
|
Definition
the study of how animals respond physiologically to environmental conditions and challenges
“ecologically relevant physiology” |
|
|
Term
| What is temperature conformity? |
|
Definition
occurs when an animal permits internal and external conditions to be equal.
--This is often displayed with respect to some characteristics of their internal environment while showing regulations with respect to others
--Example: salmon |
|
|
Term
| What is temperature regulation? |
|
Definition
| If the animal maintains internal constancy in the face of external variability, it is said to show regulation |
|
|
Term
| What are acute responses? |
|
Definition
| responses exhibited during the first minutes or hours after an environmental change. |
|
|
Term
| What are chronic responses? |
|
Definition
| are expressed following prolonged exposure to new environmental conditions. |
|
|
Term
| What is the universal solvent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lipids that contain phosphate groups. |
|
|
Term
| What's the difference between Saturated and Unsaturated? |
|
Definition
Hydrocarbons are saturated if they contain no double bonds
Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain at least one double bond. |
|
|
Term
| What are integral membrane proteins? |
|
Definition
| are parts of the membrane and cannot be removed without extraction procedures that take the membrane apart. |
|
|
Term
| What are peripheral membranes |
|
Definition
| are associated with the membrane but can be removed without destroying the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sheet of cells that covers a body surface or organ, or lines a cavity. |
|
|
Term
| What are tight junctions? |
|
Definition
| place where the cell membranes of adjacent cells are tightly joined so that there is no intracellular space between the cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| junction at which mutually adjacent glycoprotein filaments from two adjacent cells intermingle across the space between cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occur at discrete spots, containing open pores between the cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical complexes broken down----release energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesize larger and more complex compounds---requires energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecule that accelerates a rxn without, in the end, being altered itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the molecules that bind to specific nonsubstrate-binding sites by noncovalent bonds are known as enzyme ligands |
|
|
Term
| What is allosteric modulation? |
|
Definition
| the modulation of the catalytic properties of an enzyme by the binding of nonsubstrate ligands to nonsubstrate binding sites (allosteric sites) |
|
|
Term
| What is covalent modulation? |
|
Definition
| another way the function of cells is regulated by changes in the catalytic activity of enzymes—covalent bonds are either made or broken…most common are: |
|
|
Term
| What is feedback inhibition? |
|
Definition
| a process in which a product of a metabolic pathway decreases the catalytic activity of a rate-limiting enzyme earlier in the pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The traditional approach to the study of the multiple levels of organization in animal physiology. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Genomics sets the stage for physiologists to adopt a new bottom-up approach to study the physiological phenomena.
Physiologist first sequence the genome of a species then work their way up to the animal function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the dissolved materials that move across membranes |
|
|
Term
| What is does Transport mean? |
|
Definition
| all movement of solute or water across cell membrane or epithelia, regardless of the mechanisms of movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A state of minimal capacity to do work under locally prevailing conditions- the state toward which an isolated system moves-internally- when it has no inputs or outputs of energy |
|
|
Term
| What is Passive Transport mechanism? |
|
Definition
| carrying materials in the direction of equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| What is Active Transport Mechanism? |
|
Definition
| can carry materials in the direction opposing equilibrium. |
|
|
Term
| What are Voltage Gated channels? |
|
Definition
| opens and closes in response to voltage difference across a membrane |
|
|
Term
| What are Stretched Gated Channels? |
|
Definition
| opens or closes in response to stretching or pulling forces that alter the physical tension on a membrane. |
|
|
Term
| What is Primary active transport? |
|
Definition
draws energy immediately from ATP.
Ex: Na+ -K+ -ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase |
|
|
Term
| What is secondary active transport? |
|
Definition
draws energy from an electromechanical gradient of a solute.
Ex: Glucose absorption in the small intestine of a hummingbird. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a transporter protein moves two solutes in coupled fashion in one direction. The protein is a cotranspoter |
|
|
Term
| What is countertransport? |
|
Definition
| when a transporter moves two solutes in coupled in opposite directions. The protein is a countertransporter. |
|
|
Term
| What is osmotic pressure? |
|
Definition
| The property of a solution that allows one to predict whether the solution will gain or loose water by osmotic when it undergoes exchange with another solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The highest temperature capable of inducing freezing |
|
|
Term
| What is water vapor pressure? |
|
Definition
| Measures the tendency of a solution to evaporate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the passive transport of water across a membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The rate at which an animal consumes energy |
|
|
