Term
| Where does blood get rid of CO2 and wastes? |
|
Definition
| Lungs (CO2) and skin/kidneys (wastes) |
|
|
Term
| what does blood transport? |
|
Definition
O2 and CO2
nutrients and wastes
hormones
heat |
|
|
Term
| how does blood protect us? |
|
Definition
protect against disease (WBC)
clotting (prevents excessive blood loss) |
|
|
Term
| What does blood regulate in our body? |
|
Definition
pH (by using buffers)
body temp
water content of cells (BCOP) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what transports most substances in blood?" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pathway for extracellular fluid |
|
Definition
| plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph |
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|
Term
| antibodies (proteins) in the blood (also connected to lymph) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| antibodies (proteins) in the blood (also connected to lymph) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| proteins that maintain blood colloid osmotic pressure/diffusion control across capillary walls |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does hemopoiesis take place? what kind of stem cells does it work with? what influences end product? |
|
Definition
| made in red bone marrow; contains pluripotent cells; responds to specific hormones to form all bl cells |
|
|
Term
| how many hemoglobin molecules on RBC? how many O2 on each hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many hemoglobin molecules on RBC? how many O2 on each hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of blood cell carries O2, some CO2 and regulates bl pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does it mean that RBC are not metabolically active? |
|
Definition
| they don't use any of the O2 they carry |
|
|
Term
| where are most old RBC's broken down or phagocytized? if that is taken out, where is that process diverted to? |
|
Definition
| spleen; liver and red bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| how many RBC are created and dying every second? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| part of hemoglobin that carries iron; and thus carries the O2 in the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| O2 carrying protein in RBC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RBC production in red bone marrow |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| RBC production in red bone marrow |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Fe3+ plus erythropoietin + Vit B12 + globin makes |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| these cells - the main function is to fight disease |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| response to stress that increases WBC numbers |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| blood cell that has life span of few hours (if active infection) to days to your entire life |
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Definition
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|
Term
| WBC that gets to infection site first; phagocytes, but not very hearty; make up 60-70% of WBC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what attracts WBC's to infection site? |
|
Definition
| chemotaxis - chemicals released at site by dying cells |
|
|
Term
| second to arrive at infection site...turn into MACROPHAGES once there, never leave |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
WBC used for diagnosis...involved in inflammation and allergic reaction
(looks like pepper...allergic reaction) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| work with basophils to reduce allergic reaction, and also fights parasitic worms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphocytes that create memory and secretes antibodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphocytes that create memory and secretes antibodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| viruses, cancer cells, transplanted organs, involved in transfusion reactions |
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|
Term
| cell fragments that form plugs to promote clot formation; last 5-9 days |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood type and Rh factor are genetically determined |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| condition where - if wrong blood type is given, hemolysis occurs bc body produces antibodies against incompatible blood types |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Rh factor present on RBC, so person is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rh factor most important for mom who is Rh ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| iron carried in blood by ___; why does it need carrier? |
|
Definition
| transferrin; bacteria will eat it |
|
|
Term
| RBC broken down in spleen or liver gives off ___ and ____ |
|
Definition
| heme (iron) and globin (proteins) |
|
|
Term
| Heme turns into Fe3+, traveling first to ___; then to ____ to be part of making more _____ |
|
Definition
| liver, red bone marrow, RBC |
|
|
Term
| Part of Heme also breaks down into ____; which turns into ____ and goes to liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bilirubin travels to ___ after leaving liver; when bacteria is added, it becomes ___ |
|
Definition
| small intestine; Urobilinogen |
|
|
Term
| Urobilinogen - describe to pathways out of body |
|
Definition
to kidney, becomes Urobilin, then urine
becomes Stercobilin and feces |
|
|
Term
| globin (after being released from dying RBC) turns into? |
|
Definition
| amino acids; reused for protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
condition where there is not enough Fe3+ in bone marrow, so hemoglobin isn't carrying enough O2
- often tired, may need to cough to get O2 in quickly, harder to breathe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| condition where liver working not well enough, bilirubin gets into blstream |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heme -- Fe3+ and Transferrin -- liver -- red bone marrow -- part of new RBC |
|
|
Term
| all WBC's have this identity marker protruding from their cell membrane; unique to everyone (except ID twins)...all cells but RBC's have this |
|
Definition
| Major Histocompatibilty Complex |
|
|
Term
| complex process that causes bleeding to stop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| complex process that causes bleeding to stop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cellular O2 deficiency bc of higher altitudes, circulatory problems, anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stimulates kidneys to release erythropoeitin, to make more RBCs to bring more 02 to to body tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thrombopoietin turns pluripotent cells into ____ that splinter into ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| release chemicals to promote clotting; stop blood loss by forming plug |
|
|
Term
| percentage of T cells actually make cut when maturing in thymus gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| low count of neutrophils might mean? |
|
Definition
| Vit B12 deficiency, drug toxicity, systemic lupus, radiation exposure |
|
|
Term
| high count of neutrophils could mean what? |
|
Definition
| bacterial infection, burns, stress, inflammation |
|
|
Term
| high count of lymphocytes might mean? |
|
Definition
| viral infection, some leukemias |
|
|
Term
| Low count lymphocytes may indicate |
|
Definition
| prolonged illness, immunosuppression, tx with cortisol |
|
|
Term
| someone presents with viral or fungal infection, TB, some leukemias, or other chronic disease - which WBC count is high? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Low count monocytes means: |
|
Definition
| bone marrow suppression, tx with cortisol |
|
|
Term
| High eosinophils and basophils could present as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pregnancy, ovulation, stress or hyperthyroidism would mean low count of what WBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypothyroidism increases # of which WBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parasitic infection or autoimmune disease would increase count of which WBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percentage lymphocytes are in bloodstream? where are rest? |
|
Definition
2%;
skin, lungs, lymph nodes, spleen |
|
|
Term
| process by which WBC leave blood stream, they roll along, stick to, then squeeze thru fenestrations in dilated bl vsls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chemicals released by microbes and inflamed tissues that attract phagocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| once pathogen enters deeper tissues, how do WBCs fight them off? |
|
Definition
| phagocytosis or immune responses |
|
|
Term
| Myeloid stem cells produce |
|
Definition
| RBC, megakaryocytes (platelets), eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes (macrophages) |
|
|
Term
| B cells and T cells stem from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
neutrophils make up what % of WBCs?
lymphocytes make up what % of WBCs?
monocytes make up what % of WBCs?
eosinophils make up what % of WBCs?
basophils make up what % of WBCs? |
|
Definition
60-70%
20-25%
3-8%
2-4%
0.5-1% |
|
|
Term
| primary lymphatic organs (where stem cells div and become immunocompetent) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
2ndry lymphatic organs - where fight happens?
largest mass lymph tissue? |
|
Definition
spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic nodules
SPLEEN |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are lymphatic nodules located? (with MALT) |
|
Definition
| mucous membranes of GI tract, urinary, reproductive tract, respiratory tract |
|
|
Term
what is fx of white pulp in spleen?
red pulp? |
|
Definition
white: immunology
red: RBC getting rid of |
|
|
Term
| fx of lymphatic system -3 |
|
Definition
drain excess interstitial fluid
transport dietary lipid (bc of fenestrations)
carry out immune response |
|
|
Term
| lymphatic vessels - resemble veins, how different though? |
|
Definition
| thinner walls, more valves |
|
|
Term
| lymphatic vsls return lost plasma proteins to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which 2 pumps that aid venous return also aid lymphatic mvmt |
|
Definition
skeletal muscle pump
respiratory pump |
|
|
Term
| fxl part of lymph node called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lymph flows 1 direction only in node - T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pathway of lymph thru node |
|
Definition
| enters thru many afferent vsls, leaves thru 1 or 2 efferent vsls - cleaned out, with activated T cells, antibodies |
|
|
Term
| how many lymph nodes in body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lymph nodes are filter, macrophages and immune response filter lymph - T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does skin provide 1st line defense? |
|
Definition
| keratinized cells, staggered |
|
|
Term
| chemical factors of 1st line of defense |
|
Definition
| mucous membranes, oil glands, sweat, gastric juices, vaginal secretions, urine, feces, tears (lysozymes), nasal secretions |
|
|
Term
| mechanical factors of skin as 1st line of defense |
|
Definition
| cilia, nose hairs, keratinized -tough cells, staggered cells, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevent replication of neighboring uninfected cells |
|
|
Term
| how do complement proteins work? where are complement proteins? |
|
Definition
complement/enhance certain immune responses - causes cytolysis, promotes phagocytosis, contrib to inflammation
-- in blood plasma or plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| what do NK cells use to attack? |
|
Definition
perforin
granzymes (induces apoptosis) |
|
|
Term
| pain, swelling, heat, redness indicate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vasodilation, emigration, tissue repair |
|
|
Term
| phagocytosis in 2nd line of defense comes thru |
|
Definition
| macrophages, neutrophils - bc of chemotaxis |
|
|
Term
| 3 antimicrobial substances in 2nd line of defense |
|
Definition
iron-binding proteins
complements
interferons |
|
|
Term
| kills microbes hopefully, resets hypothalamus, raises metabolic processes - which aids in tissue repair |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 aspects of 2nd line of immune defense |
|
Definition
antimicrobial substances
NK cells
phagocytosis
inflammation
fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dispose of microbes, prevent spread, aid in tissue repair |
|
|
Term
| vasodilation of bl vsls allows for ____; 2 fx |
|
Definition
emigration -
brings supplies, removes debris |
|
|
Term
| pocket of dead phagocytes and damaged tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prostaglandins released by damaged cells, intensify what? also stimulate ___ |
|
Definition
| kinins and histamine (pain-associated); may also stimulate emigration |
|
|
Term
| ability of body to defend itself against specific Ag |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adaptive immunity different than innate because it has memory and ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ability to carry out adaptive immune resonse - have Ag receptors to ID specific Ag |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Helper T cells aid in which two types of immunity |
|
Definition
| cell-mediated and Ab-mediated |
|
|
Term
| process by which lymphocyte proliferates and differentiates in response to specific Ag |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many different epitopes do we have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| epitope or antigenic determinant |
|
Definition
- small portion of large Ag -
what part of Ag provokes immune response |
|
|
Term
| ability of an Ag to provoke immune response is called it's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ability of Ag to react specifically with Ab it provoked |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when ___ cell sees Ag, it creates Ab and Ab goes after Ag |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When T cell sees Ag, what does it do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T cells need to see processed Ag before it goes after it - T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B cells can bind and recognize Ag - T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| antigen presentation - when ___ is presented on cell membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are CD8 cytotoxic T cells different than NK cells? what do they use to kill cells? |
|
Definition
NK nonspecific, T cells have specificity;
use perforin, granulysin - cause cytolysis
granzymes - induce apoptosis |
|
|
Term
| immunological surveillance - what cells working together to target tumor Ags on cancer cells |
|
Definition
| cytotoxic T cells, macrophages, NK cells |
|
|
Term
| Ab combine specifically with ___ of Ag that triggered its production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neutralize Ag, immobilize bacteria, agglutinate Ag or precipitate Ag, enhance phagocytosis, activate complement |
|
|
Term
| Recog of self means there is what in cell? Non self lacks this |
|
Definition
|
|
