Term
| fx of membranes surrounding heart |
|
Definition
| confines while still allowing free mvmt |
|
|
Term
| tough, elastic connective tissue around heart that prevents overstretching, provides protection, and anchorage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
thinner more delicate membrane (also called epicardium)
-double layer - parietal and visceral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what reduces friction in pericardial cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rt. atrium rec blood from where? (3) |
|
Definition
| superior and inferior vena cava, coronary sinus |
|
|
Term
| what muscles help heart contractions, rhythm and prevent overflow into atria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| separates R and L atrium, has fossa ovalis and ductus arteriosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| separates rt atrium from rt ventricle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| forms anterior surface of heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ridges formed by raised bundles of cardiac muscle fiber, part of conduction system of heart, Located in RV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what assists tricuspid valve with mvmt, preventing backflow, etc |
|
Definition
| chordae tendinae and papillary muscles |
|
|
Term
| what increases capacity of atria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| grooves on surface of heart, contain coronary bl vsls and coronary sulcus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| visceral layer of serous pericardium, smooth and slippery texture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 95% of heart is ____ muscle |
|
Definition
| cardiac muscle on myocardium |
|
|
Term
| smooth lining for chambers of heart, valves; continuous with lining of large bl vsls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| forms base of the heart; has pectinate muscles in auricle, contains bicuspid valve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bicuspid valve also called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Forms apex, thickest chamber of heart
- also has trab carn and chordae tend, pap muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
dense connective tissue that forms
-structural foundation
- point of insertion for muscle bundles
- electrical insulator between A and V
- allows for lag time to allow V to get full
- muscles anchor to this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LV has to work harder to maintain same rate of blood flow as RV - T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do aortic and pulm valves open? |
|
Definition
| pressure in V exceeds pressure in arteries |
|
|
Term
| Left side of heart, rec blood from lungs - which circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| right side of heart, rec bl from body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cardiovascular system includes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
how many times does heart BEAT per
minute
day
yr
lifetime |
|
Definition
60
100,000
35 million
2.5 billion |
|
|
Term
how many Liters does heart PUMP per
minute
day
yr |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
how many times does heart PUMP per
minute
day
yr |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2007, Japanese researchers discovered that what step is unnecessary when performing CPR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| provides alternate routes or COLLATERAL circuits; in coronary arteries, allows for heart muscle to rec sufficient O2 even if artery partially blocked. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| collect in coronary sinus and empty into RA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| coronary arteries branch from ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fx of ductus arteriosus in fetal dev; turns into what at birth? |
|
Definition
| bypasses lungs, becomes ligamentum arteriosum |
|
|
Term
| what holds fibers together in intercalated disks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| allow Action potential conduction from one fiber to the next in intercalated disks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| striated, one nucleus, lots of mitochondria, stair-step appearance, connected by intercalated disks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
act as pacemaker, FORM conduction system
- self-excitable, generates AP that trigger heart contraction, specialized cardiac muscle fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| located in RA wall, begins conduction system, beats 100 bpm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pathway for conduction system of heart |
|
Definition
| SA node - AV node - AV bundle (Bundle of His) - bundle branches - Purkinje fibers (muscles contract) |
|
|
Term
| only site where AP can conduct from atria to ventricles due to fibrous skeleton |
|
Definition
| AV bundle (Bundle of His) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lag time in conduction system of heart is where? FX of lag time? |
|
Definition
| AV node; allows ventricle to fill more completely |
|
|
Term
| our natural pacemaker is the ___; what system slows it down? |
|
Definition
| SA node; parasympathetic system constantly slowing it down |
|
|
Term
| our natural pacemaker is the ___; what system slows it down? |
|
Definition
| SA node; parasympathetic system constantly slowing it down |
|
|
Term
| what is bpm at AV node? at Purkinje fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
depolarization
plateau
repolarization |
|
|
Term
| fx of plateau period in cardiac A.P.; due to what partly? |
|
Definition
| maintained depolariz, allows ventricles to fill...due in part to V.G. Ca+ slow channels opening (Ca+ moves into cell) |
|
|
Term
| where is refractory period in cardiac A.P.? what is it? how long last? |
|
Definition
| in depolar and plateau state; time during which 2nd contraction can't be triggered...lasts longer than contraction itself |
|
|
Term
| what does plateau period ultimately trigger? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depolarization sustained due to what? |
|
Definition
| VG K+ channels balancing Ca+ inflow with K+ outflow |
|
|
Term
| all events associated with one heartbeat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| faster the heart beats, the ___ the relaxation period |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| volume of blood ejected from left or right V into aorta or pulm trunk each minute |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stroke volume x heart rate = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| difference between max CO and CO at rest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CO for typical resting male |
|
Definition
| 5.25 mL = 70mL/beat x 75 bpm |
|
|
Term
| avg cardiac reserve is ___ times the resting value |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what measures the fitness of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| composite record of A.P's produced by all heart muscle fibers; can compare tracings with each other and with normal records; has 3 recognizable waves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| P wave appears when; during ___ contraction |
|
Definition
| cardiac A.P. arises in SA node; during atrial contraction |
|
|
Term
| action potential enters AV bundle and out over Ventricles in this wave; masks atrial repolarization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| begins shortly after QRS complex appears and continues into S-T segment of wave |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T wave represents; followed by |
|
Definition
| repolarization of V fibers; ventricular diastole |
|
|
Term
| factors that ensure LV and RV pump = volumes of blood |
|
Definition
| preload, contractility and afterload |
|
|
Term
| degree of stretch on heart b4 it contracts; when increased, incr force of contraction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| more heart fills with blood during diastole, greater force of contraction during systole |
|
Definition
| Frank-Starling law of the heart |
|
|
Term
| preload is proportional to the ___ |
|
Definition
| EDV (end-diastolic volume) |
|
|
Term
| volume of blood returning to RV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 factors that determine EDV |
|
Definition
| duration of V diastole, venous return |
|
|
Term
| 2 factors that determine EDV |
|
Definition
| duration of V diastole, venous return |
|
|
Term
| strength of contraction at any given preload |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| positive inotropic agents ___ contractility and often promote Ca+ inflow during cardiac A.P. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Positive inotropic agents include ___, and also increase stroke volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Negative inotropic agents ___ contractility; ex of agents include |
|
Definition
| decrease; beta-blocker, Ca channel blocker, hypoxia, acidosis, some anesthetics, increased K+ in interstitial fluid |
|
|
Term
| resistance heart meets after lag time; pressure to overcome before semilunar valve can open |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increase afterload, ___ Stroke volume; why |
|
Definition
| decrease; blood remains in ventricle at end of systole |
|
|
Term
| hypertension and atherosclerosis increase ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| -90mV to +20mV (change of 110mV) - what stage of A.P? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| working atrial and ventricular muscle fibers are ____ fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does contractile fiber receive an A.P? where does it go? |
|
Definition
| from neighboring fibers; brings it to threshold |
|
|
Term
| Depolarization opens the FAST VG Na+ channels...how long does it take for these channels to inactivate and close |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In plateau, sarcolemma is activated by voltage change...which opens VG Ca SLOW chnls, allows for influx of Ca+ ...what else is triggered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what disorder (that causes contractions, and doesn't allow relaxation) CANNOT happen in heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what also happens when VG K+ chnls open on sarcolemma and K+ leaves cell? |
|
Definition
| Ca coming out of S.R. and interstitial, slow Ca channels opening |
|
|
Term
| ANS and Epi/NEpi most important factors in this fx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what hormones increase heart rate and contractility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| concentration of K, Ca and Na important for regulation of ___; ionic imbalance can compromise ___ |
|
Definition
heart rate
pumping effectiveness |
|
|
Term
| bl vsl layer made up of endothelial tissue (like lining of heart) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bl vsl layer made up of smooth muscle, regulates diameter of lumen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bl vsl layer made up of smooth muscle, regulates diameter of lumen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bl vsl layer made up of smooth muscle, regulates diameter of lumen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bl vsl layer made up of elastic and collagen fibers, helps anchor vsl to surrounding tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what supplies bl to tissues of vsls? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| arteries able to stretch and expand in response to pressure without tearing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alternate routes for circulation, all body regions supplied by 2 or more arteries |
|
Definition
| collateral circulation or anastomoses |
|
|
Term
| alternate routes for circulation, all body regions supplied by 2 or more arteries |
|
Definition
| collateral circulation or anastomoses |
|
|
Term
| vasoconstriction happens in these bl vsls, resulting in raised BP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| flow from metarteriole thru capillaries and into postcapillary venule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes capillaries to contract if blood not needed in FFF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary fx is to exchange between bl and interstitial fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary fx is to exchange between bl and interstitial fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some microcirculatory exchange happens in venules - T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| not designed to withstand high pressure, generally thinner walls than arteries, has valves that aid in venous return |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood reservoir in body, largest amt of bl at rest is here |
|
Definition
| systemic veins and venules |
|
|
Term
| reduces vol of bl in reservoirs, allows greater bl vol to flow where needed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mvmt of substances betw bl and interstitial fluid through 3 methods - what are they |
|
Definition
capillary exchange through
Diffusion
Transcytosis
Bulk Flow |
|
|
Term
| most important method of capillary exchange, crosses capillary wall thru intracellular clefts, or endothelial cells or fenestrations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most plasma proteins can't cross thru capillaries, except in sinusoids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| protein in urine usually means what? |
|
Definition
| kidney disease or infection |
|
|
Term
| tight junctions in this limit diffusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transcytosis important for what molecules? |
|
Definition
| large, lipid-insoluble molecules that can't cross cap walls any other way |
|
|
Term
| substances in bl plasma become enclosed in pinocytotic vessicles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| passive process where large #s ions, molec, or particles in fluid move together in same direction - based on PRESSURE GRADIENT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what's most important cap exch method for regulation of relative vol of bl and interstitial fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| flow from cap to interstitial, OUT of bl |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| flow from intersti fluid to cap; INTO blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| balance of two pressures that regulate filtration and reabsorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| flow from intersti fluid to cap; INTO blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| balance of 2 pressures that regulate filtration and reabsorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
pressure on vsl as bl flowing thru; generated by pumping action of heart
-moves from 35mmHg to 16mmHg as moves across capillary |
|
Definition
| BHP - Blood hydrostatic pressure |
|
|
Term
| more water in vsls than outside of vsls causes this pressure - about 1mmHg |
|
Definition
| Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP) |
|
|
Term
| which side of heart failure causes systemic congestion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which side of HF leads to pulmonary edema? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which side heart failure causes pulmonary edema |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| condition where heart pumping becomes less efficient, caused by CAD, MI, longterm hi BP, PRELOAD increases, less efficient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pressures that promote filtration |
|
Definition
| Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure and Blood hydrostatic pressure |
|
|
Term
| pressures that promote reabsorption |
|
Definition
| blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) |
|
|
Term
| pressure incurred bc of bl plasma proteins automatically pull water in. Avg 36mmHg |
|
Definition
| blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) |
|
|
Term
nearly as much is reabsorbed as is filtered - whose law is this?
20 L filtered, 17 reabsorbed, where does other 3L go? |
|
Definition
| Starling's Law; into lymphatic vsls and eventually back to blood thru subclavian veins |
|
|
Term
| arterial end, Net outward pressure is ___; at venous end fluid reabsorption pressure is ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood pressure depends on total vol of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what generates bl pressure? |
|
Definition
| contraction of ventricles |
|
|
Term
| opposition to bl flow due to friction betw bl and walls of bl vsls; depends on 3 things |
|
Definition
vascular resistance;
size of lumen, blood viscosity, total bl vsl length |
|
|
Term
| ratio of RBC's to plasma and protein concentration...higher means higher vascular resistance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 3 things bring bl back to heart |
|
Definition
pumping of LV
skeletal muscle mvmt
diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| vol of bl flowing back to heart thru systemic veins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| monitor pressure changes and stretch in bl vsl walls, located in carotid artery and aorta |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carotid sinus reflex help regulate BP where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| aortic reflex regulates BP where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when baroreceptors are stretched, more ___ happen, tells body to get rid of water, event lowers BP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when BP falls, baroreceptors stretched less, there is slower rate of impulses to cardiovascular center and how do PSNS and SNS respond? |
|
Definition
| decrease parasym, increase symp |
|
|
Term
| what can you do if HR soars, and need to get it back down |
|
Definition
| carotid sinus massage, dump face in cold water |
|
|
Term
| monitor concentration of various chem in bl |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| monitor mvmt of joints and muscles to provide input during physical activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| neural reflexes (baro, chemo and proprioceptors) influenced by what NS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| detect hypoxia (Lo O2), hypercapnia (Hi CO2) and acidosis (high H) -- send signals to cardiovascular center - which incr SNS to arterioles and veins, they vasoconstrict and incr BP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chemoreceptors also give input to ___ center to adjust ____ rate |
|
Definition
| respiratory to adjust breathing rate |
|
|
Term
| where are chemoreceptors located? |
|
Definition
| close to baroreceptors in carotid sinus and aortic arch |
|
|
Term
| what 3 hormones raise BP? |
|
Definition
| RAA, Epi and NEpi, and ADH |
|
|
Term
| what hormone lowers BP - only one |
|
Definition
| ANP- atrial natriuretic peptide |
|
|
Term
| what hormone lowers BP - only one |
|
Definition
| ANP- atrial natriuretic peptide |
|
|
Term
hormones help regulate ___ and ___ by
- altering Cardiac output
- changing systemic vascular resistance
- adjusting total bl vol |
|
Definition
| regulate BP and blood flow |
|
|
Term
| autoregulation of BP by tissues - what does this mean? |
|
Definition
| tissues can use precap sphincters to shut down bl supply if they know they have too much O2 |
|
|
Term
| going back to -90mV means what has happened? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| determined by substances that alter mvmt of Ca+ thru slow Ca+ channels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does Epi increase heart contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do cardiac muscle mitochondria produce ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| after MI, patient will have this in their blood; it's released when cells are damaged or dead into bloodstream |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two most important factors in reg of heart rate |
|
Definition
ANS (PSNS and SNS)
Epi and NEpi from Adrenal medulla |
|
|
Term
| Maximum heart rate (MHR) figured out how? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what centers receive signals from neural ceptors |
|
Definition
| cardiovascular center of medulla oblongata, limbic system, cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| SNS pathway to speed up WHOLE heart |
|
Definition
| med oblong - spinal cord - thoracic region - cardiac accelerated nerves - SA node - AV node -- myocardium |
|
|
Term
| effect of NEpi on SA and AV node |
|
Definition
| speeds up rate of sponataneous depolarization |
|
|
Term
| effect of NEpi on contractile fibers on cardiac muscle |
|
Definition
| enhances Ca+ entry thru VG slow Ca+ chnls |
|
|
Term
| PSNS affects heart thru which nerve? What's pathway? |
|
Definition
L and R Vagus nerve;
medulla oblongata - SA node - AV node and atrial fibers |
|
|
Term
| why does PSNS have slower effect on heart than SNS? |
|
Definition
| bc PSNS doesn't get to myocardium, only goes to top part of heart, takes longer for PSNS to affect whole heart |
|
|
Term
| decr heart rate by promoting K+ leakage into interstitial tissues from inside nodal cells...causes hyperpolar of cells and takes longer for cells to reach threshold -- effect of what neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reestablishment of bl flow after blockage of coronary artery deprives heart of O2, can damage tissue further |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| complete obstruction to bl flow in coronary artery, causes death to tissue bc of interrupted bl supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| heart cells can regenerate - how find out? |
|
Definition
| yes - found out thru transplant across gender, found that DNA was changing over time |
|
|
Term
| accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries, leads to reduced bl flow to myocardium |
|
Definition
| coronary artery disease (CAD) |
|
|
Term
| failure of myocardium to contract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cessation of effective heartbeat, may be completely stopped or in v-fib |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fraction of EDV that is ejected during avg heartbt, equals SV/EDV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does aerobic exercise help heart? |
|
Definition
decr BP
incr CO
weight control
incr fibrinolytic activity |
|
|
Term
| how long does atrial contraction/systole last? what waves does it encompass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what valves open during atrial systole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 130 mL ends up in ventricle, as atria contract, it adds 25 mL of that to ventricle...130mL is the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| atrial systole happens after |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ALL valves closed, keeping bl vol constant in ventricle
- begins R wave (begin ventric depolar) |
|
Definition
| Isovolumetric ventricular contraction |
|
|
Term
S wave to T wave (after-effect of atrial depolar)
AV closed, SL open
LASTS 0.25 sec |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ea ventricle overcomes pressure in aorta or pulm trunk, ejection fraction is ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| end-systolic volume or residual vol is how much? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
how much pressure is in pulm trunk?
how much in RV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
how much pressure in aorta?
how much in LV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
begins at end of T wave; all valves closed, ventricular pressure decr rapidly
-beings ventricul repolar |
|
Definition
| isovolumetric ventricular relaxation |
|
|
Term
after T wave to next P wave
AV valves open, SL closed
as pressure in V drop, opens AV valves and bl begins to fill ventricles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| esp significant in malignant tumors that secrete protein TAF to create more arteries to dominate bl flow to itself |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| calcium channel blockers do what? |
|
Definition
decr strength of heart contraction, and thus workload of heart
dilate arteries to reduce pressure and resistance
prevents angina bc dilated vsls bring more O2 to heart
slows heart rate and can help control abnormal heart rhythms |
|
|
