Term
| What is another name for a SKELETAL muscle cell? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| plasma membrane of muscle fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| cytoplasm of a muscle fiber |
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Term
| What is the predominant organelle in the skeletal muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the characteristic that differentiates pictures of muscle TISSUES from muscle CELLS? |
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Definition
| nuclei; if nuclei are present it is a cell |
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Term
| What are the the proteins that constitute myofibrils? |
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Definition
| contractile (actin and myosin), regulatory (tropomyosin and troponin) |
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Term
| What are the two types of contractile myofilaments? |
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Definition
| actin (thin) and myosicontractile (actin and myosin), regulatory (thick) |
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Term
| What are the five components of the sarcomere? |
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Definition
| Z discs, A band, I band, H zone, and M line |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic unit of contraction in skeletal muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| the boundary of each sarcomere |
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Term
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Definition
| region where thin and thick filaments overlap |
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Term
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Definition
| area on either side of an A Band that contains only thin filaments |
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Term
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Definition
| central part of A band where no filaments reach |
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Term
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Definition
| center of the H zone that contains rods that hold thick filaments together |
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Term
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Definition
| contractile organelles of the muscle fiber; help give muscle cell its striped appearance |
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Term
| What are the two types of regulatory proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chord-like protein covering myosin binding sites on actin molecues |
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Term
| Define and state the purpose of troponin |
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Definition
| protein complex attached to tropomyosin; binds with Ca and pulls tropomyosin OFF binding sites |
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Term
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Definition
| invaginations of sarcolemma; T=transverse; lie between myofibrils |
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Term
| Define sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) |
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Definition
| membranous sacs that encircle each myofibril; stores Ca; equivalent to ER |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ___ extend beyond the length of the muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the substance that stores and carries O2 in muscle cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the triad of reticulum |
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Definition
| terminal cisternae and transverse tubules; located at the A-I junction |
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Term
| ___ actin encircle each myosin thick filament |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ proteins are lighter in color |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the crossbridge and its purpose? |
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Definition
| the head portion of the myosin filament; bridges the gap between myosin and actin during contraction |
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Term
ID:
the regulatory protein that covers Ca binding sites when at rest |
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Definition
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Term
| Contraction of muscles occurs through a ___ ___ mechanism |
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Definition
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Term
T/F:
The length of actin and myosin changes during contraction |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Ca dependent state of the Crossbridge Cycle? |
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Definition
| step 1: the binding of myosin to actin |
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Term
| What substance releases myosin from actin in the crossbridge cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Formaldehyde; type of tissue fixative |
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Term
| How does tissue become fixed in the formalin boogie? |
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Definition
| by forming cross-linkages in the proteins of the tissue |
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Term
ID:
Sequence of events that links that AP from a somatic motor neuron to muscle cell contraction |
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Definition
| Excitation-Contraction Coupling |
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Term
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Definition
| the AP of the LMN releases ACh from the LMN's axon terminal onto the sarcolemma |
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Term
| What are the three components of the Neuromuscular junction? |
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Definition
| axon terminal, motor end plate, and synaptic cleft |
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Term
| What is necessary for a muscle to be able to keep contracting? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is ATP created for muscle usage? |
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Definition
| substrate-level phosphorylation; creatine phosphate system |
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Term
| What is the energy source for activity that lasts 1-5secs. 5-45secs, and >45secs? |
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Definition
| ATP-PC; ATP-PC+Glycolysis; Glycolysis + Ox. Phos. |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanical response of an individual muscle cell, motor unit, or whole muscle to an AP |
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Term
| Describe muscle twitch (3) |
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Definition
| all-or-none; reproducible; same size every time |
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Term
| What are the three phases of a twitch? |
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Definition
| Latent period, contraction; relaxation |
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Term
ID:
millisecond time delay between the AP and initiation of contraction (time for ECC) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| crossbridge cycling is occurring and cystolic Ca levels are rising; time it takes Ca to maximize |
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Term
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Definition
| cytosolic Ca is returned to the SR and the number of crossbridges decline |
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Term
| why is a twitch always the same amplitude/size? |
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Definition
| An AP always triggers the same degree of Ca release from the SR which causes the same rise in cytosolic Ca => same # of crossbridges =>same amount of force generated |
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Term
| What are the contractile components of a muscle? |
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Definition
| all sarcomeres of a myocyte |
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Term
| What is the Series Elastic Component? |
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Definition
| parts of a muscle that don't contract but act to transfer tension developed in the sarcomeres to ends of the muscle cell |
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Term
| What are the two factors that determine the force generated in a whole muscle? |
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Definition
| force generated in individual muscle fibers; number of muscle fibers contracting |
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Term
| What are the factors that affect crossbridge formation? |
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Definition
| frequency of stimulationfeiber diameter, and changes in fiber length |
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Term
| What are the factors that affect frequency of stimulation? |
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Definition
| treppe, summation, and tetanus |
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Term
| ___ occurs at a frequency of muscle stimulation where independent twitches follow one another closely |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ and ___ occur at greater stimulus frequencies as twitches overlap in time |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the crucial variable that determines the force-generating capacity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are bigger muscles stronger muscles? |
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Definition
| because they have more sarcomeres |
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Term
| More sarcomeres= more ___ and ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| More myofilaments= more potential for ____ ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What does optimal length of sarcomeres ensure? |
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Definition
| optimal overlap of myosin and actin |
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Term
| What percentage of resting length if optimal? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the nervous system exert control over muscular force? |
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Definition
| by varying the number of muscle cells contracting |
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Term
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Definition
| single somatic motor neuron and all muscle cells it innervates |
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Term
| how does stretching before contracting affect force? |
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Definition
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Term
T/F:
Larger soma are easier to depolarize to threshold |
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Definition
| False; they need a greater stimulus |
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Term
| How does endurance exercise affect muscle fibers and why? |
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Definition
| enhances oxidative capacity; more and bigger mitochondria, increased capillary density, and fiber diameter decreases |
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Term
| What is the affect of high intensity exercise on muscle fibers? |
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Definition
| enhances glycolytic capacity of fibers; less and smaller mitochondria, decreased capillary density, increased concentration of glycolytic enzymes and fiber diameter increases |
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Term
| How do muscles get bigger? |
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Definition
| but adding new fibrils, NOT new cells |
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Term
| Describe myosatellite cells |
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Definition
| aka satellite cells; help with repair and growth |
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Term
| How do myosatellite cells contribute to hypertrophy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the myonuclear domain? |
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Definition
| evenly distributed nuclei; cytosol associated with each nucleus |
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Term
| What are the two protective sensors for skeletal muscles? |
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Definition
| muscle spindles (detect muscle length) and golgi tendon organs (detect muscle tension) |
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Term
| Describe the protective sensors for skeletal muscles |
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Definition
| special sensory receptors and their assoc afferent nerve fibers provide info regarding muscle movement to the CNS |
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Term
| Describe muscle spindle anatomy |
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Definition
| 2-12 modified muscle fibers called intrafusal fibers running parallel with extrafusal fibers |
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Term
| What are muscle spindles innervated by? |
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Definition
| la afferents and gamma motor neurons |
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Term
| What is the speed of cross-bridge cycling dictated by? |
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Definition
| the myosin ATPase isoform present in each fiber type |
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Term
| most muscles have ___ fiber types |
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Definition
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Term
| What does muscle spindle stretch result in? |
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Definition
| activation of alpha motor neuron and muscle contraction |
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Term
| What is the purpose of a stretch receptor? |
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Definition
| protect the muscle fibers from over stretching or contracting |
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Term
| What happens as a result of alpha motor neuron activation? |
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Definition
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Term
| gamma motor neurons stimulate ____ of ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you describe the arrangement of GTOs? |
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Definition
| in series; golgi tendon organs |
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Term
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Definition
| capsules of CT intertwined with collagen fibers of tendons |
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Term
| What is the purpose of GTOs? |
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Definition
| prevent too much contraction |
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Term
| What are GTOs innervated by and why? |
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Definition
| type 1b afferents; no contractile elements are associated with them (not innervated by motor neurons) |
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Term
| What leads to alpha motor inhibition and muscle relaxation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the CV consist of? |
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Definition
| heart and vessels (heart, blood vessels, blood) |
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Term
| What two systems regulate the CV system? |
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Definition
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Term
ID:
conduit system for blood |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of system is the CV system? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the position of the heart? |
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Definition
| upside down backwards leaning cone |
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Term
| What provides lubricant to reduce friction around the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ receive blood from the vessels |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ pump blood into the vessels |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ ALWAYS pump blood away from the heart |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most important ventricle and why? |
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Definition
| the left; it pumps blood to the brain |
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Term
| What are the three layers of the heart wall? |
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Definition
| myocardium, endocardium, epicardium |
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Term
| What is the thickest layer of the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the differences in myocardial thickness indicate? |
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Definition
| difference in the distance blood is pumped from certain chambers |
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Term
T/F:
The atrial myocardium is thinner than ventricular myocardium |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Atrioventricular valves |
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Definition
| flaps of CT between each atrium and ventricle |
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Term
| What are the parachute chords? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| thicker CT cusps located between each ventricle and the large artery it pumps blood into |
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Term
| What are the three components of vasculature? |
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Definition
| Arteries, veins and capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three layers of the walls of hollow organs? |
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Definition
| smooth muscle, endothelium, CT |
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Term
| What are the layers of capillaries? |
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Definition
| endothelium and basement membrane (CT) |
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Term
| What are the four components of blood? |
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Definition
| Plasma, leukocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes |
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Term
ID:
water with dissolved proteins and electrocytes |
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Definition
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Term
| WBCs with immune function |
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Definition
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Term
| cell fragments with clotting fragments |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of blood volume is plasma? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of Erythrocytes are in the blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of the biconcave shape of RBCs? |
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Definition
| flexibility to bend and increased SA |
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Term
| What substances move into and out of the blood in the pulmonary capillaries? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of blood is pumped by the RIGHT heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of blood is pumped by the LEFT heart and where does it go? |
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Definition
| oxygenated; systemic circuit |
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Term
| The systemic organs are said to be in ____ with one another |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ ____ take the blood to all organs at the same time |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of parallel blood flow? |
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Definition
| to ensure that all organs receive fully oxygenated blood; independent regulation of flow to each organ |
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Term
| Describe the redistribution of of blood flow |
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Definition
| when you need blood somewhere it comes from another location |
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Term
| What is the order of heart contraction? |
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Definition
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Term
T/F:
Atria and ventricles cannot contract at the same time |
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Definition
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Term
| What coordinates heart contractions? |
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Definition
| conduction system in the myocardium |
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Term
| What term describes the conduction system of the heart and what does that entail? |
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Definition
| myogenic contractile activity; contracts without activation from a neuron |
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Term
| Define autorhythmic cells |
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Definition
| specialized cardiac myocytes |
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Term
| What are the two types of Autorhythmic cells? |
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Definition
| pacemaker cells (spontaneously make AP and est heart rate; conduction fibers (transmit AP) |
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Term
| What are examples of pacemaker cells and conduction fibers? |
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Definition
| SA and AV nodes; large diameter cardiac myocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| Electrocardiogram: recording the electrical activity of the heart |
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Term
| how many electrodes are in an ECG lead? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three components of ECG waves? |
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Definition
| P-wave, QRX complex, and T-wave |
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Term
| Larger amplitude deflection indicates what? |
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Definition
| larger mass of depolarized cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization |
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Term
ID:
ventricular repolarization |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the cardiac cycle |
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Definition
| all events that involve the flow of blood through the heart during one beat |
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Term
| What phase of the cardiac cycle is associated with contraction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four phases of the cardiac cycle? |
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Definition
| Ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, and isovolumeric relaxation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
ID:
when ventricles contract and the amount of blood present remains constant |
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Definition
| isovolumetric contraction |
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Term
ID:
exit blood from ventricles during remainder of systole; ending initiates diastole ` |
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Definition
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Term
ID:
all valves are closed and blood volume remains constant with the relaxation of ventricles; beginning of diastole |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| systolic pressure; maximum pressure in the aorta during a cardiac cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| diastolic pressure; minimum pressure in the aorta during CC |
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Term
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Definition
| Mean arterial pressure; avg pressure occuring during a CC |
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