Term
| In what direction does spontaneous movement tend to occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of driving forces? |
|
Definition
| chemical, electrical, and electrochemical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the difference between two locations; the inside and outside of a cell |
|
|
Term
| Electrical driving force concerns ____ particles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemical driving force concerns ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define membrane potential |
|
Definition
| difference in electrical potential across the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| There is usually excess ____ in the ICF while there is excess ____ in the ECF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F:
the plasma membrane is permeable to ions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines the sign of the membrane potential? |
|
Definition
| the net charge inside the cell |
|
|
Term
| What is membrane potential measured in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify:
membrane potential at which the electrical driving force is equal and opposite to the chemical driving force |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no net movement of molecules |
|
|
Term
| What must be known for the equilibrium to be calculated? |
|
Definition
| ions's charge; ICF and ECF [] |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the rate of transport? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two general types of transport? |
|
Definition
| passive and active transport |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of passive transport? |
|
Definition
| simple diffusion; facilitated diffusion; and diffusion through channels |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of active transport? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify:
Spontaneous transport of molecules across the plasma membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the factors the affect rates of simple diffusion? |
|
Definition
| magnitude of the driving force; membrane SA; membrane permeability |
|
|
Term
| The magnitude of the driving force ____ with time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the magnitude of driving forces stop? |
|
Definition
| when diffusional equilibrium occurs |
|
|
Term
| How do you increase SA anatomically? |
|
Definition
| Make the structure bigger: muscle and nerve cells |
|
|
Term
| What are some things that easily pass through the PM? |
|
Definition
| lipid soluble molecules; O2 and CO2 |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of molecules in membrane permeability? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of membranes in membrane permeability? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most important factor in membrane permeability? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the "helper" in facilitated diffusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the rate of facilitated diffusion? |
|
Definition
| transport rate of individual carriers |
|
|
Term
| How do you increase flux once saturation is reached? |
|
Definition
| increase the number of carriers |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for channels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Channels can be regulated to be ____ or ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two common types of channels? |
|
Definition
| aquaporins and ion channels |
|
|
Term
T/F:
Carrier proteins can open equally in either direction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmembrane proteins that use E to move molecules in a certain direction |
|
|
Term
T/F:
Carriers have a greater affinity for a molecule on one side of a membrane versus the other |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Steady State? |
|
Definition
| when the concentration gradient offsets affinity |
|
|
Term
| In primary active transport pumps act as a _____ and a ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between primary and secondary transport? |
|
Definition
| primary uses ATP directly while secondary is powered by a concentration gradient previously made by primary active transport |
|
|
Term
Sodium/ Potassium pumps:
For every ___ sodiums there are ___ potassiums and ___ ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is a greater affinity for sodium when the pump is open to the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Na bonding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe secondary active transport |
|
Definition
| as one thing moves passively down its gradient, it drives the movement of another substance up its gradient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the flow of water across a membrane through aquaporins |
|
|
Term
| Osmosis has an influence on cell ____ |
|
Definition
| volume (plasma volume and BP) |
|
|
Term
Identify:
Total solute particle concentration of a solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the symbol for osmotic pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ = osmolarity= total solute concentration of a solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water flows ___ its own concentration gradient but ___ an osmotic pressure gradient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concentration of impermeant solutes relative to ICF |
|
|
Term
| What type of solution causes a cell to shrink:? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of solution causes a cell to swell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does sweating affect the osmolarity of plasma? |
|
Definition
| it increases it; cells shrink |
|
|
Term
| How does water intoxication affect plasma osmolarity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the glucose carriers in someone with diabetes? |
|
Definition
| the insulin-dependent glucose carriers are impaired or absent |
|
|
Term
| What is vesicular transport? |
|
Definition
| the transportation of substances in membrane-bound compartments |
|
|
Term
| What is the vessel for endocytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the vessel for exocytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the only place you will find vesicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What must be present in order for receptor-mediated endocytosis to occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three functions of exocytosis? |
|
Definition
| add components to the plasma membrane; recycle receptors removed during endocytosis; secretion of substances into the ECF |
|
|
Term
| What are the two methods of epithelial transport? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define epithelial transport |
|
Definition
| movement of substances across two plasma membranes |
|
|
Term
| Microvili are present in what type of cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is epithelial transport of Na and K active or passive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| active transport of solutes from the basolateral membrane to the interstitial fluid; creates an osmotic gradient that water passively follows |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Direct communication occurs through __ __ while indirect communication uses ___ ___ |
|
Definition
| gap junctions; chemical messengers |
|
|
Term
| What are two examples of direct communication? |
|
Definition
| electrical coupling and metabolic coupling |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the chemical messenger that binds proteins reversibly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three functional classes of chemical messengers? |
|
Definition
| Paracrines, neurotransmitters, and hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chem. messengers that reach target cells via simple diffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chem messengers that act on the cell that secreted them |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of neurotransmitters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of hormone is NOT released from a gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What specific type of messenger is Histamine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Histamine is part of what type of response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do antihistamines cause drowsiness? |
|
Definition
| because they block H1 receptors in neurons that are responsible for alertness |
|
|
Term
T/F:
Antihistamines block histamines locally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the lipophilic classes of chem messengers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the hydrophilic classes of chem messengers? |
|
Definition
| amino acids, amines, and peptides/proteins |
|
|
Term
| What are the are the four amino acids messengers? |
|
Definition
| Glutamate, aspartate, glycine, and GABA |
|
|
Term
| What is the only amino messenger NOT used in protein synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F:
Hydrophilic chem messengers do not pass through the plasma membrane on their own |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of Catecholamines? |
|
Definition
| dopamine (neurotransmitter), norepinephrine (neurotransmitter), and epinephrine (hormone) |
|
|
Term
| What are the four groups of amine messengers? |
|
Definition
| Catecholamines, Serotonin (neurotransmitter), Histamine (paracrine), thyroid (hormone) |
|
|
Term
| What is the only amine that is lipophilic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the other name for adrenaline? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are most amines synthesized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is done with Amines while they are waiting to be exocytosed? |
|
Definition
| they are packaged into vesicles |
|
|
Term
T/F:
Peptide messengers have > 50 amino acids |
|
Definition
| False; they have < 50; proteins have >50 |
|
|
Term
| What substaces create the final product in peptide/protein synthesis and release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Steroid messengers always function as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are most steroid messenger receptors located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F:
steroids can be stored |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are steroids synthesized? |
|
Definition
| smooth ER or mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| What are all the steps for steroid synthesis derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of chemical messenger are eicosanoids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are eicosanoid messengers derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which COX inhibitor is associated with homeostatic prostiglandinds (PG)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which COX inhibitor is activated by tissue damage/infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does NSAID stand for and what is an example of it? |
|
Definition
| Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of NSAIDs? |
|
Definition
Low doses= prevents blood clot formation
High doses= promotes blood clot formation
Prevent PGE2 production which protects the stomach lining |
|
|
Term
| Which of the COX inhibitors increases the risk of heart attack and stroke |
|
Definition
| COX-2 selective inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| What is the substance that can be specific or non-specific and enhances the half life of a messenger? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only substance that can bind to receptors of messenger molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three receptor locations? |
|
Definition
| membrane, cytosolic, and nuclear |
|
|
Term
| What is the factor the determines which receptor is used? |
|
Definition
| whether the messenger is lipophobic or lipophilic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the removal of proteins concerning messenger molecules |
|
|
Term
ID:
ligands that cause cellular response when receptor binding occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ligands that prevent cellular response when receptor binding occurs |
|
|
Term
| What are two examples of adrenergic receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epi and norepi bind to _____ receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for norepi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do alpha receptors effect the blood vessels? |
|
Definition
| constriction; increase BP |
|
|
Term
| How do beta receptors effect the heart? |
|
Definition
| faster/harder contractions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What prevents and overreaction in the heart in cardic patients? |
|
Definition
| Beta blockers and Beta Antagonists |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of membrane-bound receptors? |
|
Definition
| channel-linked; enzyme-linked; G-Protein |
|
|
Term
| Describe channel-linked receptors |
|
Definition
| ligand-gated channels (fast vs slow) |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of a secondary messenger? |
|
Definition
| takes message from plasma membrane away from it and into the cell to do something (calcium) |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common type of enzyme-linked receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F
the effects of secondary messengers are short-lived |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID:
Peripheral proteins that are loosely associated with transmembrane proteins |
|
Definition
| G-Protein linked receptors |
|
|
Term
| What do G-proteins regulate? |
|
Definition
| slow ligand-gated channels |
|
|
Term
| What are the effectors of G-protein linked receptors? |
|
Definition
| membrane-bound ion channels or enzymes (Gs or Gi) |
|
|
Term
| Gs is a ____ while Gi is a _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Losts of Ca is stored in cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the five major second messengers? |
|
Definition
| cAMP; cGMP; DAG; IP3; Calcium |
|
|
Term
| The use of what substance results in the production/activation of a second messenger? |
|
Definition
| G-protein Regulated Enzyme |
|
|
Term
ID:
the system that usually affects ion channels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ID: the system that typically impacts protein synthesis or acts on G protein-linked receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F:
the affects of the endocrine system have a longer lasting affect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of primary endocrine glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the adenohypophysis? |
|
Definition
| the anterior pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
| What is the neurohypophysis? |
|
Definition
| the posterior pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for ADH? |
|
Definition
| Anti diarrhetic hormone; vasopresin |
|
|
Term
| What are the two hormones secreted by the neurohypophysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a vein that connects two capillaries |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of tropic hormones? |
|
Definition
| regulate the secretion of other hormones and act as stimulatory or inhibitory hormones |
|
|
Term
| What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pineal gland is important in establishing what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does calcitonin regulate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of T3 and T4 hormones? |
|
Definition
| (thyroid); regulate metabolism, growth, and development |
|
|
Term
| What other hormone regulates blood calcium levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gland shrinks as you age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of thymosin? |
|
Definition
| regulates T lymphocytes (T-Cells) |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the adrenal glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two portions of the adrenal glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the outer three layers of the adrenal glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What portion of the adrenal glands takes up the most mass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex and what class do they fall under? |
|
Definition
| adrenocorticoids; steroids |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary mineralocorticoid and its function? |
|
Definition
| aldosterone; regulate Na reabsorption and K secretion in kidneys |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of adrenocorticoids? |
|
Definition
| Mineralocorticoids; glucocortocoids; sex hormones |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary glucocortocoid and its function? |
|
Definition
| cortisol; regulate stress responses, substrate metabolism, and blood glucose levels |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary sex hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chemical breakdown of catecholamines? |
|
Definition
| 80% epinephrine; 20% norepinephrine; <1% Dopamine |
|
|
Term
| What is secreted by the male gonads? |
|
Definition
| androgens, testosterone, and androstenedione |
|
|
Term
| What is produced by the female gonads? |
|
Definition
| estrogens and progesterones |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of steroid drugs? |
|
Definition
| corticosteroids and anabolic steroids |
|
|
Term
| What steroid is used for anti inflammatory purposes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What steroid is used for muscle growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe anabolic steroids |
|
Definition
| synthetic forms of androgens; enhance secondary sex characteristics |
|
|
Term
| What are the secondary endocrine glands? |
|
Definition
| Heart, kidneys, stomach, small intestine, liver, skin |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a hormone that is secreted at a constant rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of hormone is aldosterone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do carrier proteins help hormones? |
|
Definition
| by increasing their half-life to keep them in the blood longer |
|
|
Term
| How long does it usually take for hormones to be broken down? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormones are metabolized more slowly and why? |
|
Definition
| steroids and thyroid hormones because they are transported in blood bound to proteins and can be stored in fatty tissues |
|
|
Term
ID:
abnormality that originates in the endocrine gland that secretes the hormone |
|
Definition
| Primary secretion disorder |
|
|
Term
ID:
problem originate in the endocrine cells of either the ant. or pit. or the hypothalamus |
|
Definition
| Secondary Secretion disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| net effects equal sum of the individual effects |
|
|
Term
ID:
net effects are greater than the sum of the individual effects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID:
presence of one hormone is necessary for another to exert its effects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two divisions of the PNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two divisions of the Efferent nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and their function? |
|
Definition
| sympathetic (fight/flight) and parasympathetic (rest/digest) |
|
|
Term
| What does the sympathetic nervous system control? |
|
Definition
| cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for glial cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for axon terminals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name for a secondary branch of the the main axon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three structural classes of neurons? |
|
Definition
| bipolar; unipolar; multipolar (most common) |
|
|
Term
| What does the term "polar" refer to? |
|
Definition
| the extensions off the soma |
|
|
Term
T/F:
The cell body of an afferent neuron is in the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F:
the cell body of an efferent neuron is in the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the dendrites of afferent neurons located? |
|
Definition
| sensory/visceral receptors |
|
|
Term
| Where are the terminal boutons of efferent neurons located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID:
group of axons traveling together in the CNS (white matter) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of tracts in the CNS? |
|
Definition
| Commisural (allow interhemishperic comm.); projection (axons traveling up or down the CNS); Associational (allow interhemispheric comm.) |
|
|
Term
ID:
group of neuronal soma in the CNS (grey matter) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID:
axons traveling together in the PNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID:
Group of neuronal soma in the PNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Schwann cells are in the ___ nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oligodedrocytes are in the ____ nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the space between two myelinated axons called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the myelin sheath? |
|
Definition
| insulates that axon and speeds up the rate of action potential propagation |
|
|
Term
| what is the myelin sheath made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the location of ion channels in the myelinated axon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cell is the schwann cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can change the electrical properties of the cell (neuron)? |
|
Definition
| the opening or closing of the ion channels |
|
|
Term
| At rest the plasma membrane is _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of neuron ion channels? |
|
Definition
| Leak channels, ligand-gated channels, and voltage-gated channels |
|
|
Term
| What is the predominant neuron ion channel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the neuron ion channels is always open? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe ligand-gated channels (2) |
|
Definition
| open or close floowing ligand-receptor binding; densely located in dendrites and soma |
|
|
Term
| Describe voltage-gated channels (3) |
|
Definition
| open or close following changes in the membrane potential; Na and K channels are most dense in axon and axon hillock; Ca channels are most dense in the axon terminal |
|
|
Term
| Nerve and muscle cells function through electrical signals in the form of ________________ |
|
Definition
| changes in membrane potential |
|
|
Term
| The ___ the separation of charge the _____ the potential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of electrical charges; flow |
|
|
Term
ID:
measurement of the hindrance of charge movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the inverse of R? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the formula for conductance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conductance increases as what else increases? |
|
Definition
| the permeability of the plasma membrane to an ion |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between potential difference, current, and resistance defined by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the E in the equation for Ohm's law stand for? |
|
Definition
| potential difference in voltage |
|
|
Term
| What are the equilibrium potentials for Na and K? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the resting membrane potential of neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are membrane potentials described? |
|
Definition
| the potential inside the cell vs outside the cell |
|
|
Term
| At rest a membrane is more permeable to ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three important contributors to the Resting membrane potential? |
|
Definition
| Chemical driving forces, Differences in permeability and Na/K Pump |
|
|
Term
| Leak channels are ___ open |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Na tries to move ____ a cell while K wants to move ___ the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The more permeable the membrane is to an ion, the closer ____ will be to that ion's ____ |
|
Definition
| Vm(membrane potential); Ex (equilibrium potential) |
|
|
Term
| Leak channels help establish what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the plasma membrane is ___ at rest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Depolarization makes the cell more ___ while hyperpolarization makes the cell more ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does decremental mean? |
|
Definition
| that the stimuli signals can only travel so far |
|
|
Term
| Graded potentials can also be _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small, decremental changes in Vm that happen when ion channels open or close |
|
|
Term
| the change in Vm decreases as it moves ___ the stimulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure is responsible for "catching' all graded potentials? |
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Definition
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Term
| Graded potentials can be ___ or ____ |
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Definition
| hyperpolarizing or polarizing |
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Term
| What process is classified as an inhibitory graded potential and why? |
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Definition
| hyperpolarization because it makes it harder to reach membrane potential |
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Term
| What process causes excitatory graded potential and opens Na channels? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a cell is depolarized to the ____ an ___ ____ will result which carries the signal down the axon |
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Definition
| threshold; action potential |
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Term
T/F:
A single graded potential is typically enough to generate an action potential |
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Definition
| False; will only work if that one fire very quickly |
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Term
| Define Temporal Summation |
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Definition
| 1 neuron, 1 stimulus state, same location |
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Term
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Definition
| different neurons/locations |
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Term
T/F
Action Potentials are decremental |
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Definition
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Term
| Which phase is the hyperpolarization phase |
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Definition
|
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Term
| why does Na decrease with repolarization? |
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Definition
| because Na channels are closing |
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Term
| Voltage-Gated Na Channels are an example of what and why? |
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Definition
| positive feedback because the opening of one Na channel causes others to open |
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Term
T/F:
Action potentials only go in one direction |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how do APs "code" for strength of stimulus? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In which direction do APs usually travel? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the explanation for the relative refractory period? |
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Definition
| voltage-gated K channels are open during after-hyperpolarization |
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Term
| a stronger ___ leads to and greater action potential |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do action potentials only travel in one direction? |
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Definition
| because of the refractory period |
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Term
| myelinated axons allow for a ___ to be activated at a time instead of one ___ at a time |
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Definition
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Term
T/F:
Large axon diameter slows down the propagation of AP |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How does myelination affect speed of AP travel? |
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Definition
| allow for the AP to jump from one NOR to the next |
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Term
| What are the fastest and slowest nerve fiber classifications and their locations? |
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Definition
| A fiber (skeletal muscle); C fibers (pain fibers) |
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Term
| What are the two types of synapses in the nervous system? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe electrical synapses |
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Definition
| Gap junctions; electrical "coupling" of cells with similar function; less common |
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Term
| Describe chemical synapses |
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Definition
| Neurotransmitters to communicate with neurons, muscles, or glands; most common |
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Term
| What are the three types of chemical synapses? |
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Definition
| axodendritic; axosomatic; axoaxonic |
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Term
| The more ___ allowed into the axon terminal, the more neurotransmitter released |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does SSRI stand for? |
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Definition
| Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors |
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Term
| What is the purpose of SSRI's? |
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Definition
| prevent serotonin the is exocytosed from neurons from being "recycled" (put back into presynaptic axon terminal) |
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Term
| What is the name of the receptor in fast response chemical synapses? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fast response at chemical synapses results in a change in membrane potential called what? |
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Definition
| post-synaptic potential (PSP) |
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Term
| What process occurs in slow response chemical synapses? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the name of the receptorin direct coupling? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the two types of slow responses in chemical synapses? |
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Definition
| direct coupling and second messenger |
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Term
|
Definition
| excitatory post-synaptic potential; brings membrane potential closer to threshold (depolarization) |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibitory post-synaptic synaptic potential; moves the membrane potential further from threshold; hyperpolarization or Vm stabilization; K or Cl movement |
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Term
| What is the reason behind only one synapse not being able to determine whether or not an AP will result? |
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Definition
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Term
| If an AP is triggered and the Vm is depolarized to threshold at the axon hillock _____ is necessary |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the purpose of Acetylcholine (ACh) |
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Definition
| contracts skeletal muscle |
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Term
| What is the most abumdant neorotransmitterin the PNS? |
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Definition
|
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Term
T/F:
ACh is only released in the PNS |
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Definition
| False; released in both PNS and CNS |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
T;F:
AChE can be either presynaptic or post synaptic |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What substance breaks down ACh so that AP stops? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What types of cholinergic receptors are found in skeletal muscle cells? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What types of movement are nicotinic cholinergic receptors responsible for? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where are muscarinic cholineric receptors located? |
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Definition
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