Term
| the study of how living organisms work |
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Definition
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Term
| pathophysiology is the study of ___ |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 4 steps of the scientific method |
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Definition
| hypothesis > experiment > revised hypothesis > theory |
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Term
| constancy or stability of our ___ is required for us to exist |
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Definition
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Term
| the relative constancy of our internal environment is termed ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| name the 4 homeostatic control mechanisms |
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Definition
| 1. Variable 2. Sensor (Receptor) 3. Integrating center 4. Effectors |
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Term
| the factor that is being regulated |
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Definition
|
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Term
| detects changes in the environment from a particular set point |
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Definition
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Term
| receives info from the sensors and makes a decision about what needs to be done |
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Definition
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Term
| make changes according to the info they receive from the integrating center |
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Definition
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Term
| a change in a variable leads to responses that move the variable in the direction opposite of the initial change |
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Definition
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Term
| classic example of negative feedback |
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Definition
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Term
| the concept of homeostasis is sometimes explained as ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| a change in a variable leads to responses that move the variable in the same direction of the initial change |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ typically results in death |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 3 examples of useful positive feedback |
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Definition
1) blood clotting
2) contractions of the uterus during childbirth
3) neurons opening voltage gated channels |
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Term
| most ___ is due to a disturbance in homeostasis |
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Definition
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Term
| with __, our ability to maintain homeostasis decreases |
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Definition
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Term
| the basic unit of structure and function in the body |
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Definition
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Term
| similar cells grouped together function as a ___ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| muscle, nervous, epithelial, and connective |
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Term
| tissues are organized to form ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| organs are part of an ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| the plasma membrane is a ___ with embedded ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| phospholipids consist of a ____ |
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Definition
| glycerol molecule with 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group. |
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Term
| plasma membrane aka ___ aka ___ |
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Definition
| cell membrane; plasmolemma |
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Term
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Definition
| cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus |
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Term
| phospholipid arrangement prevents ____ substances from moving across the plasma membrane |
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Definition
| water soluble (hydrophilic) |
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Term
| ___ span the entire width of the plasma membrane and act as transporters, channels, receptors, and carriers |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ are partially embedded on either side of the plasma membrane and tend to act as enzymes, structural support, and receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| there are ___ between the lipids and proteins that make up the membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 other associated structures with the plasma membrane |
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Definition
| cilia, flagella, and microvilli |
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Term
| longer than cilia; whip-like structures that propel sperm |
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Definition
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Term
| short cell surface projections; motile structures; increase surface areas and help move things along |
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Definition
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Term
| very small, finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| the plasma membrane separates ___ from ___ |
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Definition
| intracellular fluid; extracellular fluid |
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Term
| the plasma membrane is ___ |
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Definition
| selectively permeable in size, charge, and polarity |
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Term
| 3 rolls of proteins in cell membrane |
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Definition
1) act as receptors
2) provide structural support
3) help transport molecules across membrane |
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Term
| movement across the plasma membrane (3) |
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Definition
1) diffusion through membrane or pores
2) endocytosis and pinocytosis
3) phagocytosis and exocytosis |
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Term
| cellular region between the nucleus and plasma membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| the cytoplasm includes the ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| the fluid in which the organelles are suspended |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the cytosol is composed of ___ |
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Definition
| water and many dissolved substances |
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Term
| the cytosol contains ___ - microfilaments and microtubules - which function as a ___ |
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Definition
| protein fibers; cytoskeleton |
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Term
| the organelles which are factories of proteins inside the cell; the site of protein synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| ribosomes are small granules composed of ___ and ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| packages proteins and distributes them to other organelles |
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Definition
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Term
| the rough ER is an extensive, enclosed network of membranes with ___ on the surface |
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Definition
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Term
| site of lipid and steroid synthesis; also stores calcium in some cell types |
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Definition
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Term
| the smooth ER is a membrane system composed of ___ with ___ attached |
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Definition
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Term
| modifies proteins received from the rough ER and PACKAGES them into vesicles |
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Definition
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Term
| the golgi apparatus is a stack of ____ sacks with ____ |
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Definition
| smooth membrane; associated vesicles |
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Term
| ___ have a double membrane structure and are the powerhouse of the cell |
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Definition
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Term
| membrane bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes |
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Definition
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Term
| membrane bound sacs which contain enzymes which break down toxic substances |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ separates extracellular fluid from cytoplasm |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ molecules are directed toward the interior of the cell membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| membranes of ___ are recycled |
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Definition
| lysosomes, peroxisomes, and vesicles |
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Term
| the ___ has 2 lipid bilayers |
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Definition
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Term
| the nucleus is surrounded by the ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ join the 2 membranes of the nuclear envelope together |
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Definition
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Term
| nuclear pores are __ that extend from the ___ into the nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ are dense structures which contain genes for forming the RNA associated with ribosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ are threadlike material composed of DNA and histone proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| the ___ is the control center of the cell |
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Definition
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Term
| the nucleus is responsible for transmitting ___ and providing instructions for ___ |
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Definition
| genetic info; protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| ___ serves as template, __ helps bring amino acids to ribosome |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ___ occurs in the cytoplasm |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ and ___ occur in the nucleus |
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Definition
| replication and transcription |
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Term
| ___ must occur during cell division |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ are specialized cells that haven't differentiated and can change into multiple kinds of tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| stem cells can be derived from ___ or ___ |
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Definition
| embryonic stem cells (higher proportion in embryo); adult stem cells |
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Term
| translation occurs in the ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| the interior of the endoplasmic reticulum itself is ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| explain the 20-40-60 rule |
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Definition
| about 60% of mass is water; 1/3 of water is extracellular; 2/3 of body water is inside cells |
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Term
| ___ is tissue fluid, fluid "between cells" and is 80% of ECF volume |
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Definition
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Term
| __ is the noncellular portion of blood (20% of ECF) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the plasma membrane is ___ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the plasma membrane allows __ into the cell and keeps ___ out |
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Definition
| nutrients; harmful substances |
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Term
| the ___ keeps proteins and other substances needed for cell function in the cell and allows waste products to move out |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ does not require energy in the form of ATP (it always requires some form of energy to move) |
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Definition
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Term
| in passive transport, a substance moves across a membrane from a ___ to a ___ concentration |
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Definition
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Term
| in passive transport, a substance is moving ___ its concentration gradient |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ requires energy in the form of ATP |
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Definition
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Term
| in active transport a substance is moving across a membrane from a ___ to a __ concentration. |
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Definition
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Term
| in active transport, a substance is moving ___ its concentration gradient |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is a passive transport process that occurs when there is a concentration difference between two regions |
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Definition
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Term
| molecules in a solution or gas are in a ___ |
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Definition
| constant state of random movement |
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Term
| a solution consists of the ___ and the ___ |
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Definition
| solvent (water); solute (molecules dissolved in water) |
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Term
| in order for simple diffusion to occur, the membrane must be ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| when the concentration of molecules becomes equal on both sides of the membrane, ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| substances that diffuse across the plasma membrane tend to be ___ or ___ |
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Definition
| lipid soluble substances; very small polar molecules |
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Term
| rate of diffusion depends on (4) |
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Definition
1. the concentration difference across the membrane
2. temp of the solution
3. permeability of the membrane
4. surface area of the membrane |
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Term
| ___ , a passive transport process, is the movement of large, polar substances across the plasma membrane by carrier proteins, |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ are proteins that span the cell membrane |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 3 characteristics of carrier mediated transport |
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Definition
| specificity, competition, and saturation |
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Term
| carrier proteins interact only with ___ molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| two different molecules can be transported by the same carrier, but they ___ for the carrier protein. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| when all the carrier proteins in a cell are being utilized to move molecules, they are said to be ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| ___, a passive transport process, is the diffusion of water across a membrane |
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Definition
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|
Term
| osmosis is the diffusion of the ___ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| in order for osmosis to occur, there must be a difference in ___ across the membrane |
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Definition
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|
Term
| in order for osmosis to occur, the membrane must be selectively permeable to ___ but not the ___ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ___ is the pressure required to prevent osmosis |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is an indirect measure of the solute concentration of a solution |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is the total solute concentration of a solution |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ describes the effects of a solution on the volume of a cell |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ describes a solution with the same osmolality as the inside of the cell |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ describes a solution with a lower osmolality than the inside of a cell |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens to the cell in a hypotonic solution |
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Definition
solute [] higher inside cell
water [] higher outside cell
water moves in cell, cell gets bigger, doesn't necessarily reach equilibrium |
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Term
| ___ describes a solution with a higher osmolality than the inside of a cell |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution? |
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Definition
| water[] higher inside cell, water moves out cell, cell shrivels |
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Term
| ___ require energy in the form of ATP and require a carrier molecule |
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Definition
| active transport processes |
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Term
| ___, an active transport process, directly utilizes the energy released by the hydrolysis of ATP |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 2 examples of primary active transport |
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Definition
1. movement of calcium across the membrane
2. sodium-potassium pump |
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Term
| ___ is the enzyme that breaks down ATP |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the carrier protein of the sodium potassium pump is an enzyme that ___ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the sodium-potassium pump pumps sodium and potassium in ___ directions |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the sodium potassium pump is described as ___, and pumps 3 __ out for every 2 __ in |
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Definition
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Term
| ___, an active transport process, indirectly utilizes the energy released by the hydrolysis of ATP |
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Definition
| secondary active transport |
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Term
| the sodium potassium pump maintains the ___ across the membrane |
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Definition
| sodium concentration gradient |
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Term
| as sodium moves back in the cell, _____ |
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Definition
| other substances are transported by the same carrier proteins |
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Term
| ___ is the movement of substances within a vesicle from the cell interior to the extracellular space |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is the movement of substances from the extracellular fluid into the cell |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem |
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Term
| part of the brain responsible for programmed movements |
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Definition
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Term
| part of the brain responsible for vegetative functions |
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Definition
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Term
| part of the brain responsible for thought and consciousness |
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Definition
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Term
| the two parts of the nervous system |
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Definition
| central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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Term
| Central nervous system includes ____ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| peripheral nervous system includes |
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Definition
| primarily nerves that project to and from the CNS |
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Term
| the peripheral nervous system can be divided into the ___ and ___ |
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Definition
| afferent division; efferent division |
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Term
| the ___ transmits impulses from the CNS to the effector organs |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the ___ transmits impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the afferent division is ___ while the efferent division is ___ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the efferent division is then divided into the ___ and ___ |
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Definition
| autonomic nervous system; somatic nervous system |
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Term
| the ___ contains motor neurons that stimulate contraction of skeletal muscle |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the ___ contains motor neurons that stimulate contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle and glandular tissue |
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Definition
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|
Term
| two major types of cells in the CNS and PNS |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| enlarged portions of the neuron which contains the nucleus and other organelles |
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Definition
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Term
| a group of cell bodies within the CNS |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a group of cell bodies within the peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ are branched processes that extend from the cell body and are afferent to the cell body. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is a single process that extends from the cell body; efferent to neuron |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ___ is the initial segment of the axon |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the axon hillock contains many ___, and is usually where the ___ is generated |
|
Definition
| voltage gated sodium channels (makes the cells excitable); action potential |
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Term
| ___ is the end of axon; gap/space exists |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ___ is the connection to the next item in the chain; the gap |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ___ is a group of axons in the CNS |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ___ is a group of axons in the peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ___ neurons are associated with afferent (sensory) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| most ___ neurons are found in the eye |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| most neurons in the CNS are ___ neurons |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ___ neurons carry info from sensory receptors to the CNS |
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Definition
| sensory or afferent neurons |
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Term
| ___ neurons carry info from CNS to effector organs |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ neurons are found within the CNS; connect afferent and efferent neurons; allows you to process info and help make decisions |
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Definition
| interneurons or association neurons |
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Term
| two types of supporting cells found in the peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| schwann cells and satellite cells |
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Term
| ___ cells that wrap around the axons forming a myelin sheath (lipid bilayer), provides an insulating layer |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ___ are spaces between adjacent schwann cells; where action potentials are conducted |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ___ cells surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia in the peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 types of supporting cells found in the central nervous system |
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Definition
1. oligodendrocytes
2. microglia
3. astrocytes
4. ependymal cells |
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|
Term
| supporting cells of the CNS are called ___ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ are functionally similar to schwann cells; form a myelin sheath around axons of the CNS |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ___ are phagocytes that help to get rid of foreign substances in the CNS |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ___ helps to maintain a normal external environment around neurons; helps to maintain the blood brain barrier |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ___ line the cavities of the brain and spinal cord; secrete/make cerebrospinal fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the nervous system responsible for voluntary movements of skeletal muscles is the ____ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| at rest, a neuron has an excess of ___ charges on the outside of the membrane, and an excess of ___ charges on the inside |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the resting membrane potential is about ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the separation of charge across the membrane creates an ____ |
|
Definition
| electrical potential or action potential |
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|
Term
| the greater the separation of charge across the membrane ____ |
|
Definition
| the greater the difference in charge |
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|
Term
| the ___ is the potential across a membrane in a resting neuron |
|
Definition
| resting membrane potential |
|
|
Term
ion distribution between the ICF and ECF
ICF ECF
[K+]
[Na+] |
|
Definition
ICF ECF
150mM 5mM
12mM 145mM |
|
|
Term
| the charges in the ion distribution between the ICF and ECF are balanced by the ____ |
|
Definition
| Cl- in the ECF and large, negatively charged proteins in the ICF |
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|
Term
| at the RMP, ___ is 75X more permeable than ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the sodium potassium pump, pumps ___ out for every ___ in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the sodium potassium pump moves ___ concentration gradient, and ___ provides energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the sodium potassium pump maintains the ____ |
|
Definition
| concentration gradient for these ions |
|
|
Term
| the sodium potassium pump contributes to the _____. |
|
Definition
| generation of a more negative intracellular environment. |
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|
Term
| ___ results in a decrease in membrane potential; the inside of the cell becomes more positive with respect to the RMP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ results in an increase in membrane potential; the inside of the cell becomes more negative with respect to the RMP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is a return to the RMP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| changes in the RMP are produced by a change in the ___ to any of the ions, or a change in the ___ on the two sides of the membrane |
|
Definition
| membrane permeability; ion concentrations |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the membrane potential when K+ permeability is increased? |
|
Definition
| K goes out faster, makes cell more negative, hyperpolarization |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the membrane potential when Na+ permeability is increased? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the membrane potential when intracellular K+ concentration is decreased. |
|
Definition
| less K+ leaving cell, depolarization |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| passive, chemically gated, and voltage gated |
|
|
Term
| ion channels that are always open and allow ions to move down their concentration gradients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ open when a substance binds to a receptor on the channel to allow ions to move down their concentration gradients |
|
Definition
| chemically gated channels aka ligand gated channels |
|
|
Term
| ____ open when they detect a change in the membrane potential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ moves from extracellular to intracellular |
|
Definition
| chemically gated sodium channels |
|
|
Term
| ____ are an example of positive feedback |
|
Definition
| voltage gated sodium channels |
|
|
Term
| 5 phases of the action potential |
|
Definition
1. resting state 2. slow rising phase
3. rapid rising phase 4. repolarization
5. hyperpolarization |
|
|
Term
| during the resting state, ions move through ___ to maintain the ___ |
|
Definition
| passive channels (K+), RMP |
|
|
Term
| during the resting state, ___ maintains concentrations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during the slow rising phase, the stimulus ___ the membrane by acting on ___ channels resulting in ___ moving into the neuron |
|
Definition
| depolarizes; chemically gated; Na+ |
|
|
Term
| during the slow rising phase, if the threshold value is reached, ____ will be initiated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during the rapid rising phase, once the threshold is reached ____ open |
|
Definition
| many more voltage gated Na+ channels open |
|
|
Term
| what is the three step process of the rapid rising phase that continues until the action potential peaks |
|
Definition
1. voltage gated Na+ channels open
2. Na+ moves into cell
3. membrane depolarizes, back to step 1 |
|
|
Term
| during the repolarization phase, ___ close, process of inactivation |
|
Definition
| voltage gated Na+ channels close |
|
|
Term
| during repolarization, ___ open, and leads to repolarization |
|
Definition
| voltage gated K+ channels |
|
|
Term
| during hyperpolarization, ___ remain open for a brief period of time after the neuron has reached its RMP |
|
Definition
| voltage gated K+ channels |
|
|
Term
| Action potentials are ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AP's either occur ___ or ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if ___ is strong enough to depolarize the membrane to ___ than an AP will be generated, and each one will always be the same ___ |
|
Definition
| initial stimulus; threshold; amplitude |
|
|
Term
| with an increased stimulus, there will be an increase in the _____ of APs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the period of time during an AP when the membrane will not respond to a second stimulus |
|
Definition
| absolute refractory period |
|
|
Term
| the absolute refractory period means that another ___ cannot be generated until the ____ is finished |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the period of time during an AP when a second AP can be produced, but only with a much stronger stimulus |
|
Definition
| relative refractory period |
|
|
Term
| the ___ period is longer than the ___ period |
|
Definition
| relative refractory; absolute refractory |
|
|
Term
| a stimulus depolarizes the membrane to produce an ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| once an AP is produced, ___ are conducted to an adjacent region of the membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adjacent membrane regions are depolarized to produce another ___; however, the membrane area that just produced an AP is now ___ and cannot produce another AP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AP's are conducted without ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| conduction velocity is proportional to the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| conduction velocity increases in a ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ prevents the movement of ions/charge/sodium/Na+ across the membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AP's occur as the ___ > the spaces between the myelinated regions of the axon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is conduction of an AP from one node of ranvier to the next |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| unrapid responses have ____, ____ axons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a ___ is a functional connection between a neuron and a second cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in an electrical synapse, the ___ is directly transmitted between cells; ___ flow from one cell to another |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in an electrical synapse, adjacent cells are joined together by ____ that permit the direct passage of ___ from one cell to the next |
|
Definition
| gap junctions (connexins); ions |
|
|
Term
| in an electrical synapse, gap junctions conduct signals ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| electrical synapses are found primarily in ___ and ___ muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in a chemical synapse, the electrical signal is changed into a ____ which diffuses across the extracellular space between two cells |
|
Definition
| chemical signal (neurotransmitter) |
|
|
Term
| in a chemical synapse, transmission is ___ across a synapse; from the ___ to the ___ cell |
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Definition
| unidirectional; presynaptic; postsynaptic |
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Term
| in a chemical synapse, there are special mechanisms for making the ___, causing the release of the neurotransmitter, special receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and special mechanisms to ____ |
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Definition
| neurotransmitter; change the chemical signal back into an electrical signal |
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Term
| presynaptic mechanisms for chemical transmission: 1. action potential reaches the ___ 2. depolarization activates ____ resulting in an influx of ___ into the presynaptic terminal |
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Definition
1. presynaptic terminal
2. voltage gated calcium channels; calcium |
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Term
| 3. calcium triggers the fusion of ___ with the axon membrane leading to the release of neurotransmitters into the ___ by the process of ____ |
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Definition
| synaptic vesicles; synaptic cleft; exocytosis |
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Term
| the space between the presynaptic cell and the postsynaptic membrane |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how do substances cross the synaptic cleft |
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Definition
|
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Term
| postsynaptic mechanisms for chemical transmission, neurotransmitters move across the synaptic cleft and bind to ____ on the postsynaptic membrane |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| postsynaptic mechanisms for chemical transmission, ___ open, allowing ions to flow through which then generate an ____. |
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Definition
| chemically gated (ligand gated), electrical signal |
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Term
| ___ are small depolarizations of the membrane usually due to the influx of ___ through its chemically gated channels |
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Definition
| excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs); Na+ |
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Term
| A single ___ changes the membrane potential only a few millivolts and can't produce an AP, however, EPSPs can ___ and if threshold is reached they can trigger the opening of ___ leading to an AP |
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Definition
| EPSP; summate; voltage gated |
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|
Term
| usually APs originate in the ___ because it has the ____ |
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Definition
| axon hillock; greatest concentration of voltage gated sodium channels |
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Term
| ___ are small hyperpolarizations of the membrane due to the outflow of ___ and/or the inflow of ___ through chemically gated channels |
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Definition
| inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs); K+; Cl- |
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|
Term
| termination of synaptic transmission, ___ dissociates from the postsynaptic receptor and diffuses away from the cleft |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| termination of synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters are taken back into the ____ |
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Definition
| presynaptic terminals (reuptake) |
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|
Term
| termination of synaptic transmission, ___ break down neurotransmitters |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is a neurotransmitter that can be excitatory or inhibitory |
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Definition
|
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Term
Ach binds to specific receptors on the postsynaptic cells.
1.
2. |
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Definition
1. nicotinic
2. muscarinic |
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|
Term
| Ach degrades by the extracellular enzyme ___ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the long extension from a single neuron |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| a group of axons in the peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| groups of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
|
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Term
| ___ are classically defined as efferent system, but afferents do exist in the nerves of ANS |
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Definition
|
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Term
___ = fight or flight
___ = rest and digest |
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Definition
sympathetic
parasympathetic |
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Term
| are the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems always antagonistic to each other |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| motor neurons from the ____ divisions innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands resulting in the appropriate response |
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Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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|
Term
| ___ controls involuntary activity |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the enteric nervous system is part of the ___ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the ANS consists of ___ that connect the CNS to the effector organs |
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Definition
|
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Term
| ____ - this neuron has its cell body in the CNS and synapses with the second neuron at an ____ outside of the CNS |
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Definition
| preganglionic fiber; autonomic ganglion |
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Term
| ____ - this second neuron extends from the autonomic ganglion to the effector cells |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the preganglionic fiber can be called the ___, while the postganglionic neuron could be called the ____ |
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Definition
| interneuron; efferent neuron |
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Term
| in the sns, preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers leave the spinal cord between the ____ |
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Definition
| T1 and L2 (thoracolumbar division) |
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|
Term
| in the SNS, preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers ______ in the sympathetic ganglia |
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Definition
| synapse with postganglionic fibers |
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|
Term
| ____ - two chains of sympathetic ganglia that lie just outside the spinal cord |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ - three cympathetic ganglia that lie in the abdominal cavity |
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Definition
| prevertebral (or collateral) ganglia |
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|
Term
| where are the three prevertebral ganglia located |
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Definition
celiac ganglia - stomach
superior mesenteric ganglia - intestine
inferior mesenteric ganglia - colon |
|
|
Term
| preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers synapse with postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers at a _____. |
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Definition
| paravertebral ganglion at the spinal level where they enter |
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|
Term
| preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers ___ once they reach the paravertebral ganglion and ___ with postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers located at different levels in the chain |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers pass without interruption through the _____ and synapse with a _____ |
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Definition
| paravertebral sympathetic ganglia; postganglionic sympathetic nerve fiber at a prevertebral ganglion |
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|
Term
| most preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers are ___ compared to postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers originate in ____ |
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Definition
| paravertebral or prevertebral ganglia |
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|
Term
| postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers are relatively ___ compared to preganglionic fibers. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers ___ the effector cells |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| SNS exhibits ___ and ____ |
|
Definition
| divergence and convergence |
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Term
| ____: a single preganglionic fiber branches to synapse with many postganglionic fibers located at different levels in the sympathetic chain. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ____: postganglionic neurons can receive input from many preganglionic fibers |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ acts to amplify the signal |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ happens when the entire SNS is activated |
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Definition
|
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Term
| preganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers exit from the ___, and leave from the ____ |
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Definition
| brain stem; spinal cord at the level of the sacrum (S2-S4)(craniosacral division) |
|
|
Term
| preganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers synapse with postganglionic fibers in ___ that are ____ |
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Definition
| terminal ganglia; close to or within the effector organ |
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|
Term
| ____ provides the majority of parasympathetic innervation to the body |
|
Definition
| cranial nerve 10 (vagus nerve) |
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|
Term
| ____ innervates the lower half of the large intestines, bladder, and reproductive organs. |
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Definition
| sacral spinal nerves (pelvic nerves) |
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|
Term
| preganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers are ___ compared to postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers originate in the ____, near or within ___ |
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Definition
| terminal ganglia; the effector organ |
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|
Term
| postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers are relatively ___ compared to preganglionic fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers ___ the effector cells |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the PNS exhibits little ____, which results in very specific responses of individual organs |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| all preganglionic neurons associated with the SNS and PNS release ____ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| nerve fibers that release ACh are called ___ fibers |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| postganglionic neurons in the PNS release ___ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| postganglionic neurons in the SNS primarily release ___ |
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Definition
| norepinephrine (aka noradrenaline) |
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|
Term
| nerve fibers that release NE are called ___ fibers or ___ fibers |
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Definition
| adrenergic; catecholaminergic |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of cholinergic receptors |
|
Definition
| nicotinic and muscarinic receptors |
|
|
Term
| nicotinic receptors are located on ____. |
|
Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons |
|
|
Term
| muscarinic receptors are found on ____ |
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Definition
| effectors cells stimulated by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons |
|
|
Term
| adrenergic receptors are activated by ___ and ____ |
|
Definition
| norepinephrine and epinephrine |
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|
Term
| adrenergic receptors are found on ____ |
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Definition
| effector cells stimulated by sympathetic postganglionic neurons |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of adrenergic receptors |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the PNS in the heart _____ |
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Definition
| decreases heart rate and decreases force of contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases heart rate and increases the force of contraction |
|
|
Term
PNS in the lungs =
SNS in the lungs = |
|
Definition
contracts bronchial muscle
relaxes bronchial muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases motility and increases secretions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreases motility and decreases secretion |
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|
Term
| PNS in the blood vessels = |
|
Definition
| no direct innervation of vascular smooth muscle |
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|
Term
| SNS in the blood vessels = |
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Definition
| constriction of most blood vessels and dilation of blood vessels that supply the skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
SNS in the eye =
PNS in the eye= |
|
Definition
dilate pupil
constrict pupil, and normally control eye |
|
|
Term
| the ___ are the small pair of glands that sit on top of the kidneys |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the outer portion of the adrenal gland; secrets glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, and sex steroids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the inner portion of the adrenal glands that secretes catecholamines, epinephrine, and norepinephrine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the adrenal medulla is considered part of the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| preganglionic sympathetic nerves pass uninterrupted from the spinal cord through the sympathetic chain and synapse on ___ of the ___ |
|
Definition
| chromaffin cells; adrenal medulla |
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|
Term
| the adrenal medulla is analogous to a ___; the chromaffin cells are analogous to ____ |
|
Definition
| ganglion; postganglionic nerve fibers |
|
|
Term
| ___ release EPI and NE into the circulation where they will eventually bind to ___ receptors at their effector organ. |
|
Definition
| chromaffin cells; adrenergic |
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