Term
| What are the 5 types of energy? |
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Definition
1. Radiant 2. Mechanical 3.Electrical 4. Thermal 5. Chemical |
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Term
| What is the Gibbs free Energy Equation? |
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Definition
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Term
| For a reaction to be spontaneous, Δ(G) must be what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The free energy at the beginning in a biological system |
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Term
| A _________ reaction takes the free energy released by an exorgonic reaction to drive an endorgonic reaction. |
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Definition
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Term
| Enzymes catalyze reactions by |
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Definition
| Reducing the Energy of Activation |
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Term
| Water is a great ______ beacuse it dissolves ionic compounds and polar organic compounds. |
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Definition
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Term
| Adding particles to water leads to: |
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Definition
1. An increase in Freezing point 2. An increase in boiling point 3. A decrease in Vapor Pressure 4. An increase in Osmotic Pressure |
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Term
| The movement of solutes in solution depends on what? |
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Definition
| The concentration of solutes in solvent |
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Term
| Isotonic Solutions are what? |
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Definition
| Solutions with equal solute concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| is a measure of effective osmolarity or effective osmolality |
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Term
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Definition
| is a measure of the osmoles of solute per liter of solution |
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Term
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Definition
| The opposite of a hypertonic environment is a hypotonic one, where the net movement of water is into the cell. If the cell contains more impermeable solute than its surroundings, water will enter it. In the case of animal cells, they will swell until they burst; plant cells do not burst, due to the reinforcement their cell wall provides. effective osmolarit or osmolality < 290 mOsm |
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Term
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Definition
| An animal cell in a hypertonic environment is surrounded by a higher concentration of impermeable solute than exists in the inside of the cell. Osmotic pressure directs a net movement of water out of the cell, causing it to shrink. effective osmolarity or osmolality > 290mOsm |
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Term
| A _______ is generally a weak acid/base which resists change ein pH |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four elements of protein structure? |
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Definition
1. Primary - Sequence 2. Backbone Interactions 3. Tertiary - Interactions between R-groups 4. Interactions betweem protein chains. |
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Term
| A phospholipid is composed of what? |
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Definition
1. A Choline Head 2. A Phosphate Group 3. A glycerol with attached Fatty Acid Chains |
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Term
| Cholesterol affect the membrane how? |
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Definition
| They increase the interactions between the polar heads and push apart the non-polar tails |
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Term
| Complex (1,2,3,4, or 5) oxidize the NADH in the mitochondria? |
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Definition
| Complex 1 regenerates NAD+ |
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Term
| Complex 2 regenerates which proton carrier? |
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Definition
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Term
| __ ATP Molecules are phosphorylated per NAD |
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Definition
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Term
| __ ATP Molecules are generated per FADH2 |
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Definition
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Term
| How mnay ATP Molcules are generated by Glycolysis and the TCA Cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| Phosphidylcholine is present on which side of the Membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three types of Ion Channels/Carriers? |
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Definition
1. Voltage Gated 2. Ligand Gated 3. Mechanogated |
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Term
| What is the simplified Nernst Equation? |
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Definition
| E = 0.058 Log ([Outside]/[Inside]) |
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Term
| What are the three fiber types of the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
1. Microfilaments 2. Microtubules 3. Intermediate Fibers |
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Term
| The endocytation of fluids is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the endocytation of solids called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which organelle is primarily responsible for protein modification? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 key steps in Indirect Signaling? |
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Definition
1. Release of Chemical Messenger 2. Transport 3. Communication |
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Term
| Hydrophilic Signals are transported how? |
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Definition
| They are dissolved in the extra-cellular fluid |
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Term
| Which type of signals are produced on demand? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are G-protein coupled reactors? |
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Definition
| Membrane spanning proteins that interact with an intracellular protein called a G-protein |
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Term
| What are the four types of secondary messengers utilized by G-protein coupled receptors? |
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Definition
Ca2+ Cyclic GMP Phosphatidulinositol Cyclic AMP |
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Term
| In a Guanylate Cyclase Trans-membrane receptor, the conversion of ______ to ______ is catalyzed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the cGMP bind to after leaving the receptor? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Phosphorylates Serine and Threonine in proteins |
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Term
| Adenylate cyclase catalyzes the conversion of ATP to ____________? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the points of Amplification in the G-Protein coupled receptors? |
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Definition
| 1. A single Adenylate cyclase leads to multiple conversions on ATP to cAMP |
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