Term
| what is the main function of the male gonads |
|
Definition
support development of germ cell
make testosterone
secrete sperm |
|
|
Term
| what is the main function of the female gonads |
|
Definition
development of mature ova
make estrogen and progesterone |
|
|
Term
| what is gender determined by |
|
Definition
| chromosomes, gonadal sex, phenotypic or genital sex |
|
|
Term
| what is genetic sex, when can it be seen in development |
|
Definition
XX vs XY
gonads are indifferent/bipotential until week 5. testes develop at week 6-8 and ovaries at week 9 |
|
|
Term
| what are the cells of the male gonad, briefly describe what they do |
|
Definition
germ cell: spermatogonia production
sertoli cell: make glycoprotein (antimullerian) hormone
leydig cell: make testosterone |
|
|
Term
| what are the female gonad cells, briefly describe what they do |
|
Definition
germ cells: make oogonia
granulosa cells: surround oogonia (with stroma) to make oocyte
theca cell: make progesterone and (with granulosa cell help)estradiol |
|
|
Term
| when does the prostate, scrotum, and penis appear, what does it depend on |
|
Definition
| differentiate in week 9 and 10 needs conversion of testosterone to dihydroxytestosterone and androgen receptors |
|
|
Term
| what does the wolffian duct develop into, what conditions does it need |
|
Definition
| testosterone stimulates development into epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct |
|
|
Term
| what does antimullerian hormone do, how is it made |
|
Definition
cause atrophy of the mullerian ducts and stop phenotypic female
made in sertoli cells and released via testosterone |
|
|
Term
| what do mullerian ducts do |
|
Definition
develop into fallopian tuves, uterus, and upper 1/3 of the vagina
female phenotype |
|
|
Term
| what parts of the female phenotype need no hormones to develop, whats the catch |
|
Definition
clitoris, labia majora, labia minora, lower 2/3 of the vagina
to be normal size they need estrogen |
|
|
Term
| why might a female have a male phenotype, how is this normally presented |
|
Definition
| excessive production of androgens by the adrenal cortex in development may cause an enlarged clitoris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypothalamic pituitary axis |
|
|
Term
| what are the puberty related hormone levels before puberty, when were these hormones first secreted ever |
|
Definition
GnRH secretion begins at week 4 but remains low
FSH and LH secretion begin at week 10 and 12 but remain low with FSH>LH |
|
|
Term
| what begins the process of puberty: 4 reasons changes occur |
|
Definition
pulsation of anterior pituitary hormones at a genetically programmed time
pulsatile secretion of GnRH with LH and FSH level increases and LH>FSH
increased sensitivity of the GnRH receptor in anterior pituitary
FSH and LH stimulate secretion of gonadal hormones |
|
|
Term
| what reasons may alter the onset of puberty |
|
Definition
genetics
nutrition
stress
melatonin (GnRH inhibition) removal of the pineal gland may lead to early puberty |
|
|
Term
| give a general reason for delayed puberty, how is it treated |
|
Definition
GnRH deficiency
treat with GnRH in pulses, long acting GnRH will not initiate |
|
|
Term
| explain the process of male puberity: what cells are stimulated how, what changes in the body |
|
Definition
FSH and LH stimulate leydig production of testosterone
testis grow (increased seminiferous tubules), growth of secondary sex organs, linear growth spurt, pubic and axillary hair, lowering of voice, initiation of spermatogenesis |
|
|
Term
| what changes occur in girls during puberty |
|
Definition
| budding of breasts, 2 years later menarche, pubic and axillary hair, increased secretion of androgens (andrenarche), closeing of epiphysis (earlier than boys) |
|
|
Term
| how does puberty affect growth |
|
Definition
near the end, androgens promote mineralization of epiphyseal plates of long bones and increase the rate of long bone growth in women.
depends on secretion of adrenal androgens at the time (andrenarche) |
|
|
Term
| what is the temp the testis need to be at, why, how do they keep it there |
|
Definition
35-36 deg C, 1-2 deg below body temp
specific for spermatogenesis
countercurrent arangement of vessels facilitates heat exchange |
|
|
Term
| seminiferous tubules: function, composition, cells |
|
Definition
make sperm
made of lobules around CT
have spermatogonia (stem cells), spermatocytes (young sperm), and sertoli cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
provide nutrients to growing sperm
blood testis barrier via tight junctions
make fluit to transport sperm to epididymis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
make testosterone
paracrine efects support spermatogenesis
endocrine effects modulate skeletal, prostate, etc |
|
|
Term
| spermatogeneis: timeine begining and end |
|
Definition
| begins at puberty and ends at senescence along seminiferous tubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 64 day cycle to ensure sperm are made continously, begins daily |
|
|
Term
| explain the process of spermatogenesis |
|
Definition
1. mitotic divisions: spermatogonia divide into spermatocytes
2. meiotic divisions: spermatocytes decrease chromosome number to make haploid spermatids
3. spermatogenesis: spermatids transform into mature sperm through loss of cytoplasm and development of flagilla |
|
|
Term
| explain the pathway of a life of a sperm |
|
Definition
| testes > ducts > epididymis > maturation and storage ampulla of vas deferens > ejaculation > vas deferens > urethra |
|
|
Term
| ampula of vas deferens: functions |
|
Definition
| additional storage, secretes fluid with citrate and fructose to nourish sperm |
|
|
Term
| what do seminal vesicles secrete |
|
Definition
| fructose, prostaglandins, fibrogen |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of prostgalndins for sperm |
|
Definition
| make cervical mucous more penetrable to sperm, cause peristaltic contractions in female reproductive tract to propel sperm up |
|
|
Term
| what does the prostate secrete, why |
|
Definition
citrate, Ca, and enzymes
slightly alkaline increases sperm motility and helps fertilization by neutralizing acidic secretion from vas deferens and vagina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sperm swim faster in basic solution and are short lived (ovem likes acid)
waiting in female reproductive tract for 4-6 hours while inhibitor factors are washed away, cholesterol is removed, and proteins are redistributed
at the end Ca influx causes flagemma motion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sperm membrane fuses with ovum and makes pores with hydrolytic and diproteolytic enzymes to leave acrosome to prnetrate ovum |
|
|
Term
| testosterone: where is it made, how does it travel, what stimulates production, what inhibits production |
|
Definition
made in leydig cells, stimulated by estrogen and inhibited by androgens
travels bound to sex steroid binging golbulin and albumin, inactive when bound, like reservoir |
|
|
Term
| how is production of testosterone in the testis different than the adrenal cortex |
|
Definition
| testes make testosterone rather than dihydroxytestosterone which needs to be converted to testosterone via 5a-reductase |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of 17 B hydroxysteroid DH |
|
Definition
| converts androstenediole to testosterone |
|
|
Term
| adrenal cortex and testes whip it out: give the hormone line up and a brief description |
|
Definition
cortex: 21B-hydroxylase and 11B-hydroxylase make mineral corticoids, 5a reductase makes testosterone
testis: 12Bhydroxysteroid DH which converts androstenediole to testosterone |
|
|
Term
| explain the pathway of GnRH secretion |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus arcuate nuclei > hypothalamic hypophyseal portal blood > anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| how does FSH regulate testis |
|
Definition
stimulate spermatogenetic and endocrine functions
stumulate spermatogenesis and sertoli cell functions |
|
|
Term
| how does LH regulate the testis |
|
Definition
stimulate spermatogenic and endocrine functions
stimulate leydig cells testosterone production via cholesterol desmolase
testosterone diffuses to sertoli cells and reinforces FSH action |
|
|
Term
| explain the negative feedback on testes function |
|
Definition
testosterone feeds back on hypothalamus and anterior lobe to inhibit GnRH and LH secretion
testosterone decreases frequency and amplidute and GnRH pulses
sertoli cells secrete inhibin which stops FSH |
|
|
Term
| what changes does testosterone cause in development and puberty |
|
Definition
differentation of epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles
in puberty increased muscle mass, growth spurt, closing of epiphyseal plates, growth of penis and seminal vesicles, deepening of voice, spermatogenesis, libido |
|
|
Term
| what does dihydroxytestosterone do in development and puberty |
|
Definition
development: external male genitalia
hair distribution, baldness, sebacous gland activity, growth of prostate |
|
|
Term
| what treats a bening prostatic hypertrophy and hair loss, how does it work |
|
Definition
finasteride: blocks conversion of testosterone to DHtestosterone and production of active androgens
binds to androgen receptor protein in cell, complex moves to nucleus to initiate transcription of proteins |
|
|
Term
| what are reasons for erectile dysfunction with reduced libido |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are reasons for erectile dysfunction with libido |
|
Definition
| psychological, vascular insufficiency (etheroma), neuropathic (DM, MS, alcohol), drugs (B-blocker, thiazides, diuretics), chronic kidney disease |
|
|
Term
| what cause of erectile dysfunction is uncommon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does testosterone secretion change with age |
|
Definition
| testosterone and LH begin to spike at 10 and decline between 20-60 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
male menopause
steady reduction of testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone, decrease in leydig cells |
|
|
Term
| how are the ovaries attached |
|
Definition
| to uterus with ligaments, vessels, lymph, and nerves |
|
|
Term
| what are the zones of the uterus: location, stuff in it |
|
Definition
cortex: outer, largest, germinal epithelium, occytes within follicles that make hormones
medulla: middle zone, cell mixture
hilum: inner, where blood and lymph pass through |
|
|
Term
| what is a follicle, functionl, composition |
|
Definition
functional unit, germ cell surrounded by endocrine cells to provide nutrients to developing oocyte and release it during ovulation
prepars vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes for fertilization and implantation, maintains hormone durine fertilization until placenta kicks in |
|
|
Term
| when do ovaries develop, what is the process |
|
Definition
weeks 20-24 primordial germ cells > mitosis > oogonia
weeks 8-9 oogonia enter prophase > primary oocytes
month 6 all are oocytes
atrition of oocytes during all this |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 steps of ovulation |
|
Definition
primary oocyte in prophasse
graffian follicle production
ovulation
corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
| primary oocyte is prophase, explain the begining of ovulation |
|
Definition
granulosa proliferates and gives nutrients and hormones
primordial follicle develops into primary follicle with theca interna
granulosa secretes fluid |
|
|
Term
| how is a graffian follicle produced during ovulation, how long does it take |
|
Definition
70-85 days
steroid hormones (from granulosa cells), mucopolysaccharides, proteins, and FSH accumulate in follicle antrum
granulosa and theca grow
end is marked by menses |
|
|
Term
| explain ovulation itself, how long is it, where does it line up |
|
Definition
5-7 days long just after menses
one follicle dominates and oocyte is released and enters the fallopian tube, second meiotic division begins but isnt completed without fertilization |
|
|
Term
| how is the corpus luteum developed, what does it do |
|
Definition
residual from burse follicle forms it (granulosa, theca, capillaries, fibroblasts)
makes hormones to support implantation and zygote until placenta takes over
dies in 14 days without fertilization making corpus albicans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scar due to death of corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
| explain ow estrogen is made |
|
Definition
1. LH stimulates cholesterol desmolase in theca cells
2. theca cells make andeostenedione
3. andeostendione travels to granulosa cells
4. andeostendione is converted via 17B-hydroxysteroid DH into testerone
5. FSH stimulates granulosa cells
6. testosterone is converted via aromatase to 17B-estradiol |
|
|
Term
| explain how progesterone is made |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what regulates activities in the ovaries |
|
Definition
| GnRH, FSH, LH, feedback loops (follicular phase negative feedback, mid cycle positive feedback, luteal phase negative feedback) |
|
|
Term
| how does GnRH regulate ovaries |
|
Definition
| pulsatile secretion to anterior pituitary stimulates FSH and LH |
|
|
Term
| how does FSH regulate ovaries |
|
Definition
| causes granulosa cells to grow making primary follicle, stimulates estrogen synthesis, estrogen and FSH together stimulate follicular cells |
|
|
Term
| how does LH regulate ovaries |
|
Definition
initiates ovulation
lutinization: stimulates formation of corpus luteum
maintains steroid hormone production by corpus luteum in luteal phase |
|
|
Term
| explain follicular phase negative feedback |
|
Definition
| FSH and LH stimulate estrogen synthesis from follicular cells and estrogen stops FSH and LH secretion from anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| explain mid cycle positive feedback |
|
Definition
estrogen rises due to follicle proliferation
when it reaches >200 it has positive feedback on anterior pituitary to release more FSH and LH to trigger ovulation of mature oocyte |
|
|
Term
| explain luteal ohase negative feedback |
|
Definition
ovaries are secreting progesterone
progesterone stops FSH and LH release from anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| what is progesterone dependent on to function, why is progesterone kinda a bitch |
|
Definition
| estrogen upregulating its receptors, progesterone downregulates estrogen receptors in some tissues |
|
|
Term
| what does estrogen do in puberty |
|
Definition
development of uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix, vagina, growth spurt, deposition of subcutaneous fat
stimulates uterus contraction, cilia in fallopian tuves, proliferation of vagina epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what does progesterone (with the help of estrogen) do |
|
Definition
increases secretion and decreases contraction of uterus and fallopian tuves
inhibits proliferation of vaginal epithelium
mild thermogenic in basal body in luteal phase |
|
|
Term
| explain breast development |
|
Definition
estrogen surge in puberty
lobular ducts grow in adipose tissue around the nipple and areola enlarges
adipose tissue increases
progesterone stimulates mamillary duct development |
|
|
Term
| what is the basis for the rhythm method of contraception |
|
Definition
| progesterone being a mild thermogenic in basal body in luteal phase |
|
|
Term
| what are the phases of the menstural cycle |
|
Definition
follicular / proliferative
ovulation
luteal / secretory
menses |
|
|
Term
| follicular / proliferation phase of menstural cycle: day numbers, what is happening |
|
Definition
day 0-14
primordial follicle develops into graafian follicle, neighboring follicles regress
FSH and LH receptors upregulated on theca and granulosa stimulating estrogen
estrogen causes endometrial lining proliferation and inhibits FSH and LH
cervical mucous thinning and channel opening
prepares endometrium for implantation: growth of glands, stroma, and spiral arteries |
|
|
Term
| ovulation: days its on, changes |
|
Definition
day 14-28. ends with menses
estrogen positive feedback on FSH and LH
cervical mucus thickens
estrogen decreases |
|
|
Term
| luteal / secretory phase: days, changes |
|
Definition
corpus luteum develops and makes estrogen and progesterone
progesterone causes endometrium secretion and vascularity increase, prepares to recieve fertilized ovum, increases hypothalamic set point temp, mucous becomes less abundant
estrogen causes endometrium proliferation
if no fertilization corpus luteum digresses and blood progresterone and estrogen drop
uterine glands become tortuous, accumulation of glycogen in vacolues, increase in mucous, thicking of cervical mucous |
|
|
Term
| menses: days its on, what is happening |
|
Definition
4-5 days long corresponds to day 0, 4, or 5 of menstural cycle
loss of estrogen and progesterone cause endometrial lining to slough off
primordial follicles are being recruited for development |
|
|
Term
| how long is gestation, how is it divided up |
|
Definition
| 40 weeks from onset of last menstural period, 38 weeks from last ovulation, divided into 13 week trimesters |
|
|
Term
| fertilization: timing, what happens |
|
Definition
| within 24 hours of ovulation in ampulla, sperm penetrates ovum and second polar body is made, after 4 days it has divided enough to make a blastocyst |
|
|
Term
| implantation: timing, what happens, hormones needed, cell divisions, what happens to the uterus |
|
Definition
day 5
blastocyst implants into endometrium
needs low estrogen to progesterone ratio
high progesterone output from corpus luteum
blastocyst implant into endometrium do differentate into decidual like cells |
|
|
Term
| how does the corpus luteum stay in pregnacy |
|
Definition
| trophoblast secretes HCG 8 days after ovulation which is similar to LH and tells the corpus luteum to stay |
|
|
Term
| what is the basis of a pregnacy test, timing |
|
Definition
| HCG is detected in urine 9 days after ovulation, made 8 days after fertilization, but declines at 9 weeks |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of HCG in the first and second trimester |
|
Definition
first: rescue corpus luteum
second: no one knows |
|
|
Term
| how is progesterone made in the placenta and when |
|
Definition
second trimester
cholesterol from maternal circulation goes to placenta and is converted to pregnenolone then progesterone |
|
|
Term
| how is estrogen made in the placenta and when |
|
Definition
second trimester
pregnenolone enters fetal circulation and is converted to dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate in adrenal cortex and is converted to 16-OH DHEA sulfate in the liver, it corsses placenta where sulfatase removes sulfate, aromatase converts it to estriol |
|
|
Term
| what are the possible causes of parturition |
|
Definition
| distension, fetal hypothalamal pituitary adrenal axis (cortisol), prostaglandins, oxytocin |
|
|
Term
| explain how distension begins parturition |
|
Definition
| once fetus reaches critical size uterus increases uncoordinated contraction (Braxton hicks) 1 month before delivery |
|
|
Term
| explain how fetal hypothalamal pituitary adrenal axis (cortisol) causes parturition |
|
Definition
| activation causes cortisol production which increases estrogen to progesterone ratio causing uterine sensitivity to contractile stimuli |
|
|
Term
| explain how prostaglandins cause parturition |
|
Definition
| estrogen stimulates release of local prostaglandins PGE2 and PGE2a which increase intracellular Ca in smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| explain oxytocin role in parturition |
|
Definition
receptors are up regulated at end of gestation, dilation of cervic stimulates oxytocin secretion
levels do not increas near term, physiologic role is uncertian |
|
|
Term
| what are the stages of parturition, what happens in them |
|
Definition
1. uterine contraction from fundus move head of fetus to cervix
2. fetus is forced through cervix and delivered through vagina
3. placenta separates from uterine decidual tissue via powerful contractions. constriction of uterine vessels prevents post-partum bleeding. hormone concentration returns to pregnant levels except prolactin |
|
|
Term
| how are the breasts prepared for lactation |
|
Definition
estrogen and progesterone stimulate growth and development of breast throughout pregnacy
estrogen stimulates prolcatin secretion from anterior pituitary
lcatation does not occur in pregnacy because estrogen and progesterone block prolactin |
|
|
Term
| explain how lactation begins after birth |
|
Definition
progesterone and estrogen fall and lactation begins, maintained by sucking which stimulates oxytocin and prolactin
lactation supresses ovulation because it inhibits GnRH, FSH, and LH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
menstural cycles without ovulation
common for some years before m enopause as follicles get lower |
|
|
Term
| what does decreased estrogen like in menopause cause |
|
Definition
decreased negative feedback allowing pulsatile secretion of FSH and LH
los of ovarian estrogen
thinning of vaginal epithelium
decreased vaginal secretion
decreased breast mass
accelerated bone loss
vascular instability
emotional issues |
|
|
Term
| how does obesity effect menopause |
|
Definition
| less symptomatic because estrogen can be made from androgenic precursors in adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
| oral contraception: composition, method |
|
Definition
combo of estrogen and progesterone or only progesterone
work via negative feedback inhibiting FSH and LH to prevent ovulation
changes in cervical mucus to hostile
decrease motility of fallopian tubes
inhibit follicular development and thus ovulation |
|
|
Term
| how does post-coital contraception work |
|
Definition
high dose of estrogen and progesterone interfere with implantation
mifepristone (RU 468) blocks progesterone receptors preventing implantation of the trophoblast |
|
|
