Term
| Specific type of stimulus to which a receptor has the lowest threshold |
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Definition
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Term
| senstive to circulating or applied chemicals. gustatory and olfactory |
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Definition
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Term
| Respond to changes in mechanical energy. |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle spindles, touch receptors, tendon organs, and hair cells. Hearing and balance |
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Definition
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Term
| receptors that are sensitive to light. Include rods and cones in the retina |
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Definition
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Term
| receptors sensitve to temp changes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Receptors classified by the general type of sensation that the receptors convey (5) |
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Definition
Exteroceptors
Interoceptors
proprioceptors
nociceptors
teleceptors |
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Term
| Receptors that receive info from the general body surface. Concerned with info about the external environment. Cutaneous receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| receptors that lie inside the body (viscera or blood vessels) a.k.a. visceroceptors. pain or chemoreceptors |
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Definition
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Term
| receptors that deal with body sense and position of body parts in space. Located in muscles, tendons, and joints |
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Definition
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Term
| receptors that transmit the sensation of pain |
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Definition
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Term
| receptors of a sensation of events that originate at some distance from the body. Eyes, ears, nose. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mechanoreceptors, themoreceptors, and nociceptors |
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Definition
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Term
| Sensory fibers of neurons (periphreal receptors) are loacted in peripheral nerves and their cell bodies in ____ for spinal nerves or ________ for cranial nerves |
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Definition
| dorsal root ganglia; ganglia near CNS |
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Term
| There are few ______ but many are mixed with _______. |
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Definition
| purely sensory nerves; motor fibers |
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Term
| All general body sensory information is projected to the _________ in the brain for conscious perception and some goes to the ________ for control of motor activity. |
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Definition
| somatosensory cortex; cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 3. types of receptors coming from cutaneous areas |
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Definition
| Mechano (touch and pressure), thermo, and nociceptors |
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Term
| sensational functions of cutaneous areas are served by free nerve ending s associated with |
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Definition
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Term
| Glabrous, A-beta fibers, Slow adaptive mechanoreceptors that detect velocity and position, sense of touch-pressure on skin. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Glabrous, A-beta fibers, quick adaptive,mechanoreceptors, velocity and instantaneous position. sense of contact and flutter. |
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Definition
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Term
| Glabrous, A-beta fiber, quick adapting mechanoreceptors. Celocity and higher derivatives of position. Contact and vibration. |
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Definition
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Term
| Respond by firing impulses when stimulating source is stationary as well as when it is moving. |
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Definition
| Position and velocity receptors (this is one type) |
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Term
| fire only when stimulating source is moving. |
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Definition
| velocity mechanoreceptors |
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Term
| fire only at the onset of displacement |
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Definition
| transient mechanoreceptors |
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Term
| Velocity receptor. Large myelinated axons. supply guard hairs. 3-15 hairs/sensory fiber. Moving 1 hair is not as effective as moving several in succession. |
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Definition
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Term
| Velocity receptor. Associated with fine myelinated axons. Innervate down and guard hair. More sensitve to slight movements of the hair. Adaption is very slow. |
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Definition
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Term
| Velocity receptor. More sensitve to hair movement than types T and G. persistent and irregular discharge when hair is moved and HELD in new position. |
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Definition
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Term
| The number and location of the receptors served by a single neuron |
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Definition
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Term
| density of receptive field determines the degree of |
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Definition
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Term
| a larger number of SMALL receptive fields and little convergence predict |
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Definition
| improved two-point discrimination |
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Term
| Highly localized and refined sensitvity |
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Definition
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Term
| poorly localized and crude senstaions |
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Definition
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Term
| continual discharge for any given muscle length or joint angle |
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Definition
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Term
| joint and muscle receptors (5) |
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Definition
| GTO, Pacinian corpuscles, Ruffini's corpuscles, Merkel's endings, and muscle spindles. |
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Term
| deep pain is served by ____. Last to succumb to pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| sensory processing begins in |
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Definition
| specialized membranes of receptor cells |
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Term
| specialized cells exhibit two properties that are important in processing stimulus signals. |
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Definition
1) differential sensitivity (selective and specific)
2) ability to amplify signal they recieve |
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Term
| each receptor cell transduces the stimulus into a _________ |
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Definition
| change in membrane potential. |
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Term
| Receptor cells are sometimes able to respond to _______ other than their adequate stimulus |
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Definition
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Term
| In photoreceptors, change in molecular conformation changes the membrane conductance. So _____ on the eyeball will excited the retinal cells and the brain will perceive flashes of light. |
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Definition
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Term
| a small stretch applied to the relaxed muscle leads to a small hypopolarization called the |
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Definition
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Term
| Once action potentials have started firing, the frequency is directly proportional to the |
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Definition
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Term
| receptor potentials are _____ in amplitude |
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Definition
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Term
| Unlike Na current of an action potential, the receptor current is not ________ and therefore spreads only by ___________ |
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Definition
| regenerative; passive electrotonic means. |
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Term
| The receptor potential is like an _____ at a synaptic junction. |
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Definition
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Term
| depolarizing receptor potential spreads electronically to a spike-initiating zone in the axon membrane which generates action ptoentials. this requires that the membranes at the _____ serve as the receptor. most receptors in the body are of this type. |
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Definition
| terminal dendrite; Reception by dendritic ending of a neuron |
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Term
| utilize non-neural receptor cells. A depolarizing or hyperploarizing receptor potential spreads electrotonically to the presynaptic portion of the receptor cell. Modulating the release of transmitter substance. The postsynaptic action of the transmitter then modulates the frequency of impulses generated via _________; in the dendrite of an afferent nerve fiber. IT IS NOT NECESSARY FOR THE _________ TO PRODUCE AN ACTION POTENTIAL. The NON-NEURAL cell produces the ______ |
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Definition
| generator potential; receptor cell; action potential |
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Term
| the _____ of the stimulus is not coded by any characteristics inherent in action potentials |
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Definition
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Term
| As the intensity of a stimulus is increased, the receptor current is _______ and depolarization is produced. |
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Definition
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Term
| In some receptors, the impulse-initiating zone shows little accommodation and in the face of a steady depolarization, can produce a __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Determinatnts of intensity |
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Definition
# of receptors involved;
pattern of discharge |
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Term
| the range of stimulus intensities over which a receptor can respon without saturation |
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Definition
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Term
| the amplitude of receptor potential is proportional to the |
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Definition
| logarithm of the stimulus intesntiy |
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Term
| The ability of sense organs to function over a large energy range dpends on the (3) |
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Definition
dynamic range of initial transudction process;
adaptation with maintained exposure;
protperties of neural network that process sensory signals |
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Term
| Where does adaptation occur? |
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Definition
receptor cell itself;
result of time-dependent changes in accessory tissues;
CNS |
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Term
| continue to discharge steadily in response to a constant stimulus |
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Definition
| tonic or static receptors |
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Term
| receptors that significantly decrease their output for a constant input |
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Definition
| phasic or dynamic receptors |
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Term
| The ______ of molecules necessary for responding to a given stimulus may dimish in the face of a constant stimulus. ex. rhodopsin must be regenerated in the dark (ecxites rod and cone receptors) |
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Definition
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Term
| actual _____ properties of receptor cell may change during stiumlation ex. Ca accumulation in cells. can also activate K channels and bring back down to RMP. |
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Definition
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Term
| Accessory structures may show ______ changes that alter the membrane potential of the receptor. ex. the lamella of a pacinain corpuscle turns it on an off. |
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Definition
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Term
| The responsivenetss of some sensory receptors is influenced by the ____ which sends impulses through efferent axons that innervate the sense organ. ex. gamma efferent fibers that supply muscle spindle modulates the sensitivity of the receptor. when they are active, the receptor is more sensitive to stimulus. |
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Definition
| CNS (efferent control of receptor sensitivity) |
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Term
| 4 catagories of nociceptors |
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Definition
| Mechano, mechano-heat, mechao-cold, plymodal. |
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Term
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Definition
skin;
arterial walls;
joint surfaces;
periosteum;
peritoneum;
falx and tentorium |
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Term
| Pain is transmitted to the CNS by the small _______ fibers at velocities of (_____) and ________ fibers that are slower. |
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Definition
| Delta type A; 3-20 m/s; C fibers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Faster fibers (nociceptors) are called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sensed by nociceptive fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| Prickling, Burning, Aching |
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Term
Superficial Receptors.
A-delta size fibers
Latency is SHORT and subsides quickly |
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Definition
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|
Term
Superficial cutaneous receptors
Unmyelinated C type fibers
Longer Latency and greater persistence |
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Definition
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Term
Receptors are in viscera, periosteum and joints.
Type C fibers
difficult to localize, may be life threatening |
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Definition
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Term
Afferent activities ceoncerned with gut reflexes.
poorly localized
often referred pain. |
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Definition
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Term
| CNS cannot tell the difference between _____ and ____ in viscera. Pain arises from the _______. Pain fibers enter cord through ___________. |
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Definition
| Distension & strong contractions; peritoneal linings; sympathetic routes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| severe sensation or reaction to pain |
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Definition
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Term
| Decreased senstation to pain |
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Definition
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Term
| Nociceptors are the best method of assesing the _____ system |
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Definition
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Term
| Injured tissues may release _____ that alter permability of high threshold receptors |
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Definition
| K, hisamine, prostaglandins, bradykinen. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Nonpainful mechanical manipulation of a painful site decreases the reception and/or perception of pain |
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Definition
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Term
| Mechanoreception using ______ fibers enhance interneurons in the spinal cord taht normally inhibit pain pathways. |
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Definition
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Term
| Pain impulses travel from receptors over the _______ of a spinal nerve. Stimulation of the _______ may also cause pain. |
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Definition
| dorsal root (Redicular Pain) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Caused by excitation of nociceptors at one site, usally deep or vesceral, that is sensed as originating at another site, usually superficial. |
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Definition
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Term
| The superficial region to which pain is referred is the ______ that shares teh same dorsal root as the visceral or deep afferents innervating the structure from which the pain actually originates. |
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Definition
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Term
| The spindle is the ____ most complex receptor in the body |
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Definition
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Term
| The muscle spindle is found in all skeletal muscle, particularly _____ and those responsible for fine motor control. |
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Definition
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Term
| The spindle is a fusiform structure. it is composed of 8-10 ____ which are striated in appearance |
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Definition
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Term
| the center of the intrafusal fiber. devoid of striations. |
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Definition
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Term
| striated end portions capable of contraction in intrafusal fibers. |
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Definition
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Term
| long thick fibers that have nuclei located in a central position in a cluster |
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Definition
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Term
| shorter and thinner than bag fibers, with nuclei located serially in the center of the fiber |
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Definition
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Term
| spindle has how many bag and how many chain fibers? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sensory (afferent) fibers supplying the spindle are type Ia and II. They supply the _____ of the intrafusal fiber |
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Definition
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Term
| Fibers that arise from the central portions of both types of intrafusal fibers (bag and chain) where they spiral around the central portion |
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Definition
| Primary/ annulospiral. Ia |
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Term
| Arise primarily from the ends of the nuclear chain fibers, with some smaller branches arising from the nuclear bag2 fibers. |
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Definition
| secondary/ flower spray receptors (type II fibers) |
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Term
| Primary afferents are ____ than secondary |
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Definition
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Term
| receptors for the spindle have their cell bodies in the ________ of spinal nerves for those muscles supplied by spinal nerves |
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Definition
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Term
| The efferent (motor) supply to the intrafusal (spindle) fibers form a specailized group of fibers called the |
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Definition
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Term
| collective term for gamma motor fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| (gamma)Cell bodies for these neurons are located in the ______ of the ______ along with the cell bodies fro the LMN(Alpha) |
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Definition
| Ventral horn of the gray matter |
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Term
| (dynamic gamma) endings terminate on polar regions of nuclear bag1 fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| (statis gamma) fibers that terminate primarily on the nuclear bag2 fibers and nuclear chain fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| spindles are located throughout the muscle and lie _______ with the extrafusal fibers. |
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Definition
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Term
| when the equatorial area of the intrafusal fiber is stretched, activity in the spindle afferents -_______ |
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Definition
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Term
| when the centerl of the intrafusal fiber is shortened afferent activity |
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Definition
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Term
| afferent activity results from an increased ______ of cell membranes to small ions, particularly ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| the center of the spindle can be streched by: strech of the ______ surrounding the spindle |
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Definition
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Term
| center of the spindle can be streched by: contraction of the ________ By: |
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Definition
| ends of the intrafusal fibers; impulses over the gamma efferent fibers |
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Term
| fiber types that convey static information |
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Definition
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Term
| fiber type responsible for dynamic response |
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Definition
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Term
| The Ia fiber discharges rapidly during strech, but also has a ____ level of output for muscle length before and after strech. |
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Definition
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Term
| Type II fiber discharges _____ for any given length, but only slowly increases its output when a muscle is streched. |
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Definition
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Term
| Ia fiber synapses directly with the |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ fibers are not directly involved in the myotatic reflex, but only indirectly |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased gamma EFFERENT discharge increases spindle _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Gamma efferent activity incereases the output of a _____ fiber |
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Definition
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Term
| The __CNS___ modulates the discharge level of the receptor |
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Definition
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Term
| 1/3 of the motor fibers in the _________ of a spinal nerve are gamma motor |
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Definition
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|
Term
| gamma activity can evoke _________ contration |
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Definition
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Term
| resistance of a muscle to _______ because a certain # of motor units are active may be referred to as _____ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| loss of input to gamma cell bodies due to injury of the spinal cord can esult in ________ |
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Definition
| immediate loss of tone (in muslces supplied by gamma fibers) |
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Term
| the tendoncy of the spindle is to shut off during muscle contraction. this is prevented by |
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Definition
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Term
| the spindle shortedns along with the muscle, and spindle discharge may continue throughout the muscle contraction. this means that... |
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Definition
| the muscle may respond to strech, even at its new shorter length. |
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Term
| if coactivation did not occur, the spindle... |
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Definition
| would be constantly opposing muscle contraction. |
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Term
| gamma activation during alpha activation may assist the |
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Definition
| LMN and extrafusal muscle contraction. |
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Term
Gamma Loop:
The gamma neuron stimulates the contractile portions of the intrafusal fibers, which ______(1)________. that strech stimulates sensory fibers supplying the spindle (Ia dynamically, II in a tonic fashion). Proprioceptive impulses ___(2)___ that cause _____ |
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Definition
1) streches the central portion of the intrafusal fibers
(2) excite LMN that cause extrafusal muscle contraction. |
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Term
|
Definition
-CNS to receptor
-Receptor to CNS
-CNS to effector |
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Term
| An injury to the spinal cord will result in an abnormal input to the spindle from the |
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Definition
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|
Term
| LMN and GMN abnormality results in |
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Definition
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|
Term
GTO:
Consits of the end ramifications of type ___ sensory fibers. The receptor is enclosed in a _____ and connected at either end to the connective tissue of the tendon. The terminal endings are aborize that is probably the reason they are |
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Definition
Ib;
capsule;
stimulated when streched. |
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Term
| The GTO is ______ with the muscle |
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Definition
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|
Term
| GTO functions to detect ____ during contraction |
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Definition
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Term
| Stimulation of the Ib fibers that supply the GTO terminate in the spinal cord on inhibitory ______. Which in turn, synapse on _____ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In addition to _____ the LMN to the muscle of stimulus origin, the incoming Ib fibers ______ stimulaes LMN to _______ muscles. |
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Definition
inhibiting;
disynaptically;
antagonistic |
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Term
| The end effect of the GTO excitation is to ______ in the tendon from which the signal arose. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____ as it is sometimes called, prevents excessive strech of tendons, thus regulating ____ of muscle contraction |
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Definition
Inverse myotatic reflex;
velocity |
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Term
| Abnormally hperexended limb |
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Definition
|
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Term
| in hyperextension, the muscles are stimulating their GTOS and wehn passive strech is added to this, the GTOs finally overcome the LMN pools to extensor muscles and the limb collapses. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the clasp knife reaction demonstrates the _____ input to the LMN of the extensor muscles |
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Definition
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