Term
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Definition
| time from which data leaves baseline to the time where it comes back to baseline |
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Definition
| measures the pressure exerted against the walls of the vessels in your finger |
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Term
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Definition
| time interval from the beginning of one pulse to the end of the same pulse |
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Definition
| maximum voltage on one pulse - minimum voltage on same pulse |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the time from the beginning of one pulse to the beginning of the next |
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Term
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Definition
| random movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of diffusion involving the movement of a solvent (H2O) across a semi permeable membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| pi = iRT(C1-C2). i is total number of ions, r is gas constant (.0821), T is temp in K, and C1 is concentration gradient inside whatever, C2 is concentration gradient of outside |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of particles in a solution expressed as osmoles/L |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of water to flow osmotically toward a solution. the greater the osmolarity of a solution, the greater will be the tendency for water to move across a semipermeable membrane towards that solution |
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Term
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Definition
| two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane are iso-osmotic to each other if they have the same osmotic pressure or number of solute particles |
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Term
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Definition
| if one solution has a greater osmotic pressure than the other solution- it is hyper to the other solution |
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Term
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Definition
| if it has a lower osmotic pressure then it is hypo to the other solution |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of an extracellular solution to cause changes in the size and shape of a cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cell looses water and shrinks - becomes crenated |
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Term
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Definition
| cell gains water and swells, can cause hemolysis - where it bursts and loses its contents |
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Term
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Definition
| fogginess - the more opaque - the more severe the hemolysis is |
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Term
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Definition
| do not have a duct system - release hormones directly into the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| hace a duct - from a gland to its target organs |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical messenger secreted by cells into the etracellular fluids that regulates the metabolic functions of other cells in the body. causes a change in physiology to the cells that help maintain a homeostatic state. |
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Term
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Definition
| they are synthesized from cholesterol |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Tyrosine derivatives hormones |
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Definition
| derived from amino acid tyrosine - also requires a mineral to be derived |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| receptor for polypeptide hormones |
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Definition
| embedded on the plasma membrane - site is extracellular |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme used to convert ATP to cAMP - becomes second messenger |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| outside the nucleus - need free ribosomes |
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Term
| Anterior lobe of Pituitary |
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Definition
| Pars distalis - furthest from midline. Pars intermedia - middle, pars Tuberalis - stalk of gland |
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Term
| Posterior lobe of pituitary |
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Definition
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Term
| TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone |
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Definition
| increased thyroid hormone secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| increased glucocorticoid secretion |
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Term
| FSH Follicle stimulating hormone |
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Definition
| follicle maturation and estrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| ovulation and testosterone synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| milk synthesis in lactating women |
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Term
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Definition
| also called somatostatin: increased growth in tissues, amino acid uptake, protein synthesis, and glycogen and glucose levels |
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Term
| MSH - melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
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Definition
| increases the production of melanin in melanocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection from the mammary glands |
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Term
| ADH - Antidiuretic Hormone - Vasopressin |
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Definition
| elevates B/P and promotes reabsorption of H2O by the kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| separate glands that reside within the thyroid |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates body metabolism and bone growth; development of and maturation of brain and nervous system. Cretinism and hypothyroidism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Calcitonin (also thyroid) |
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Definition
| decrease calcium levels in the blood. secreted from parafollicular cells that surround the thyroid cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 3 layers of the adrenal cortex |
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Definition
| Zona glomerulosa: produces mineralocorticoids - maintains water and electrolyte balances. Zona fasciculata: produces gulcocorticoids - regulates glucose in the body. Zona reticularis: produces adrenal sex hormones - also known as androgens testosterone and estrogen. |
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Term
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Definition
| ad. cortex - principle mineralocorticoids - secreted in response to Na deprivation Z.G. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 2 hormones of the adrenal medulla - Epi and Norepi |
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Definition
| Epinephrine: released in response to environmental stressors. Norepi: increases B/P; constricts pupils |
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Term
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Definition
| cells in the pancreas that are in clusters of 3 |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete glucagon to increase glucose levels in blood |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete insulin to uptake excess glucose from the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete somatostatin which will either stimulate glucagon to raise glucose levels or insulin to decrease them |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of glucose from CHO, FAT, and PRO -occurs between meals |
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Term
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Definition
| liver makes glucose out of glycogen stored in the liver - this kicks in with a stressor |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| produce myelin in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| produce myelin in the PNS |
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Term
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Definition
| line capillaries of the brain; control the ionic environment around neurons; responsible for blood-brain barrier |
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Term
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Definition
| line brain and CNS; active role in synthesizing cerebral spinal fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| support the adventitial (outermost) layer of the brain; are a special type of macrophage that help protect the CNS by engulfing invading microorganisms and dead neural tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| found closely associated with schwann cells; thought to play a role in controlling the chemical environment of neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| provide structure and support to the neuron |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cylindrical cells covering the axon of the cell that aid in insulation and conduction. surrounds axon for rapid conductance; energy efficient |
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Term
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Definition
| spaces between myelin sheaths where action potentials "jump" between nodes for faster impulse movement down the axon |
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Term
| resting membrane potential |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| happens when AP goes - Na rushes in and depolarizes the inside - switches charge from - to +... +40 is max depol |
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Term
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Definition
| happens when it dips back down to baseline - Na channels close, K channels open so there will be an efflux out of the cell - takes it back down to -70 mV |
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Term
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Definition
| goes down past -70 mV because K channels are slow so too much leaves = it fixes it self and comes back to resting though |
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Term
| Sodium Potassium ATPase pumps |
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Definition
| 3 Na out, 2 K in - that is how -70 is maintained |
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Term
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Definition
| AP reaches presynaptic terminal, voltage gated Ca channels open, influx of Ca occurs, synaptic vesicles fuse with membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft and diffuse to the postsynaptic membrane |
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Term
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Definition
neurotransmitter binds to neuroreceptors on the postsynaptic membrane, this causes Na channels to open flow into postsynaptic neuron
if threshold is reached, action potential is initiated - within the synaptic cleft enzymes break down leftover neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| general anesthetics - restricts AP from reaching threshold because the K gates open and it leaks out - causing the cell to hyperpolarize |
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Term
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Definition
| local anesthetics - blocks the Na channels - prevents flow of Na into the cell - so threshold cannot be reached, no AP |
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Term
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Definition
| snake venoms - blocks receptors on postsynaptic cell APs cant continue to destination - muscles don't contract - paralysis occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| snake venoms - blocks receptors on postsynaptic cell APs cant continue to destination - muscles don't contract - paralysis occurs |
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Term
| Absolute Refractory Period |
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Definition
| second AP cannot be generated due to all the Na gates being closed but inactive K gates are open |
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Term
| Relative Refractory Period |
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Definition
| second AP can be generated; Na channels are closed, K channels are open; action potential will always be lesser in magnitude (during hyperpolarization) |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotransmitter - elicits an effect on the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| Pre is long, post is short - ACH is the neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| pre is short, post is long - catecholemines is epi and nore - they increase HR and force of contractions |
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Term
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Definition
| any neuron that uses ACH as their operating neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| uses Epi and Norepi (adrenaline) as their operating neurotransmitter |
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Term
| Characteristics of the Parasymp |
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Definition
| ganglia located close to the effector organ and far from spinal cord, motor neurons exit the brain and sacral regions (craniosacral) |
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Term
| Characteristics of they Symp |
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Definition
| ganglia located far from effector organ and closer to the spinal cord, motor neurons exit the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord (throacolumbar) |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulatory effects; named because of their selective stimulation by muscarine which is derived from the mushroom - a type of cholinergic receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulatory/inhibitory effects; derived from nicotine |
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Term
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Definition
| Ach decreases H.R. - it delays transmission of the impulse, AP into the ventricles and decrease the rhythm rate into the SA node. Cells in the SA node initiate their own depolarization without the CNS input. Ach increases permeability of the SA node to K ions - makes them leaky - causes hyperpolarization - threshold is farther away now |
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Term
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Definition
| AV node - sends signals to bundles of HIS - they then split and go to both ventricles - purkinje fibers carry out the last signal transduction |
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Term
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Definition
| an andrenergic agonist which binds to adrenergic receptors, increases the HR and strength of contraction (two types of receptors - alpha and beta. Epi binds to beta receptors on the Heart thereby increasing the heart rate |
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Term
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Definition
| Lidocain - local anesthetic - constrict peripheral blood vessels - restricts blood flow to area. Anaphylactic shock and cardiac arrest |
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Term
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Definition
| direct actin cholinergic agonist which decreases HR by directly acting on the receptor - actss the same as acetylcholine. Therapeutic uses - Xerostomia (dry mouth), glaucoma and cystic fibrosis |
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Term
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Definition
| strengthens the force of the Heartbeat by increasing the amount of Ca in the cardiocytes - it binds to Na and K receptors and stops it from leaving the cell - as Ca builds up in the class, it causes a stronger heartbeat. It is used therapeutically for Atrial Arrhythmias and Congestive Heart Failure |
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Term
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Definition
| a cholinergic antagonist which blocks the ACh receptor causing increased sympathetic tone thus indirectly increasing the heart rate. antagonist at the muscarinic receptor - it indirectly increases Heart Rate |
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Term
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Definition
| pupil dilation. two ways to cause mydriasisBlock the action of Ach on the sphincter pupillage, increases noradrenaline on the dilator pupillae |
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Term
| when ciliary muscles relax |
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Definition
| the lens assumes more flattened shape and is less convex |
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Term
| when ciliary muscles contract |
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Definition
| the lens assumes a more spherical shape - muscle fibers relaxes the ligament of lens capsule |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the shorter the focal length |
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Definition
| the higher the diopter - more concave lens has a decreased focal length |
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Term
| two muscles controlling the blink reflex |
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Definition
| orbicularis oculi and levator palpebrae - both innervated by facial nerve VII |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal/fixed constriction of pupils (pin point pupils) |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased elasticity of the lens |
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Term
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Definition
| auditory - 150, visual - 190 ms |
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