Term
|
Definition
| The body's control system that governs actions a/o reactions |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 basic functions of the NS/steps in its activation? |
|
Definition
| Detection/Transmission, Processing/Decision-making, Transmission |
|
|
Term
| What type of neurons transmit information to the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does processing of information & decision making occur? |
|
Definition
| Interneurons/Association neurons |
|
|
Term
| What neurons transmit response decision to effectors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do sensory cells convert stimuli into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the basic functional organization of the NS? |
|
Definition
| Environment --> Sensory Components --> Brain & Spinal Cord --> Motor Components --> Effectors |
|
|
Term
| Where does analysis & integration of sensory & motor information occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are somatic effectors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are autonomic effectors? |
|
Definition
| Smooth mm., Cardiac mm., Glands |
|
|
Term
| Communication btw nn., along nn., & btw nn. & target cells involves _____. |
|
Definition
| Flow of ions/electrical currents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conscious or unconscious awareness of external & internal stimuli perceived via sensory Rs |
|
|
Term
| How many total modalities are there for sensation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the general modalities of sensation? |
|
Definition
| Touch, Pain, Temperature, Proprioception |
|
|
Term
| What are the special modalities of sensation? |
|
Definition
| Vision, Hearing, Equilibrium, Taste, Smell |
|
|
Term
| Nature/Type of Sensation vary according to _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unconscious or conscious sensation? Spinal Cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unconscious or conscious sensation? Brain Stem. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unconscious or conscious sensation? Thalamus |
|
Definition
| Crude awareness of location & type of sensation |
|
|
Term
| Unconscious or conscious sensation? Cerebral Cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many modalities are carried by any given neuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of sensation is destined for the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| Fast automatic response; Spinal reflexes |
|
|
Term
| What type of sensation is destined for the brain stem? |
|
Definition
| Complex automatic reflexes; HR, BP, Breathing Rate |
|
|
Term
| What type of sensation is destined for the thalamus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What specific sensation is destined for the cerebral cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the CNS performs precise interpretation of sensory type & location? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does sensation begin with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of sensory receptors? |
|
Definition
1)Dendritic zone of Sensory neuron
2)Specialized cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of "dendritic zone" sensory R's? |
|
Definition
| Free n. endings & Encapsulated n. endings |
|
|
Term
| What sensations are picked up by free nerve endings? |
|
Definition
| Pain, Thermal, Touch, Smell |
|
|
Term
| What types of sensations are picked up by encapsulated nerve endings? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of sensations are picked up by specialized sensory cells? |
|
Definition
| Vision, Hearing, Taste, Equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| What 3 forms of energy provide sensory stimulation? |
|
Definition
| Electromagnetic, Mechanical, Chemical |
|
|
Term
| What are the functional classifications of sensory R's? |
|
Definition
| MechanoR's, ThermoR's, PhotoR's, ChemoR's, NociR's |
|
|
Term
| What type of stimulus is picked up by mechanoreceptors? Give examples. |
|
Definition
| Sound/pressure waves; touch, hearing, proprioception |
|
|
Term
| What type of stimulus is picked up by thermoreceptors? Give examples. |
|
Definition
| Kinetic energy; Thermoreception/Temperature |
|
|
Term
| What type of stimulus is picked up by photoreceptors? Give examples. |
|
Definition
| Electromagnetic energy; Vision/Light |
|
|
Term
| What type of stimulus is picked up by chemoreceptors? Give examples. |
|
Definition
| Chemical energy; Taste, Smell |
|
|
Term
| What type of stimulus is picked up by nociceptors? Give examples. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of an encapsulated n. ending. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mechanoreceptors normally have ____ channels, which _____ when the cell is stretched. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stimulating energy is transformed into _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Outline the steps in the process of sensation. |
|
Definition
| Stimulation, Transduction, Impulse Generation, Propagation & Integration |
|
|
Term
| Stimulation leads to changes in _____. |
|
Definition
| Ionic Channels, Ionic Flow, or Membrane Permeability |
|
|
Term
| Stimulating energy is transformed into electrical energy, causing a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In free & encapsulated n. endings, how does impulse generation occur? |
|
Definition
| When a R potential reaches threshold level, it triggers APs in the first-order neuron |
|
|
Term
| In sensory cells, how does impulse generation occur? |
|
Definition
| When R potential reaches threshold level, it triggers release of NT's, which trigger EPSPs or IPSPs in the first-order neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excitatory Post-synaptic Potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibitory Post-synaptic Potential |
|
|
Term
| What is the term for different modalities being sensed despite all input being nerve impulses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Labeled Line Principle falls under the _____ step of sensation processing. |
|
Definition
| Propagation & Integration |
|
|
Term
| The intensity of a stimulus is transmitted by increasing the ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An organism has to primarily reacts to ____ in the environment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many R's react only to ______ in stimulus strength, then adapt to it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rapid adaptation = _____ R's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Slow Adaptation = _____ R's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ hardly adapt at all. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In rapid adaptation, sensory R's adapt w/i _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rapid adaptation is geared toward ______. |
|
Definition
| Registering quick changes in stimulus strength |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of rapid adaptation? |
|
Definition
| Touch, Smell, Thermoreception; [hair receptor, paccinian corpuscle] |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of slow adaptation? |
|
Definition
| Keep CNS appraised of status of the body |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of slow adaptation? |
|
Definition
| Proprioception, Baroreceptors, Chemical composition of blood; [Tendon organ, Muscle spindle] |
|
|
Term
| Stimulus detection is the task of the ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Component of the control system that receives stimuli & informs the CNS for decision making/rxn |
|
|
Term
| Basic tool of neurological examinations: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stretching of m. spindles --> Contraction of mm. |
|
|
Term
| If ____ part of the control system is malfunctional, a stimulus may not lead to the expected ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give 3 examples of tactile sensations. |
|
Definition
| Touch, Pressure, Vibration |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of the sense of touch? |
|
Definition
| Orientation in space, Body movements, Social implications |
|
|
Term
| What are the R's for sense of touch & where are they located? |
|
Definition
| Free & Encapsulated n. endings; Mechanoreceptors located in the skin & subcutis |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of rapidly adapting touch R's. |
|
Definition
| Hair root plexus - whiskers |
|
|
Term
| Rapidly adapting touch R's have a very _____ threshold. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of slow adapting touch R's. |
|
Definition
| Merkel's discs; Ruffinis corpuscles |
|
|
Term
| Slow adapting touch R's register ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rapidly adapting touch R's are _____ & register ____. |
|
Definition
| highly sensitive; changes |
|
|
Term
| Where are Pacinian corpuscles located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are Pacinian corpuscles rapid or slow adapting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Pacinian corpuscles sensitive to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are numerous Pacinian corpuscles found? (What location on what animal(s)?) |
|
Definition
| Birds' wing tips & Waterbirds' legs |
|
|
Term
| Each spinal n. innervates a segmental field of skin called a(n) _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dermatomes of adjacent nn. _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an exception to dermatomes? |
|
Definition
| Plexus nn. contain elements of several spinal nn. |
|
|
Term
| Each plexus n. innervates a specific area called a(n) _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used to localize nerve lesions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peripheral nn. usually have fibers from _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Every dermatome is innervated by _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does stimulation of a dermatome or autonomous zone travel to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What results from damage to a segmental or plexus nerve? |
|
Definition
| Loss of touch sensation in the relevant dermatome/AZ; No rxn |
|
|
Term
| What results from damage to the ascending tracts or spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| Loss of touch sensation Caudal to the lesion |
|
|
Term
| What type of stimulation is used in neurological testing of animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Twitching of the skin of the thoracolumbar region upon tactile stimulation caused by contraction of the cutaneous trunci m. |
|
|
Term
| What n. innervates the cutaneous trunci m.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What spinal cord segment is the lateral thoracic n. from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lateral thoracic n. is a ____ n. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cutaneous trunci reflex: Tactile R w/i a dermatome --> impulses enter ____ via ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (Cutaneous Trunci Reflex) Once the impulse enters the D root, it is transmitted ____ to ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cutaneous trunci reflex is absent ____ to the spinal cord lesion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the cutaneous trunci reflex test? |
|
Definition
| Integrity of a long spinal cord segment (C8/T1-L4/L5) |
|
|
Term
| Is the cutaneous trunci reflex uni- or bilateral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Positions of limbs relative to the body & their rate of movement |
|
|
Term
| Proprioception is essential for ____, ____, & ____ movement. |
|
Definition
| Accurate, coordinated, purposeful |
|
|
Term
| Proprioception R's constantly monitor muscle length/tension via _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proprioception R's constantly monitor tendon length/tension via _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proprioception R's constantly monitor joint angulation/rotation via _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proprioceptive stimuli ascend via SC to ____ & ____. |
|
Definition
| Cerebellum; Cerebral Cortex |
|
|
Term
| What is the site of unconscious proprioception? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the site of conscious proprioception? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loss of conscious a/o _____ sense of proprioception will lead to _____/_____. |
|
Definition
| Unconscious; Uncoordinated movements/Ataxia |
|
|
Term
| Full sense of orientation in space requires ____ & ____ |
|
Definition
| Proprioception, Equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Special sense; Head position relative to ground |
|
|
Term
| How many groups of specialized muscle fibers are in a muscle spindle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle spindles function for ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle spindles are in a ____ ____ to ordinary m. fibers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specialized/Spindle m. fibers = ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ordinary muscle fibers = ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ends of intrafusal fibers contract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates intrafusal fibers? (specific) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What acts as the sensory receptor in muscle spindles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the midpiece of the muscle spindle sensitive to? |
|
Definition
| Stretching/Lengthening of the whole muscle |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 functions of muscle spindles? |
|
Definition
1)Monitor change in m. length
2)Initiate stretch reflexes to protect m. from overstretching
3)Maintain/adjust m. tone |
|
|
Term
| What is the only sensor w/ motor innervation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When muscles contract, muscle spindles ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal has no patellar reflex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The patellar tap is an example of ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for tendon organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for joint receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a tendon organ consist of? |
|
Definition
| Collagen fibers in a capsule |
|
|
Term
| Are tendon organs rapidly or slow adapting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are tendon organs situated? |
|
Definition
| Junction muscle/tendon in series w/ m. fibers |
|
|
Term
| As mm. contract, tendon organs ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of tendon organs? |
|
Definition
| Initiate tendon reflexes to protect tendons & mm. from damage due to extensive tension |
|
|
Term
| What do tendon organs monitor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are joint receptors located? |
|
Definition
| w/i & around jt. capsules |
|
|
Term
| What type of nn. are in tendon organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Free n. endings, Ruffini's or Pacinian corpuscles |
|
|
Term
| What do jt R's respond to? |
|
Definition
| Changes in pressure & movement |
|
|
Term
| M. spindles, Tendon organs, & jt R's are essential components of ____, ____ & ____. |
|
Definition
| Gait, spinal reflexes, postural responses |
|
|
Term
| Deficits in proprioception lead to ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is proprioceptive sense tested? |
|
Definition
| Observing gait & postural responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How an abnormal posture is corrected |
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of postural responses. |
|
Definition
| Wheelbarrowing, Hopping, Placing, Proprioceptive Positioning |
|
|
Term
| Damage to what area can cause ataxia? |
|
Definition
| Any area (sensors, sensory nn., SC, BS, cerebellum, motor elements, vestibular system) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Perception of heat & cold |
|
|
Term
| What is seen in some snakes situated btw the eyes & nostrils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of thermoreceptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are thermoreceptors mainly located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of receptors are cold receptors? |
|
Definition
| free n. endings, A delta sensory fibers |
|
|
Term
| What type of receptors are warm R's? |
|
Definition
| probably free n. endings, C fibers |
|
|
Term
| What type of sensation do pain thermoreceptors pick up? |
|
Definition
| Burning hot or freezing cold |
|
|
Term
| Each thermoreceptor has a specific _____ that stimulates it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Change in temperature --> change in _____ ---> change in _____. |
|
Definition
| Metabolism; Membrane permeability |
|
|
Term
| What R's in the temperature control center do not adapt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Initial temperature adaptation is ____, followed by a ____ response. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thermoreception has ____ adaptation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Getting goosebumps in a jacuzzi is an example of... |
|
Definition
| Paradoxical activation of cold R's |
|
|
Term
| The pit organ contains ____ sensitive to ____, but not to ___. |
|
Definition
| Thermoreceptors, infrared radiation, visible light |
|
|
Term
| What does the pit organ enable? |
|
Definition
| Binocular infrared vision/detection of endothermic prey |
|
|
Term
| The eye is composed like a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many refractive interfaces is the lens system composed of? Name them. |
|
Definition
| 4; Air/Cornea, Cornea/Aqueous Humor, Aqueous Humor/Lens, Lens/Vitreous Humor |
|
|
Term
| What form of energy is light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the variable aperture of the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the film of the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the retina? |
|
Definition
| Transduce energy into electrical impulses |
|
|
Term
| What is focus/accommodation achieved by? |
|
Definition
| Changing lens curvature & changing distance btw lens & retina |
|
|
Term
| Which animals achieve focus by changing lens curvature? |
|
Definition
| Birds, many reptiles, mammals |
|
|
Term
| What animals achieve focus by changing distance btw lens & retina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 layers of the eyeball? |
|
Definition
| Fibrous tunic, Vascular tunic, & Retina |
|
|
Term
| What does the fibrous tunic of the eye consist of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the vascular tunic of the eye consist of? |
|
Definition
| Choroid, Ciliary Body, & Iris |
|
|
Term
| The retina is the start of the _____ & the site of _____. |
|
Definition
| Visual Pathway; Transduction |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the retina? |
|
Definition
| Pigment epithelium, Tapetum lucidum, Neural epithelium, Blind spot |
|
|
Term
| What does the pigment epithelium of the retina contain? |
|
Definition
| Melanin to absorb stray light & prevent light scattering --> sharp images |
|
|
Term
| What is the tapetum lucidum? |
|
Definition
| Layer of cells/fibers, present in most mammals & some birds, that reflects light & increases sensitivity |
|
|
Term
| What animals lack a tapetum lucidum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neural epithelium = ___ neuron chain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 vertical information cell types of the neural epithelium of the retina? |
|
Definition
| Photoreceptor, Bipolar, & Ganglion |
|
|
Term
| What are the cells that convey lateral information flow in the retina? |
|
Definition
| Horizontal cells & Amacrine cells |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the blind spot? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the blind spot of the retina? (Specific) |
|
Definition
| Where axons of all ganglion cells leave eyeball as the ON; contains no rods/cones/photosensitive R's |
|
|
Term
| Vertebrates have ____ eyes; invertebrates have ____ eyes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In vertebrates, light passes _____ first before stimulating ____. |
|
Definition
| Neural components; Photoreceptors |
|
|
Term
| How many photoreceptor types are in the retina? Name them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do photoR cells consist of? |
|
Definition
| Outer segment, Inner segment, & synaptic terminal |
|
|
Term
| What is the outer segment of a photoreceptor? |
|
Definition
| Photoreceptive part; Absorbs light; Contains Photopigments; Site of Transduction |
|
|
Term
| What is in the inner segment of a photoreceptor? What are its functions? |
|
Definition
| Nucleus, Mt; Pumping activity, production of NT |
|
|
Term
| What is in the synaptic terminal of a photoreceptor? What are they in contact with? |
|
Definition
| Transmitter vesicles; bipolar cells |
|
|
Term
| Are outer membranes of cones & rods replaced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do photopigments consist of? |
|
Definition
| Glycoprotein (opsin) Retinal (vit A) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many types of photopsins are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to photopigments when they absorb light/photons? (General) |
|
Definition
| Undergo structural changes |
|
|
Term
| Describe the unstimulated state of photopigments. |
|
Definition
| Cis-retinal fits into opsin; pigment is colored |
|
|
Term
| What happens to photopigments when they are stimulated by light? |
|
Definition
| Photons absorbed by cis-retinal, isomerization of cis to trans-retinal, separation from opsin, bleaching of photopigment |
|
|
Term
| What converts trans-retinal back to cis-retinal, allowing binding to opsin? What is the term for this process? |
|
Definition
| Retinal isomerase; Regeneration |
|
|
Term
| Do cones/photopsins regenerate fast or slowly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do rods/rhodopsins regenerate fast or slowly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does it take 50% of photopsins/cones to regenerate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does it take 50% of rhodopsins/rods to regenerate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What conditions are cones adapted to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does it take 100% of photopsins/cones to regenerate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does it take 100% of rhodopsins/rods to regenerate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Structural changes during light absorption/regeneration induce changes in photoR's ______ via opening or closing of ______ = _____ |
|
Definition
| Membrane potentials; Sodium Channels = Transduction |
|
|
Term
| Describe ion flow in unstimulated photoreceptor cells. (Darkness) |
|
Definition
| Na flows into photoR through ligand gated channels (ligand = cGMP) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the state of membrane potential in darkness/unstimulated photoreceptor cells. |
|
Definition
| Partial depolarization (-30mV) --> continuous release of glutamate (inhibitory NT) --> IPSPs @ bipolar cells = few or no signlas |
|
|
Term
| Describe what happens in light/during the bleaching process of photopigments. |
|
Definition
| Isomerization of cis to trans-retinal activates enzymes --> breakdown of cGMP --> ligand-g Na ch's close --> hyperpolarization (-70mV) of photoR membranes --> decreased release of glutamate --> IPSPs switched off |
|
|
Term
| Usually, glutamate is _____; in photoreceptors, it is _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyper & Depolarization of photoR's are transmitted as _____ via the ______ to _____, which respond w/ _____ if the stimulus is sufficiently strong. |
|
Definition
| RPs, Retinal network, Ganglion cells, APs |
|
|
Term
| What portion of photopigments vary slightly? What does this affect? |
|
Definition
| Opsin portion; Sensitivity to various wavelengths --> Color differentiation |
|
|
Term
| What are rods stimulated by? (Color) |
|
Definition
| Blue-green wavelength (Night) |
|
|
Term
| How many opsins do cones have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What wavelength range stimulates cones? (What colors?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cattle are ____-blind, Horses are ____ blind. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do some reptiles & birds have instead of photopigments? |
|
Definition
| Colored fat droplets that act like filters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The adverse effects of pain are _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Poorly managed pain is a significant contributor to ____ & ____ fatalities. |
|
Definition
| Intraoperative, Postoperative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A subjective emotional experience |
|
|
Term
| Pain sensation & nociception are ____ phenomena. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structures are responsible for conscious perception & localization of pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What specific cortical structure is responsible for localization of pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What specific cortical structure is responsible for motivational-affective/soreness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the secondary sensory cortex? |
|
Definition
| Anterior part of insula & Cingulate gyrus |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of chronic pain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Degree of pain is ____-dependent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pain has ____ dimensions: |
|
Definition
| 3; Sensory-discriminative, motivational-affective, cognitive-evaluative |
|
|
Term
| What is the sensory-discriminative dimension of pain? |
|
Definition
| Intensity, Location, Quality, Duration |
|
|
Term
| What is the motivational-affective dimension of pain? |
|
Definition
| Unpleasantness & urge to escape unpleasantness |
|
|
Term
| What is the cognitive-evaluative dimension of pain? |
|
Definition
| Distraction, Cultural effects, Hypnotic effects |
|
|
Term
| Balance btw ___ & ___ info --> Degree of pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of nociceptors? |
|
Definition
| C fibers, A-delta fibers, A-beta fibers |
|
|
Term
| Normally, most nociceptors _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nociceptors are sensitized by ____ a/o ____. |
|
Definition
| Inflammation, Tissue damage |
|
|
Term
| What are the tiny unmyelinated fibers w/ slow conduction & burning pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the thin myelinated fibers w/ more accurate localization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the fibers that give info about vibration & position sense, normally proprioceptive/non-nociceptive afferent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used in neurological examination to evaluate spinal cord damage? |
|
Definition
| Absence of deep pain sensation |
|
|
Term
| Presence or absence of deep pain sensation ____ to the lesion is the most important prognostic indicator |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ pain sensation is less susceptible to compressive lesions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absence of deep pain sensation for _____ indicates a ___ prognosis associated w/ _____. |
|
Definition
| 24-48h, grave, severe SC damage |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary excitatory R in nociception? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary inhibitory R in nociception? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some excitatory NTs in nociception? |
|
Definition
| Glutamate, Prostaglandins, Neurokinins |
|
|
Term
| What are some inhibitory NTs in nociception? |
|
Definition
| GABA, Glycine, Endogenous opioids, Cannabinoids, Noradrenaline, Serotonin |
|
|
Term
| Gene induction leads to _____ in excitability. This is prevented by ____. |
|
Definition
| Permanent changes; Inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| What was the first scientific rationale for the effect of motivation and cognition on pain perception? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is gate control accurate from a functional neuroanatomical perspective? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 main classifications of pain? |
|
Definition
| Physiological/Good Pain; Pathological/Bad Pain |
|
|
Term
| What is the duration of physiological pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the duration of pathological pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is pathological pain characterized by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 clinical manifestations of pathological pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 physiological mechanisms of pathological pain? |
|
Definition
| Gate control, Peripheral sensitization, & Central sensitization (wind-up) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an exaggerated response to a noxious stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pain response to a non-noxious stimulus (such as gentle touch) |
|
|
Term
| In both hyperalgesia & allodynia, there is _____ transmission of _____ along _____ neurons. |
|
Definition
| Amplified & Persistent, APs, Nociceptive |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of allodynia? |
|
Definition
| Sunburn, post-surgical wounds, tissue injury |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of hyperalgesia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What transforms good pain into bad pain? |
|
Definition
| Peripheral sensitization & Central sensitization |
|
|
Term
| Transformation of good pain to bad pain is predominantly induced by ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Central sensitization is associated w/ ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pre-emptive analgesia prevents onset of _______ & attenuates ______. |
|
Definition
| Central sensitization; Peripheral inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of multimodal analgesia. |
|
Definition
| Opioids, Alpha2 agonists, Local anesthetics, NSAIDs, Ketamine, MAO Inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| What type of acupuncture is high frequency? Low frequency? |
|
Definition
| Electro-acupuncture; Therapeutic acupuncture |
|
|
Term
| Short term hypoalgesia is associated w/ ____ & ____. |
|
Definition
| Stress-induced analgesia & Descending inhibitory control |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of alternative analgesia. |
|
Definition
| Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation |
|
|
Term
| TENS induces release of ____ & stimulates ____ pathways. |
|
Definition
| Endogenous opioids, glutamate, GABA; Serotonergic |
|
|
Term
| Do rods or cones have more photopigment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many photons does it take to stimulate rods? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many photons does it take to stimulate cones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are more sensitive, rods or cones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of vision requires quick regeneration of bleached pigments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 4 adaptations to light & dark? |
|
Definition
| Light Sensitivity, Pupillary Reflex, Photopigment Concentration, Tapetum Lucidum |
|
|
Term
| What is the pupillary reflex initiated by? |
|
Definition
| Changes in light intensity |
|
|
Term
| What constricts the circular iris mm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contraction of radial iris mm. |
|
|
Term
| What contracts the radial iris mm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased amount of light sensitive pigment = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Decreased amount of light sensitive pigment = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In darkness, what happens to pigment epithelium stores of Vit A? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In daylight, what happens to cis-retinal? |
|
Definition
| Converted to & stored as Vit A |
|
|
Term
| The segment of the external world seen by the fixed eye in the fixed head |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the binocular field central or peripheral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the monocular field central or peripheral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The binocular field is seen by ____ eye(s). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The monocular field is seen by ____ eye(s). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the binocular field enable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a large monocular field enable? |
|
Definition
| Good surveillance of external world |
|
|
Term
| What animals benefit most from binocular vision? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals benefit most from monocular vision? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the visual field consist of? |
|
Definition
| Binocular/Central & Monocular/Peripheral fields |
|
|
Term
| Axons from ganglion cells exit at the optic disc as the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibers from ____ portions of the retina cross over in the ____. |
|
Definition
| Nasal/Peripheral; Optic Chiasm |
|
|
Term
| Fibers from ___ portions of the retina stay ipsilaterally & continue into the ____. |
|
Definition
| Temporal/Central; Optic Tract |
|
|
Term
| Outline the flow of fibers from the optic tract to the visual cortex. |
|
Definition
| OT-->Lateral Geniculate Body/Thalamus-->Visual Cortex |
|
|
Term
| How much crossing over is present in the visual pathway of humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much crossing over is present in the visual pathway of predators? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much crossing over is present in the visual pathway of herbivores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is conscious vision tested? |
|
Definition
| Observing animal's rxn to visual stimuli & Menace Response |
|
|
Term
| What is tested by observing the animal's rxn to visual stimuli? |
|
Definition
| Central & Peripheral vision in both eyes |
|
|
Term
| What is tested by the Menace Response? (What components of the visual pathway?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is needed for the Menace Response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some fibers from the OT peel off and synapse with the _____. |
|
Definition
| Pretectal Nucleus/Mesencephalon |
|
|
Term
Pretectal nucleus --> _____ --> _____ --> _____
--> Miosis |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic Nucleus of CrN 3; Ciliary Ganglion; LMN to circular smooth mm. of iris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shining a light into one eye leads to miosis of same eye |
|
|
Term
| What is indirect/consensual PLR? |
|
Definition
| B/c of crossing over in the OX, the iris of the opposite eye also constricts |
|
|
Term
| Does the PLR require conscious vision? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal has 100% crossing over of optic fibers, but no consensual light reflex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the deficits from a lesion in: retina, ON, OX, OT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the deficits from a lesion in: LGN, Striations, Visual Cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the deficits from a lesion in: Pretectum, CN3 nucleus, Ciliary Ganglion, CN3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the third eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have parietal eyes? |
|
Definition
| Lizards, Frogs, Sharks, some other Fish |
|
|
Term
| Where is the parietal eye situated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the parietal eye contain? |
|
Definition
| Rudimentary Lens & Retina |
|
|
Term
| What covers the parietal eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the parietal eye connected to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pineal gland involved with? |
|
Definition
| Circadian rhythm, Detection of seasonal changes |
|
|
Term
| What does the outer ear consist of? |
|
Definition
| Pinna, External Ear Canal, Tympanic Membrane |
|
|
Term
| What does the middle ear consist of? |
|
Definition
| Malleus, Incus, Stapes, Oval Window, Round Window |
|
|
Term
| What does the inner ear consist of? |
|
Definition
| 3 Semicircular Canals & Vestibule (Utricle & Saccule), Cochlea |
|
|
Term
| What is another term for the inner ear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part(s) of the inner ear are for equilibrium? |
|
Definition
| Semicircular Canals & Vestibule |
|
|
Term
| What part(s) of the inner ear are for hearing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the cochlea? |
|
Definition
| Scala vestibuli, Scala tympani, Scala media, Basilar Membrane, Vestibular Membrane, Spiral Organ |
|
|
Term
| Which component of the cochlea is the cochlear duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the spiral organ sit? |
|
Definition
| On the basilar membrane in the cochlear duct |
|
|
Term
| What does the spiral organ consist of? |
|
Definition
| Sound R's & Supporting cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the cells of the sound R's in the spiral organ? |
|
Definition
| Outer hair cells (3 rows) & Inner hair cells (1 row) |
|
|
Term
| What covers the spiral organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What surrounds the spiral organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are hair cells of the ear overlaid by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do hair cells of the ear synapse with? |
|
Definition
| First-order sensory neurons of the vestibulocochlear n. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines loudness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What detects changes in amplitude & frequency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the external ear? |
|
Definition
| Direct sound waves into ear canal |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the ear drum when it is struck by sound waves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is vibration of the ear drum transmitted? (Via what?) |
|
Definition
| Via ossicles to the Oval window |
|
|
Term
| How much does the oval window amplify sound waves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when the oval window vibrates? |
|
Definition
| Causes Perilymph pressure waves in the scala vestibuli |
|
|
Term
| Where are vibrations from the scala vestibuli transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are vibrations from the vestibular membrane transmitted? |
|
Definition
| Endolymph of cochlear duct |
|
|
Term
| Where are vibrations from the cochlear duct transmitted? |
|
Definition
| Basilar membrane/Spiral organ |
|
|
Term
| What happens when vibrations reach the basilar membrane? |
|
Definition
| It deviates & pushes the spiral organ against or away from the tectorial membrane |
|
|
Term
| What happens when the basilar membrane pushes the spiral organ? |
|
Definition
| Causes deformation of sensory hair cells & their cilia |
|
|
Term
| What animals can recover from hearing damage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why can birds recover from hearing damage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is caused by the mvmt of cilia against or away from the tectorial membrane? |
|
Definition
| Electrical changes & Transduction of sound |
|
|
Term
| What connects adjacent cilia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is ea. tip link connected to? |
|
Definition
| A mechanically gated cation channel |
|
|
Term
| What effect does mvmt against the tectorial membrane have on cilia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does stretching of cilia do to cation channels? What does this allow/inhibit? |
|
Definition
| Opens them, allowing K+ ions to flow into hair cells |
|
|
Term
| Stretching of cilia leads to ____, ____, & nerve impulses in CrN ____. |
|
Definition
| Depolarization, release of NT, 8 |
|
|
Term
| What does the opposite mvmt (not stretching) of cilia do to cation channels? |
|
Definition
| Closes them --> Hyperpolarization |
|
|
Term
| Sound waves of various frequencies cause specific regions of the _____ to vibrate more than other regions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each segment of the basilar membrane is tuned for a particular ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A specialized transmitter-receiver sensory sys. of high frequency sound to locate objects |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 steps of echolocation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sound of ______ & _____ (nature of the sound) is emitted via the ___ (structure) or by clicking of the ___ (structure) in echolocation. |
|
Definition
| High frequency & intensity; Larynx; Tongue |
|
|
Term
| When sound is reflected from objects in echolocation, it is perceived via ____ and transmitted to the ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is generated in the animal's brain by echolocation? |
|
Definition
| a 3D picture of the animal's surroundings |
|
|
Term
| What protects the inner ear against being deafened in echolocation? |
|
Definition
| Contraction of middle ear mm. before sound emission which dampen vibration |
|
|
Term
| What is the term for the contraction of middle ear mm. in echolocation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Partial or complete loss of hearing |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 main types of deafness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of nerve deafness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of acquired deafness? |
|
Definition
| Senile degeneration, ototoxic drugs, inflammations, trauma |
|
|
Term
| What are some factors contributing to congenital deafness? |
|
Definition
| Merle gene, Piebald gene, whiteness, blue eye coloration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amount & distribution of white |
|
|
Term
| What is conduction deafness? |
|
Definition
| Defect of ext. ear canal, ear drum, middle ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Defect of inner ear/spiral organ (or extreme damage to auditory pathways in the BS) |
|
|
Term
| What is congenital deafness? |
|
Definition
| Spiral organ hypoplasia/aplasia |
|
|
Term
| When does hearing develop in puppies & kittens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When are hearing test performed in cats & dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one hearing test? |
|
Definition
| Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response |
|
|
Term
| Ruptured tympanic membrane is an example of ___ deafness. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of an ototoxic drug? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chance of deafness when a white cat has 2 blue eyes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chance of deafness when a white cat has 1 blue eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a piebald breed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of merle breeds? |
|
Definition
| Australian shepherd, Great Dane, Cattle Dogs/Heelers, Collies |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the vestibular organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 components of sense of balance? |
|
Definition
| Static & Dynamic Equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| What is static equilibrium? |
|
Definition
| Maintenance of body position (head) in reference to force of gravity |
|
|
Term
| What is dynamic equilibrium? |
|
Definition
| Maintenance of body position (head) in response to sudden mvmts (rotational) |
|
|
Term
| What does static equilibrium register? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What component of the vestibular organ is responsible for static equilibrium? |
|
Definition
| Maculae in the saccule & utricle |
|
|
Term
| How are the maculae positioned relative to e/o? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the maculae provide? |
|
Definition
| Info on head position & linear mvmt |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates the hair cells of the macula? |
|
Definition
| Head tilt & sudden linear acceleration |
|
|
Term
| What does the macula consist of? |
|
Definition
| Hair cells & stereocilia + 1 long kinocilium; Otolithic membrane; Supporting cells |
|
|
Term
| What does the otolithic membrane of the macula contain? |
|
Definition
| calcium carbonate crystals (Otoliths) |
|
|
Term
| Gravity pulls otolithic membrane ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Head tilt causes ___ of hair bundles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| W/ sudden linear acceleration, due to its ____, the otolithic membrane ____ & bends in ___ direction. |
|
Definition
| Inertia; Lags behind actual mvmt; Opposite |
|
|
Term
| Describe transduction in the macula. |
|
Definition
| Bending of cilia opens/closes transduction ch's; de/repolarization (RPs); inc or dec release of NT; impulses in sensory fibers of vestibulocochlear n. |
|
|
Term
| Each of 3 semicircular canals contains a ____ in its ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cristae are at _____ to e/o |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is detected by cristae in the semicircular ducts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hair cells, hair bundles embedded in gelatinous cupula |
|
|
Term
| What happens during rotational mvmt? |
|
Definition
| Semicircular ducts move; Endolymph lags behind; Cupula bends; Cilia bend; Transduction ch's open/close; RPs; change in frequency of n. impulses |
|
|
Term
| To maintain balance, info from vestibular organs is transmitted to ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 things do the vestibular nuclei connect to? |
|
Definition
| 1) Gamma & Alpha motor neurons of antigravity mm. 2) Cerebellum 3) Nuclei controlling eye mm. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Gamma & Alpha motor neurons of antigravity mm.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
| Coordination of movements |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the nuclei controlling eye mm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of reflex is physiological nystagmus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normally, as the head rotates, the eyes _____ |
|
Definition
| remain fixed on current visual field |
|
|
Term
| Normally, the eyes _____ head movement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What normally happens as eyes reach the limit of excursion? |
|
Definition
| Sudden quick mvmt w/ head rotation |
|
|
Term
| What causes the sudden quick mvmt of the eyes w/ head rotation? |
|
Definition
| Differences in firing rates |
|
|
Term
| What causes pathological nystagmus? |
|
Definition
| Differences in firing rate under resting condition |
|
|
Term
| Unilateral damage of a ____ organ can lead to pathological nystagmus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for eye mvmts w/o head mvmts accompanied by head tilt & compulsory rotary mvmts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the signs of vestibular syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Head tilt, wide stance, hopping |
|
|
Term
| The head usually tilts ____ side of lesion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The fast phase of eye mvmt is ____ lesion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ senses supply info on bodily sensation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatic senses supply info on bodily sensation of ___, ___, ___, ___. |
|
Definition
| Touch, Position or Proprioception, Temperature or Thermoreception, Pain or Nociception |
|
|
Term
| Where do first order neurons enter the SC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do first order neurons terminate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do first order neurons activate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1. order neurons activate 2. order neurons via what 3 substances? |
|
Definition
| GABA, Glutamate, Substance P |
|
|
Term
| How do 2. order neurons ascend, & what do they do? |
|
Definition
| Via BS to Cortex for conscious perception |
|
|
Term
| How do 2. order neurons descend & what do they do? |
|
Definition
| Via LMN; stimulate reflexes |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 major ascending p'ways of somatic sensation? |
|
Definition
| Dorsal Columns/Medial Lemniscus; Spinothalamic Tracts |
|
|
Term
| What senses ascend via the D Columns/M Lemniscus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What senses ascend via the Spinothalamic Tracts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the tract of ascending axons of 1 order neurons in the DC/ML? |
|
Definition
| Btw midline & dorsal horn |
|
|
Term
| In the DC/ML, where are the axons from the lower body? What are they called? |
|
Definition
| Close to midline; Fasciculus Gracilis |
|
|
Term
| In the DC/ML, where are the axons from the mid/upper body? What are they called? |
|
Definition
| More lateral; Fasciculus Cuneatus |
|
|
Term
| Where do the axons of the DC/ML terminate? |
|
Definition
| Nucleus Gracilis & Nucleus Cuneatus (Ipsilaterally) |
|
|
Term
| Describe 2-order neurons of the DC/ML. |
|
Definition
| Cross over & ascend as ML via pons, midbrain to thalamus (Contralateral) |
|
|
Term
| Describe 3-order neurons of the DC/ML. |
|
Definition
| Project to somatosensory cortex for conscious perception |
|
|
Term
| Where to 1 order neurons of the ST tract terminate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do 1 order neurons of the ST tract synapse with? What happens to them after? |
|
Definition
| 2-order neurons; decussate immediately |
|
|
Term
| DC/ML is ____, whereas ST is ____. |
|
Definition
| Ipsilateral; Contralateral |
|
|
Term
| Where do 2 order neurons of the ST tract terminate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do 3 order neurons of the ST tract project? |
|
Definition
| Somatosensory cortex for conscious perception |
|
|
Term
| In animals, many pain interneurons _____ SC & enter many other ____, e.g. _____. |
|
Definition
| criss-cross; tracts; Fasciculus Proprius |
|
|
Term
| Collaterals of the ST tract project to ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The RAS is moderated by input from the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Limbic System is associated with _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Descending info from sensory neurons synapse w/ _____ to initiate ____. |
|
Definition
| Motor neurons; Protective Reflexes |
|
|
Term
| The RAS keeps the ____ alert. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cerebral cortex responsible for? |
|
Definition
| Conscious experience of sensory input (perception), Conscious mvmt, Cognitive skills |
|
|
Term
| How are body areas represented in the somatosensory cortex? |
|
Definition
| Disproportionately, d/o species' lifestyle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the brain (Cortex & BS) |
|
|
Term
| What do the axons of UMN form? |
|
Definition
| Descending tracts in the SC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the SC contains the descending tracts of UMN? |
|
Definition
| Lateral & Ventral Funiculi |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 things UMNs are responsible for? |
|
Definition
| Initiation of voluntary mvmts of limbs & head, Maintenance of normal m. tone, Regulation of posture |
|
|
Term
| Which funiculi have ascending tracts of UMN? Which have descending? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 main UMN systems? |
|
Definition
| Pyramidal & Extra-pyramidal |
|
|
Term
| What areas of the brain control UMN? |
|
Definition
| Basal ganglia, Thalamus, RAS, Association Cortex, Limbic Sys |
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain constantly compares intended w/ actual mvmts to fine-tune/coordinate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the neurons of the pyramidal system originate? |
|
Definition
| Motor Cortex/Frontal Lobe |
|
|
Term
| The motor cortex lies ___ to & is organized like the _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the pyramidal sys, where do areas for sensory inputs lie? |
|
Definition
| Adjacent to motor control areas |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 tracts of the pyramidal sys? |
|
Definition
| Corticospinal & Corticobulbar |
|
|
Term
| Where does the corticospinal tract decussate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What mvmts does the corticospinal tract control? |
|
Definition
| Skilled, learned voluntary mvmts requiring conscious thought |
|
|
Term
| Corticospinal tract is associated with LMNs of _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the pyramidal sys is well-developed in primates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which funiculus does the corticospinal tract run into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The corticobulbar tract is associated with LMNs of _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which mm. are governed by the corticobulbar tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What results from damage to the pyramidal sys of animals? |
|
Definition
| Subtle conscious rxn deficits |
|
|
Term
| What results from SC damage in the pyramidal sys? (Ipsi- or contralateral deficits?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What results from brain damage in the pyramidal sys? (contra- or ipsilateral deficits?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which UMN sys is more important in non-primates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do neurons of the extrapyramidal sys originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 tracts of the extrapyramidal sys? |
|
Definition
| Rubrospinal & Reticulospinal |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the extrapyramidal sys? |
|
Definition
| Maintains subconscious m. tone & activates lg'er m. groups to achieve stable posture, balance, & smooth locomotion/gait |
|
|
Term
| Certain EP tracts originate in ___ & ___ |
|
Definition
| Vestibular nuclei & Visual Tectum |
|
|
Term
| EP tracts originating from the vestibular nuclei control: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EP tracts from the visual tectum receive ___ input to coordinate _____ mvmts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What results from damage to EP sys? |
|
Definition
| Alterations in m. tone, abnormal involuntary mvmts, disturbed posture, severe gait deficits, typical UMN signs |
|
|
Term
| Lesions w/i & Cd to BS cause _____ deficits (___ sys); Contra- or ipsilaterally? |
|
Definition
| Gait, EP; Postural problems, EP, P; Ipsilaterally |
|
|
Term
| Lesions rostral to the brain stem cause ____ postural deficits, but no observable gait deficits. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For exact localization of a lesion, test all ___ & ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| BS (Medulla, pons, mid-brain) |
|
|
Term
| What is the origin of the reticulospinal tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RAS dictates m. tone of ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RAS is tonically active b/o ____ & ____ |
|
Definition
| intrinsic activity, stimulation by asc sensory neurons |
|
|
Term
| RAS has a central role in _____, ___ & ____ (together w/ ____) |
|
Definition
| Consciousness, wakefulness, Sleep (Thalamus) |
|
|
Term
| The thalamus is part of the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The thalamus is the major relay station for all sensory input to the cortex except ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What results from damage to the RAS & thalamus? |
|
Definition
| Decreased consciousness, Depression, Confusion, Stupor, Coma |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the vestibule? |
|
Definition
|
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