Term
| Gland cells release their secretory product into ducts which open onto an epithelial surface of the body |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Hormone released into the blood stream to act on a distant cell |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Hormone synthesized in a neuron released in the blood to act on a distant cell |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Hormone released from a cell, diffuses a short distance in the interstitial fluid to act on a neighboring cell |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Substance released into a synaptic cleft to act on a nearby cell |
|
Definition
| Neurotransmitter secretion |
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Term
| Substance that stimulates secretion from a cell |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Largest of the salivary glands |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Contains purely serous glands |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Watery secretion containing amylase but not mucins |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Submandibular and Sublingual glands |
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|
Term
| Secrete more viscous saliva containing mucins and amylase |
|
Definition
| Submandibular and Sublingual glands |
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Term
| Lubricates food for easy swallowing |
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Definition
| Function of saliva (mucins) |
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|
Term
| Begins digestion of starch |
|
Definition
| Function of saliva (amylase) |
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|
Term
| Solubilizes material so that is can be tasted |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Function of saliva (Lysozyme, SIgA) |
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|
Term
| Dry mouth occurring in people with no or decreased salivary gland function |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Helps clear esophagus of refluxed gastric secretion |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Metabolism and blood flow of salivary glands is proportional to ____ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Organic components of saliva (proteins from acinar cells) |
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Definition
| Amylase, Lipase, Mucus glycoproteins, Proline-rich glycoproteins, Tyrosine-rich protein, Histidine-rich protein, Peroxidase |
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|
Term
| Organic components of saliva (proteins from non acinar cells) |
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Definition
| Lysozyme, SIgA, growth factos-gastric mucosa, Regulatory peptides-vasodilation |
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|
Term
| Ionic composition of saliva with increased flow rate |
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Definition
| K decreases slightly almost independent of flow rate |
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|
Term
| Ionic composition of saliva with increased flow rate |
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Definition
| Na, HCO3, CL all increase |
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|
Term
| Ionic composition of saliva with increased flow rate |
|
Definition
| pH Increases approaching 8 |
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|
Term
| Ionic composition of saliva with increased flow rate |
|
Definition
| Saliva becomes less hypotonic |
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|
Term
| Two-stage model of salivary secretion (primary secretion isotonic) |
|
Definition
| Na, K, Cl levels are close to plasma |
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|
Term
| Two-stage model of salivary secretion (primary secretion isotonic) |
|
Definition
| Amylase concentration and rate of fluid secretion depend on type of stimulation |
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|
Term
| Two-stage model of salivary secretion (excretory ducts modifying secretion) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two-stage model of salivary secretion (excretory ducts modifying secretion) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two-stage model of salivary secretion (excretory ducts modifying secretion) |
|
Definition
| Saliva becomes more hypotonic because rate of Na, Cl absorption is greater than K, HCO3 secretion |
|
|
Term
| Two-stage model of salivary secretion (excretory ducts modifying secretion) |
|
Definition
| Little H2O is absorbed in the ducts because of low H2O permeability |
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|
Term
| Primary physiologic control of salivary secretion |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Elicits a copious, sustained flow of watery, amylase-containing saliva |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes vasodilation increasing blood flow to salivary glands |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Produces atrophy of salivary glands |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Elicits a low volume, short duration flow of viscous saliva high in amylase content |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Initially causes vasoconstriction causing reduced blood flow to salivary glands |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Causes no major defect in salivary gland function |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| SNS input to salivary gland |
|
Definition
| Postganglionics from superior cervical ganglion |
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|
Term
| PNS input to salivary glands |
|
Definition
| Preganglionics from CN 7,9 which synapse on postganglionics of submandibular and otic ganglion |
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|
Term
| Elevation of intracellular cAMP effect on salivary secretion |
|
Definition
| Activation of B-receptors (B1)>Results in low volume secretion rich in amylase |
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|
Term
| Elevation of intracellular Ca effect on salivary secretion |
|
Definition
| Activation of ACh (M2 receptors)>Results in large volume secretion by stimulating both protein and electrolyte secretion |
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|
Term
| Secrete mucus and HCO3, protect surface from mechanical injury |
|
Definition
| Columnar cells of gastric mucosa |
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|
Term
| Opening of a duct into which one or more glands secrete, very numerous walls contains cell which secrete gastric juice |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Secreted by parietal cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Releases free cobalamins (Vit B12) for absorption |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Secreted by parietal cells along with HCl but by a different mechanism |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Only gastric secretion required to maintain life |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Secreted by chief cells (peptic cells) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Cleaved into pepsin which begins digestion of proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Stimulates gastric acid secretion |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Secreted by columnar cells of the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Helps protect stomach from chemical and mechanical damage |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| At low (basal) secretory rates of salts and H20 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At all secretory rates of salts and H2O |
|
Definition
| K>plasma, vomiting leads to hypokalemia |
|
|
Term
| At high rates secretory rates of salts and water |
|
Definition
| Lumen of stomach approaches isotonic HCl |
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|
Term
| At high secretory rates of salts and H2O |
|
Definition
| Venous blood from stomach becomes alkaline, called alkaline tide |
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|
Term
| Narrow region in cardiac portion, contains primarily mucus secreting cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mucus secreting cells, parietal cells, chief cells |
|
Definition
| Oxyntic (acid secreting) glandular region (body or corpus of stomach) |
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|
Term
| Predominance of mucus secreting cells, G cells, D cells |
|
Definition
| Pyloric glandular region (antrum) |
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|
Term
| Few or any parietal or chief cells |
|
Definition
| Pyloric glandular region (antrum) |
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|
Term
| Secretagogues neurotransmitter at the parietal cell level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Released from PNS and intrinsic regulation of gastric acid secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increase acid secretion of parietal cells through M3 receptor |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Secretagogues paracrine regulator of gastric acid secretion |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| From ECL cells in gastric mucosa near parietal cells |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Stimulates acid secretion through H2 receptors |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Action blocked by cimetidine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Action blocked by atropine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretagogues hormonal regulator of gastric acid secretion |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| From G cells in antrum and duodenum |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Also acts indirectly by releasing histamine from ECL cells |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Trophic effect on the growth and maintenance of the oxyntic region of the stomach and intestines |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Inhibitor of gastric acid secretion released from D cells in body and antrum |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Inhibitor of gastric acid secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inhibitor of gastric acid secretion |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Phase of increased gastric acid secretion stimulated by sight, smell, and taste |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Phase of increased gastric acid secretion, reflex action mediated entirely by vagus and intramural plexuses to directly stimulate parietal cells and indirectly stimulate G and ECL cells |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Phase of decreased gastric acid secretion when pH<3 stimulates D cells to release somatostatin: acting as a hormone parietal cells and paracrine on G cells |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Phase of increased gastric acid secretion by presence of food in stomach |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Phase of increased gastric acid secretion by distention of stomach leading to central (vagovago) and local (enteric) response to directly stimulate parietal cells and indirectly stimulate G and ECL cells |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Phase of increased gastric acid secretion when AA (tryptophan, phenylalanine) bind G cells stimulating release of gastrin |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Greatest amount of gastric acid occurs in this phase where HCl is pumped across apical membrane of parietal cells and HCO3 out the basolateral membrane entering the blood causing alkaline tide |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Phase of gastric acid secretion where a pH<3 blocks acid secretion induced by distention (duodenal ulcers inhibit this reflex) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Patients with ulcers should not take antacids of milk products containing _____ because it is a secretagogues to gastric acid |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| This secretagogue is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor preventing destruction of cAMP |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Secretagogue to gastric acid secretion |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| In high concentrations this is a secretagogue to gastric acid secretion |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Phase of gastric acid secretion brought about by presence of chyme in duodenum results first in stimulation than inhibition |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Proenzyme cleaved in the presence of acid to form pepsin |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Main stimulus for pepsin release is activation of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Low gastric pH triggers local cholinergic reflexes that stimulate ____ secretion |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Gastrin is a weak secretagogue for ___ cells in humans to release pepsinogen |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Tumors in duodenum or non beta cell portion of the pancreas produce high circulating levels of gastrin |
|
Definition
| Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma) |
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|
Term
| High levels of circulating ___ have a trophic effect that leads to increased number of parietal and ECL cells |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| High levels of circulating ___ produce a constant stimulation of acid secretion which cause fulminant peptic ulceration, diarrhea, steatorrhea, hypokalemia, and eventual erosion of bowel |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Secrete alkaline mucus that protects the duodenum from acid |
|
Definition
| Brunners glands of duodenum |
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|
Term
| Ducts of these glands empty in crypts of lieberkuhn which are found through the small and large intestine |
|
Definition
| Brunners glands of duodenum |
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|
Term
| Intermixed with columnar epithelial cells, secrete mucus |
|
Definition
| Goblet cells of small intestine |
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|
Term
| Elaborate and secrete a watery secretion, rate of secretion is slightly less than absorption |
|
Definition
| Epithelial cells of small intestine |
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|
Term
| Numerous goblet cells, volume of secretion is less than small intestine, but richer in mucus, aqueous portion is alkaline due to secretion of HCO3 |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Gland secretion: hydrolysis protein, digestion of starch, breakdown of lipids into monoglycerides and FFA |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Gland secretion: Neutralization of gastric acid in duodenum, maintenance of proper pH for digestion |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Aqueous component of pancreatic juice, concentration varies depending on secretory rate |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Aqueous component of pancreatic juice, concentration varies inversely with HCO3 |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Aqueous component of pancreatic juice, concentration is about the same as plasma |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Increases HCO3 volume of aqueous component of pancreatic juice |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Elaborated and secreted by epithelial cells that line ducts of pancreas |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Elaborated and secreted from acinar cells of pancreas |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Enzymatic component of pancreatic juice that digests starch |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Enzymatic component of pancreatic juice that breakdown fats |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Enzymatic component of pancreatic juice that hydrolyze proteins |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Secreted as a proenzyme this protease can activate chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, and trypsinogen once activated by enterokinase |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Enzymatic component of pancreatic juice, DNAase, RNAase |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Controlled by both hormonal and nervous influences |
|
Definition
| Secretory activity of acinar and duct cells of exocrine pancreas |
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|
Term
| Electrolyte and enzyme secretion from pancreas are controlled ____ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Phase of vagal stimulation of both acinar and duct cells of pancreas |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Phase where pancreatic juice has low volume high enzyme content because Ach has a greater effect on enzyme secretion than fluid secretion |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Phase where pancreatic juice has high volume low enzyme content, stimulated by vago vago reflex due to distention of stomach |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Phase of pancreatic secretion due to presence of acids, peptides, and fatty acids in duodenum |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Presence of acid in duodenum causes ____ release from ___ cells of the small intestine |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| This pancreatic juice phase contains copious secretion of HCO3 rich low enzyme secretion |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Fatty acid and AA (phenylalanine, valine, methionine) in duodenum cause ___ release from ___ cells of the small intestine |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Phase of pancreatic secretion high in enzymes |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Potent secretagogue of enzyme secretion but little effect on aqueous secretion |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Stimulates aqueous secretion but little effect on enzymatic secretion |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Markedly potentiates the effects of secretin |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Principal digestive function is to secrete bile |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Regulation of metabolism, protein synthesis, store certain vit A,D,B12, degradation and metabolism of certain hormones |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Metabolism and excretion of some drugs and toxins (bilirubin, heavy metals, steroids, fat-soluble vit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Principal source of cholesterol and major site of cholesterol secretion |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Required for normal fat digestion and absorption |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Provides sole excretory route for many substances not excreted by the kidney |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| In humans, the most important route for elimination of cholesterol is its conversion to ____ and excretion in the feces |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Contents include: bile acids, cholesterol, lecithin (phosphatidylcholine), bile pigments (bilirubin) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Produced by a breakdown of Hg |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Emulsify lipids allowing greater access of lipase for digestion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ and lipids form micelles that are absorbed by intestinal epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bile acids, cholesterol, phosphatidylcholine, and bilirubin are actively secreted in _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ and ____ are osmotically drawn into canaliculi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other plasma solutes that enter bile passively are _____and ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As bile moves out of the canaliculi into the smallest bile ducts, these ducts are lined with columnar epithelial cells called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tight junctions between cholangiocytes are permeable to ____ making the bile quickly isotonic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cholangiocytes secrete ____ into the ducts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cholangiocyte secretion increase the ___ and ___ of ductal bile, but decrease bile ___ concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stimulates HCO3 rich secretion of cholangiocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stimulates HCO3 rich secretion of cholangiocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stimulates HCO3 rich secretion of cholangiocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inhibits HCO3 rich secretion of cholangiocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cholangiocyte stimulant hormones stimulate ___ which stimulates the opening of the CFTR channels and activation Cl-HCO3 exchanger |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cholangiocyte stimulant hormones stimulate insertion of ___ increasing water permeability of the apical membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ inhibits secretion of cholangiocytes by decreasing ___ levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucose and AA that passively leaked into bile are actively taken up by ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Between meals ~1/2 the bile is stored here, the other 1/2 remains in liver bile ducts "hepatic bile" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During interdigestive periods, this is constricted forcing bile into the gallbladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absorbs Na,Cl,HCO3 and concentrates bile 5-20X |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small amounts of bile are passively absorbed along the entire small intestine and colon but the bulk of bile uptake occurs through active absorption here |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absorbed bile enters hepatic portal circulation where ___ take up bile and re-secrete it into bile canaliculi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to bile acids that are not absorbed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Entire bile pool is recirculated how many times during a typical meal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During this phase of digestion intermittent contractions of gallbladder force bile into partially relaxed sphincter of oddi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During this phase of digestion intermittent contractions of gallbladder force bile into partially relaxed sphincter of oddi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During cephalic and gastric phases of digestion contraction of gallbladder and relaxation of sphincter of oddi are mediated by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During this phase highest rate of gall bladder emptying occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the intestinal phase strongest stimulus for gallbladder emptying is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Released by duodenal I cells in response to fat and protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During intestinal phase this reaches the gallbladder via circulation causing strong contraction of gall bladder myoepithelium and relaxation of sphincter of oddi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major factor influencing bile acid secretion and synthesis |
|
Definition
| Bile acid concentration in hepatic portal blood |
|
|
Term
| Presence of bile acids in hepatic portal blood ___ bile acid secretion (choleretic effect) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Presence of bile acids in hepatic portal blood ___ bile acid synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Low concentration of bile acids in hepatic portal blood ___ synthesis of bile acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Low concentration of bile acids in hepatic portal blood ___ bile acid secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Released from duodenum in response to acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stimulates cholangiocytes to release greater volume of HCO3 rich fluid but does not stimulate bile secretion from hepatocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does not participate in the control of bile secretion from hepatocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
