Term
| List the categories of of skin sensory receptors axpms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the categories of of afferent muscle sensory receptors axons |
|
Definition
| Ia: Spindle, Ib: GTO, II, III, and IV |
|
|
Term
| What do Aβ sensory receptor axons detect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe Aδ sensory receptor axons |
|
Definition
| Small, myelinated skin sensory receptors |
|
|
Term
| Describe C sensory receptor axons |
|
Definition
| Very small, unmyelinated skin sensory receptors |
|
|
Term
| List the categories of of efferent muscle sensory receptor axons |
|
Definition
| α motor neurons, γ (smaller) |
|
|
Term
| What are the four classes of senses? |
|
Definition
| Superficial, deep, visceral, special |
|
|
Term
| What are the superficial senses? |
|
Definition
| Touch, pressure, flutter, vibration, tickle, warmth, cold, pain, itch |
|
|
Term
| What are the deep senses? |
|
Definition
| Position, kinesthesia, deep pressure, deep pain |
|
|
Term
| What are the visceral senses? |
|
Definition
| Hunger, nausea, distension, visceral pain |
|
|
Term
| What are the special senses? |
|
Definition
| Vision, audition, taste, olfaction, balance |
|
|
Term
Free nerve endings:
a) What axon types do they have?
b) Where is it located?
c) What is its function? |
|
Definition
a) C and Aδ
b) Skin
c) Pain, temperature, crude touch |
|
|
Term
Meissner's Corpuscles:
a) What axon types do they have?
b) Where is it located?
c) What is its function? |
|
Definition
a) Aβ
b) Skin
c) Touch and pressure (dynamic) |
|
|
Term
Pacinian corpuscules:
a) What axon types do they have?
b) Where is it located?
c) What is its function? |
|
Definition
a) Aβ
b) Skin
c) Deep pressure, vibration (dynamic) |
|
|
Term
Merkel's disks:
a) What axon types do they have?
b) Where is it located?
c) What is its function? |
|
Definition
a) Aβ
b) Skin
c) Touch, pressure (static) |
|
|
Term
Ruffini's corpuscles:
a) What axon types do they have?
b) Where is it located?
c) What is its function? |
|
Definition
a) Aβ
b) Skin
c) Stretching of skin |
|
|
Term
Muscle spindles:
a) What axon types do they have?
b) Where is it located?
c) What is its function? |
|
Definition
a) Ia, II
b) Muscle
c) Muscle length |
|
|
Term
Golgi tendon organs:
a) What axon types do they have?
b) Where is it located?
c) What is its function? |
|
Definition
a) Ib
b) Muscle
c) Muscle tension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Area of skin innervated by a single dorsal root; each spinal nerve receives input from a certain area of the body |
|
|
Term
| What does a dermatomal map show? |
|
Definition
| The areas of skin innervated by a single dorsal root |
|
|
Term
| What information does the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system transmit? |
|
Definition
| Touch, pressure, and movement of hairs from the body and back of the head. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the sensory fibers of the dorsal column-medial and where they travel |
|
Definition
| They enter spinal cord anywhere along the cord and ascend in the dorsal columns ipsilaterally |
|
|
Term
What is the name of the fibers in the dorsal column from the lower half of the body?
Where do they synapse? |
|
Definition
| Gracile fasciculus; gracile nucleus |
|
|
Term
What is the name of the fibers in the dorsal column from the upper half of the body?
Where do they synapse? |
|
Definition
| Cuneate fasciculus; cuneate nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Describe the path of the the gracile and cuneate nuclei |
|
Definition
| They cross to the opposite side and ascend to the thalamus in the medial lemniscus |
|
|
Term
| Where do the gracile and cuneate nuclei fibers in the medial lemniscus synapse? |
|
Definition
| In the ventroposterior lateral nucleus of the thalamus |
|
|
Term
| Where do fibers from the ventroposterior lateral nucleus syapse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the steps in the dorsal column - medial lemniscal system |
|
Definition
1. Primary afferents from body/back of head
2. Enter into spinal cord and ascend in dorsal columns (gracile/cuneate)
3. Terminate on dorsal column nuclei
4. Secondary fibers cross and ascend to medial lemniscus
5. Termination on ventroposterior lateral nucleus
6. Termination on somatosensory cortex |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between pain and nociception? |
|
Definition
| The stimuli is nociception until it reaches the cortex and we decide it is pain |
|
|
Term
| What information does the spinothalamic system transmit? |
|
Definition
| Pain and temperature from the body and back of head |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathway the primary afferents take in the spinothalamic system |
|
Definition
| Sensory fibers (primary afferents) enter spinal cord along its whole length, and synapse on spinothalamic tract cells in the dorsal horn. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathway of spinothalamic axons |
|
Definition
(They are the secondary fibers)
Immediately cross to the opposite side to ascend in the ventrolateral
quadrant of the spinal cord in the spinothalamic tract, through brainstem, and terminate on ventroposterior lateral nucleus |
|
|
Term
| On what do spinothalamic axons terminate? |
|
Definition
| Ventroposterior lateral nucleus in the thalamus |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathway of the tertiary fibers in the spinothalamic system |
|
Definition
| Start in the ventroposterior laeral nucleus of the thalamus and ascend to synapse in the somatosensory cortex |
|
|
Term
| List the steps in the spinothalamic system |
|
Definition
1. Primary afferents for pain/temp ob body and back of head
2. Synapse on spinothalamic tract cells in dorsal horn
3. Immediately cross over and ascend through spinothalamic tract
4. Termination on ventroposterial lateral nucleus in thalamus
5. Synapse to somatosensory cortex |
|
|
Term
What area of the thalamus does the
A)dorsal column-medial lemniscal system
B)Spinothalamic system
C)Trigeminal system
correspond to? |
|
Definition
A) ventroposterior lateral nucleus
B) ventroposterior lateral nucleus
C) ventroposterior medial nucleus
|
|
|
Term
| What cranial nerves are associated with the trigeminal system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What information does the trigeminal system relay? |
|
Definition
| Pain, temperature, and touch for the face |
|
|
Term
| Define crude touch
*giggle* |
|
Definition
| A touch that is hard to localize, such as a tickle |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathway of primary afferents of the non-nociceptive trigeminal system |
|
Definition
| Synapse on neurons in the trigeminal main sensory nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Is the trigeminal system the same for pain and for touch? |
|
Definition
| No, there are separate pathways |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathway of primary afferents of the nociceptive trigeminal system |
|
Definition
Primary afferents synapse on neurons in the spinal
trigeminal nucleus. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathway of secondary neurons of the non-nociceptive trigeminal system |
|
Definition
Axons leaving the main sensory nucleus (secondary axons) cross to the opposite side and ascend to
synapse on cell bodies in the ventroposterior medial nucleus of the thalamus. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathway of secondary neurons of the nociceptive trigeminal system |
|
Definition
| Axons leaving the spinal trigeminal nucleus (secondary axons) cross to the opposite side and ascend to synapse on cell bodies in the ventroposterior medial nucleus of the thalamus |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathway of tertiary neurons of the non-nociceptive trigeminal system |
|
Definition
| Fibers exiting the ventroposterior medial nucleus (tertiary fibers) ascend to synapse on cell bodies in the face region of the somatosensory cortex. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathway of secondary neurons of the nociceptive trigeminal system |
|
Definition
| Fibers exiting the ventroposterior medial nucleus (tertiary fibers) ascend to synapse on cell bodies in the face region of the somatosensory cortex. |
|
|
Term
| What is pretty much the only difference between the non-nocieceptive and nocieceptive trigeminal pathways? |
|
Definition
The nucleus that the primary afferents synapse on.
non-nocieceptive: trigeminal main sensory nucleus
nociceptive: spinal trigeminal nucleus. |
|
|
Term
| What do Aδ-fibers transmit? |
|
Definition
| Short-latency pricking pain evoked by noxious stimuli |
|
|
Term
| What do C-fibers transmit? |
|
Definition
| Second, long-latency pain of burning and less bearable quality |
|
|
Term
| What chemicals can sensitize nociceptors to stimuli? |
|
Definition
a. Bradykinin
b. Serotonin
c. Histamine
d. Prostaglandins
e. Cytokines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enhanced sensation of pain in response to subsequent stimuli when tissues are damaged |
|
|
Term
| Define primary hyperalgesia |
|
Definition
| Enhanced sensation of pain at the site of tissue damage |
|
|
Term
| Define secondary hyperalgesia |
|
Definition
| Enhanced sensation of pain in the undamaged area surrounding the damaged area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Poorly localized pain commonly expressed as referred pain |
|
|
Term
| Describe the mechanism of referred pain |
|
Definition
Somatic and visceral information converges onto a common pool of sensory neurons in the spinal cord.
When visceral input stimulates these
same neurons, the brain interprets the input as still coming from somatic structures, and refers the sensation to the somatic structures. |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of referred pain |
|
Definition
A heart attack can be felt as pain in skin, shoulder, chest
Appendicitis can be felt in all of lower abdomen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excitation of large diameter fibers, either directly or through other modulatory systems, can ultimately reduce the activity in spinothalamic tract neurons, thereby reducing pain transmission. |
|
|
Term
| How do C-fibers affect the Spinothalamic tract neuron in the gate theory? |
|
Definition
| Active C-fibers dis-inhibit the STT |
|
|
Term
| How do Aα/β-fibers affect the Spinothalamic tract neuron in the gate theory? |
|
Definition
| It reduces activity in the STT via cognitive control or inhibitory control mechanisms |
|
|
Term
| What is a way that brainstem descending pathways can reduce pain? |
|
Definition
| By using enkephalin as a neurotransmitter, releasing endogenous opioids to inhibit the STT |
|
|
