Term
| List the three primary sensory corticies |
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Definition
1. Somatosensory
2. Auditory
3. Visual |
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Term
| What is the only specific sense that does not relay through the thalamus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define the Unimodal sensory association cortex |
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Definition
| Association cortex that integrates information related to a single sense.
(For example, for somatosensory sensation this cortex would integrate information from touch, hair, and pain receptors from widespread regions, to determine whether there is massage or being punched.) |
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Term
| What are the three unimodal sensory corticies? |
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Definition
1. Somatosensory
2. Auditory
3. Visual |
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Term
| Define the Unimodal motor association cortex |
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Definition
| Made up of the premotor and supplementary motor regions, this cortex provides integration for the motor system |
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Term
| Define multimodal association cortex |
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Definition
| Cortex that “associates” or integrates multiple senses. Relates sensory input to motor output. Performs the analysis function between sensory input and motor output (e.g., think about sensory input to decide motor output). |
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Term
| What are the three multimodal association cortices? |
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Definition
1. Posterior association area
2. Anterior association area
3. Limbic association area |
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Term
| Describe the posterior association area |
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Definition
| Located at the borders of the parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes, this area integrates information from several sensory modalities to, for example, provide a complete depiction of an object
(e.g., for a baby’s rattle, this
would integrate the shape, color, texture, and sound of the object). |
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Term
| Describe the anterior association area |
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Definition
| Located in the prefrontal cortex, this area is responsible for thinking, and planning movement. This area decides what to do in response to sensory input. |
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Term
| Describe the limbic association area |
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Definition
| Located in the limbic structures (medial aspect of brain), this region is concerned with emotional responses and formation of memories. |
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Term
| List the flow of information from sensory input to motor output |
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Definition
Sensory receptors →
Primary sensory cortex →
Unimodal sensory association cortex →
Posterior and limbic association areas →
Anterior association area →
Unimodal motor association area →
Primary motor cortex →
Skeletal muscle movement |
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Term
| How is the dominant hemisphere commonly defined? |
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Definition
| By the location of propositional speech and language capabilities |
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Term
| Which hemisphere controls propositional speech? |
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Definition
| Left side (in 90-99% of right handed people and 60% of left handed) |
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Term
| What abilities does the right hemisphere control? |
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Definition
| Spatial abilities and non-verbal tasks, such as music, map reading, place learning. |
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Term
| What association areas are the language centers part of? |
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Definition
| The language centers involve the superior and posterior regions of the temporal lobe, the inferior portion of the frontal lobe, and the inferior portion of the parietal lobe. Thus, these areas are part of the posterior and anterior association areas. |
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Term
| Even though the left hemisphere controls propositional speech, why is the right hemisphere also important in communication? |
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Definition
| Right side of cortex in speech areas mainly influences prosody, the changes in stress, pitch, and rhythm of speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| Language disorder resulting from brain damage, not necessarily related to sensory or motor deficits |
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Term
| Describe motor aphasias and what area is damaged |
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Definition
Damage to Broca's aphasia
Can understand language but have problems generating words. Patients are aware of their speech problem. |
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Term
| Describe sensory aphasias and what area is damaged |
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Definition
Damage to Wernicke's area
Inability to understand language, but can speak words fluently (though they do not make sense).
Patients are generally unaware of their deficit. |
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Term
| Define conduction aphasia |
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Definition
Conduction aphasias occur from a functional disconnection between Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas (e.g., damage to the arcuate fasciculus).
Person is fluent and can comprehend, but cannot repeat words well. Also may substitute wrong words for correct ones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Global aphasias include characteristics of sensory, motor, and conduction, and indicate lesion to all the major language centers. |
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Term
| How much information can be stored in short-term/working/sensory/primary memory? |
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Definition
| About 7 "chunks" of information |
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Term
| Define explicit memory. What are the two components? |
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Definition
Memories for facts and events. To recall the memory you must consciously think about it.
Includes semantic and episodic memory |
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Term
|
Definition
Part of explicit memory
General basis of knowledge that an individual has. Memory for facts. |
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Term
|
Definition
Part of explicit memory
Recollection of an individual’s experiences as they happened in a place and time. Memory for events. |
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Term
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Definition
| This category includes memories that are “recalled” unconsciously. Implicit memories are usually not lost unless there is damage to large areas of cerebral cortex. |
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Term
| What are the four categories of implicit memory? |
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Definition
1. Procedural
2. Priming
3. Nonassociative
4. Associative |
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Term
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Definition
A category of implicit memory
Knowledge of how to do things
Ex. Motor learning, like typing |
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Term
| Define priming (as it relates to memory) |
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Definition
A category of implicit memory
Previous exposure to something allows you to recall it quicker the next time you see it, although you have no specific recollection of seeing the object before. |
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Term
| Define nonassociative memory |
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Definition
A category of implicit memory
The person learns aspects of a single stimulus. A memory does not depend on a relationship between what is learned and another stimulus. |
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Term
|
Definition
A form of nonassociative memory
Stimulus is learned to not be important
Ex. getting used to surrounding traffic |
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Term
|
Definition
A form of nonassociative memory
Response to a stimulus gets larger with each repetition. Stimulus is strong and threatening.
Ex. a baby crying |
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Term
| Define associative memory |
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Definition
A category of implicit memory
Requires a relationship between a memory and a stimuli |
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Term
| Define classical conditioning |
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Definition
Association of an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus
Ex. Pavlov's dogs |
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Term
| Define operant conditioning |
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Definition
| Positive or negative reinforcement alters the probability of a response. A subject relates a behavioral response to the consequences of that response. |
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Term
| Where are memories stored in the brain? |
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Definition
| All over, in different regions |
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Term
| What sort of memory is associated with the cerebellum? |
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Definition
Some implicit memories associated with muscles
Ex. vestibulo-ocular reflex (maintains visual image as head moves)
Ex. conditioned eyeblink with tone and puff of air |
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Term
| Where are many procedural memories stored? |
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Definition
In the neostriatum (caudate and putamen).
Ex. how to ride a bike, how to type, and how to write. |
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Term
| Where are explicit memories generally stored? |
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Definition
| In a multimodal association cortex, but different areas code different aspects |
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Term
| List the general pathway to form a memory |
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Definition
1. Sensory input is relayed to medial temporal lobe
2. Amygdala attaches emotional significance
3. Hippocampus distributes the memory to appropriate regions of the cortex |
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Term
| How do short term memories become long term? |
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Definition
| Memory "consolidation" must occur, hippocampus and medial temporal lobe is required |
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Term
| Describe synaptic plasticity |
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Definition
| As memories are consolidated, networks of neurons are activated and built by long term potentiation and protein synthesis of new paths |
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Term
| Define anterograde amnesia |
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Definition
| The inability to learn new information |
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Term
| Define retrograde amnesia |
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Definition
| Inability to retrieve information (can’t remember) |
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Term
| What sort of amnesia do lesions of the medial temporal lobe cause? |
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Definition
Typically anterograde amnesia, but recall of previous memories is present (although the loss of memory may go back three years or so).
Can learn new procedural memories |
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