Term
| What are the four primary motivations? |
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Definition
1. Feeding
2. Flight/fight
3. Fahrenheit (temperature regulation)
4. Fornication |
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Term
| Define "secondary motivation" |
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Definition
| Behaviors or motivations that are derived from primary motivations, such as what to eat or drink, what clothes to put on, etc. Moods you are in, your habits or preferences, skills you have can all affect secondary motivations. |
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Term
| What are the two components to emotion |
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Definition
a. The inner emotion itself, such as fear, love, joy, anger; this is the conscious experience of emotions.
b. The outer expression or motor component of the emotion; this is emotional behavior. |
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Term
| What area in the brain controls and regulates motivations and emotions |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cingulate cortex → hippocampus → mammilary body → anterior nucleus of thalamus → back to cingulate cortex |
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Term
| What is thought to be the role of the hippocampus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome? |
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Definition
| Large bilateral destruction of the temporal lobe, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and temporal cortex |
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Term
| What phenomena does Kluver-Bucy sundrome cause? |
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Definition
1. Visual agnosia
2. Increased oral tendencies
3. Increased motor seeking behavior
4. Increased vocal activity
5. Hypersexuality
6. Loss of fear response |
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Term
| What is the function of the amygdala? |
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Definition
Thought to be fear, rage, aggression, and emotional significance to events
Fear/ higher reward conditioning |
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Term
| What cortical areas are responsible for experiencing emotions? |
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Definition
| Orbital and medial prefrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex |
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Term
| What is a primary function of the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
Emotional expression (e.g., the autonomic responses to emotions)
The hypothalamus has connections to both autonomic and somatic cell groups that mediate motor responses (such as laughing and crying) to emotional stimuli. |
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Term
| Define the ventral striatum |
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Definition
| This portion of the basal ganglia helps select the appropriate behavior for a situation
(analogous to the motor function of the basal ganglia in which appropriate motor programs are selected. |
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Term
| Define the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus |
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Definition
| The thalamic relay nucleus associated with the limbic system |
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Term
| Describe the James-Lange theory of emotions |
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Definition
Physical changes from external stimuli are the emotion.
“We feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble.” |
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Term
| Describe the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions |
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Definition
One set of physiological changes is not associated with just one set of emotions.
Sensory input divides to go to the sensorimotor cortex and to the limbic system. In effect, the experience of emotion and the physiological reactions occur simultaneously. |
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Term
| Can sensory input effect emotional state? |
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Definition
Yes
-Spinal cord damage can reduce emotional intensity
-Smiling makes you happier :) |
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Term
| What are the four major reward areas/ pleasure centers associated with primary motivations? |
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Definition
| Dorsal pons, ventral tegmental area, lateral hypothalamus, and septal area. |
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Term
| What neurotransmitter is associated with the reward/pleasure centers? |
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Definition
Dopamine
-why most addictive psychoactive drugs enhance dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
| A railroad foreman who had a metal rod pierce his skull and left frontal cortex, changing his personality to be more restless, loud, profane, and impulsive |
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Term
| How do many drugs treat depression? |
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Definition
| Drugs used to treat depression block reuptake of norepinephrine, dopamine, and/or serotonin in the limbic system |
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Term
| What may cause schizophrenia? |
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Definition
| Possibly overactive dopamine pathways |
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Term
| What is a common side effect of schizophrenia medication, and why? |
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Definition
| Muscle tics- because dopamine antagonists lead to extrapyramidal effects |
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