Sucrose

Maltose

Lactose

Metabolic pathway that removes amine groups from amino acids, forming ammonia.  Ammonia is then converted into urea and excreted in urine.

Acetyl CoA is converted into fatty acid;

Stored in liver and adipose tissue

Undergoes deanimation;

Chops amine group from amino acid;

Converted into ammonia;

Ammonia is converted into Urea

Urea is excreted in urine

What percent of the body is made up of water?

What percent of body water is intracellular?

Plasma makes up how much (%) of extracellular water?

Amount (%) of extracellular water found in interstitial fluid?

80%

Plasma Membrane Permeability

NOT permeable to POLAR substances,

except for WATER

Facilitated Diffusion

Active Transport

Simple Diffusion

Osmosis

Movement of a Substance

Movement from along the concentration gradient,

requiring a carrier-protein,

but does not require ATP because it is moving

from high to low concentration

Carrier-Mediated movement of molecules against

the concentration gradient,

which requires ATP

Explain the Similarities and Differences

between Simple Diffusion and Osmosis.

Simple Diffusion is the movement of non-polar substances from high to low concentration.

Osmosis is only the diffusion of water, and it must be through a semi-permeable membrane!!

They are both moving along the concentration gradient, but Facilated Diffusion is only utilized by polar substances, that require a protein carrier.

Differentiate between Facilitated Diffusion and

Active Transport.

They are both carrier-mediated, meaning that they transport substances via protein carriers.

Only Active Transport requires ATP because it is moving AGAINST the concentration gradient.

transport via Coupling

(cotransport or countertransport)

Primary AT uses ATP directly

Secondary AT allows a molecule to move against its concentration gradient by binding to a molecule that is moving along it's own concentration gradient 

Solute concentration outside of the cell is the same as the solute concentration inside of the cell

0.9% NaCl (Normal Saline)

What kind of solution is this?

What happens when you put a cell in this kind of solution?

Isotonic Solution

Nothing; concentrations are the same

0.5% NaCl

What kind of solution is this?

What happens when you put a cell in this type of solution?

Hypotonic

Causes the cell to swell

0.5% NaCl + 5% Glucose

What kind of solution is this?

What effect does it have on the cell?

Isotonic

No Effect; concentrations are the same

5% NaCl

What kind of solution is this?

What happens to a cell in this kind of solution?

Hypertonic

Causes the cell to CRENATE (shrink)

Hypertonic

Effect?

Solution outside of the cell has a higher solute concentration than inside of the cell

Causes cell to Crenate

An increase in plasma osmolality, due to dehydration, stimulates thirst and increased ADH secretion from the posterior pituitary.  This causes the person to drink more and urinate less, which increases the blood volume and decreases plasma osmolality.  This helps restore normal blood volume and completes the negative feedback loop.

 Osmoregulation

 Regulates BMR

 Help create RMP

 Coupled Transport

The energy needed for a molecule or ion to move

against its concentration gradient is powered by

attachment to the Na+ ion as it moves along its

concentration gradient, back into the cell

Role of Na/K Pump

in Maintaining the RMP

(resting membrane potential)

In maintenance of the RMP, 3 Na+ are transported

out of the cell for every 2 K+ that are brought in,

contributing the the negative intracellular charge

(or difference in charges).

How does the Na/K pump contribute to the BMR

(basal metabolic rate)

The Thyroid Gland secretes Thyroxine,

which makes the pump work harder.

Slows BMR

Causes increased weight, always cold and tired

Increases BMR

Feel - hot, irritable; thinner

How does the Na/K pump function in

osmoregulation?

Na+ regulates the flow of water molecules;

Pump transports Na+ out of the cell, water follows

because water has a very high affinity to Na+;

Prevents cell from exploding

Plasma membranes of 2 adjacent epithelial cells

physically join together.

Proteins penetrate the mebranes to bridge the actin

fibers of the 2 cells

Plasma membranes of 2 cells come very close

together and are "glued" by interactions between

proteins that span each membrane and connect to

the cytoskeleton of each cell

Plasma membranes of 2 cells are "buttoned"

together, by interactions between particular

desmosomal proteins

Form Blood Brain Barrier

Do Not Allow Paracellular Transport

Transcellular Transport must be used

Require receptor on cell membrane

Invagination, formation of pouch, formation of vesicle

Fusion of a membrane-bound vesicle that contains cellular products with the plasma membrane, so that membrane become continuous.

Neurotransmitters; Hormones

Non-diffusable negatively charged phosphate groups of RNA are trapped inside the cell causes the intracellular charge to be negative, and the high Na+ concentration outside of the cell causes the extracellular charge to be positive.

Endocrine glands secrete chemical regulators

(hormones) into the extracellular fluid, and blood

carries the hormones to all of the cells in the body,

but only target cells for a particular hormone can

respond to the hormone.

Requires tiny gaps to be formed in very close proximity between neurons and target cells.

Neurotransmitters

Very potent chemicals that only act on local cells

Paracrine and Autocrine Communication

cells within an organ secrete regulatory molecules that diffuse through the extracellular matrix to nearby target cells in the same organ

Local Signaling

How do gap junctions contribute to cellular

communication?

Allows immediate communication from one cell to

the next because the plasma membranes are fused

together and their cytoplasm is continuous

Axons carry signal away from the cell body and have more rounded ends called terminal boutons that contain vesicles filled with neurotransmitters.

Dendrites are more pointed at the ends and carry the signal to the cell body.

Link sensory, somatic, and autonomic nerves within

the CNS ONLY

1 Process

Sensory Neurons

2 Processes

Most rare type

What is the least abundant type of neuron and

where is it found?

Bipolar

Retina

What is the most common type of neuron?

Schwann's Cells

Satellite Cells

Oligodendrocytes

Astrocytes

Microglia

Ependymal Cells

Schwann's cell is found in the PNS, lays Myelin via wrapping itself around the axon, each Schwann's cell is dedicated to one certain area of the axon

Oligodendrocytes: in CNS; lay Myelin via processes; lays Myelin on multiple axon locations at one time

Ependymal Cells

Most important Glial Cell in CNS

Forms tight junctions = BBB

Provides energy to neurons by feeding glucose

Synapse Formation

Recycle Neurotransmitters

Recycle K+ lost by neurons

Differentiation of Glial Cells (assign job)

Inhibit/Activate Neurons