Term
| Where is smooth muscle found? |
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Definition
| In blood vessels and the urinary, respiratory, reproductive, and gastrointestinal tracts. |
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Term
| How does smooth muscle differ from striated muscle? |
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Definition
| Uninucleate, no striations |
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Term
| What are caveoli, and what are their functions? |
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Definition
| pockets in the smooth muscle cell's plasma membrane that sequester Calcium ions. |
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Term
| What are the types of smooth muscle? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How is single unit smooth muscle different from multiunit? |
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Definition
Gap junctions
contracts as a unit
myogenic (doesn't need nervous system stimulation) |
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Term
| Where is multiunit smooth muscle found? |
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Definition
| Hair erectors, large blood vessels, large airways, iris |
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Term
| Where is single unit smooth muscle found? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What system sends signals to smooth muscle? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What ion causes depolarization in smooth muscle cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the relationship between partial pressure and concentration of a gas? |
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Definition
| They are directly proportional. |
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Term
| Which is more soluble, CO2 or O2? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What happens to solubility as temperature increases? Salinity increases? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the relationship between a gas's partial pressure and the amount of that gas dissolved in a solution? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In what medium do gases diffuse faster? |
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Definition
| air (as opposed to water) |
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Term
| How do gases diffuse in relation to concentration and partial pressure? |
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Definition
| Gases diffuse from high to low partial pressure. NOT necessarily high to low concentration. |
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Term
| What is the significance with a gas molecule combining with another? |
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Definition
| It then does not contribute to that gas's partial pressure. |
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Term
| What is convective transport of gases? |
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Definition
| A fluid (gas or liquid) flows, carrying gas molecules. Examples: breathing, pumping of blood. Both cost energy. |
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Term
| Gas transport in mammals involves what two processes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe how oxygen enters the blood stream from the lungs. |
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Definition
| Oxygen enter the lungs, and makes its way to the alveoli. Since there is high O2 partial pressure in the alvoli and low partial pressure in the blood, oxygen diffuses across the alvolar epithelium and the capillary epithelium. It then combines with hemoglobin in red blood cells. |
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Term
| What does the rate of O2 consumption depend on? |
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Definition
| The difference in oxygen partial pressures of capillaries and mitochondria. |
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Term
| What steps of respiration are convection? |
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Definition
| Inhalation of air, flow of arterial blood to capillaries |
|
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Term
| what steps of respiration are diffusion? |
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Definition
| Diffusion from alveoli to capillaries, from capillaries to tissues. |
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Term
| What parts of the lungs are respiratory airways? |
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Definition
| respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs. |
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Term
| What is the tidal volume? |
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Definition
| volume of air inhaled/exhaled per breath. |
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Term
| What is the expiratory reserve volume? |
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Definition
| The volume that can be exhaled past resting exhalation. |
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Term
| What is the inspiratory reserve volume? |
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Definition
| The volume of air that can be inhaled beyond resting inspiratory leve. |
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Term
| What is the vital capacity? |
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Definition
| The maximum possible tidal volume |
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Term
| What intercostal muscles are used during inhalation? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What intercostal muscles are used during exhalation? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where are the neurons that initiate breathing located? |
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Definition
| In the Pre-Botzinger complex of the medulla. |
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Term
| Where in the body are O2 levels sensed? |
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Definition
| carotid bodies (humans, mammals) and aortic bodies (other mammals) |
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Term
| What is the physiological basis of asthma? |
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Definition
| Bronchiorestriction, mucous, inflammation of airways |
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Term
|
Definition
| destruction of alveolar tissue. |
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Term
| How does cigarette smoke cause emphysema? |
|
Definition
| chemicals induce macrophages and leukocytes to secrete proteolytic enzymes that destroy lung tissue. |
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Term
| What factors affect rate and depth of breathing? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average concentration of oxygen in the blood? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are respiratory pigments? |
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Definition
| metalloproteins that undergo reversible combination with O2. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of hemoglobins? |
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Definition
| contain heme (iron group). Have 4 binding sites. |
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Term
| What are vertebrate muscle hemoglobins? What properties do they give muscle? |
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Definition
| Myoglobins. They give muscle some of the red color. |
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|
Term
| How is hemoglobin different in a fetus/baby? |
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Definition
| Hemoglobin has gamma globulin instead of beta globulin. |
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Term
| How can the antarctic ice fish survive with no hemoglobin? |
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Definition
| The cold water has increased O2 solubility, so it can absorb it directly. |
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|
Term
| What is the venous reserve? |
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Definition
| The amount of oxygen in the blood available during exercise (or when needed). |
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Term
| What characteristic accounts for the steep initial curve of the oxygen dissociation curve? |
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Definition
| When oxygen binds to hemoglobin, it stimulates other molecules to join. |
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Term
| An increase in CO2 or a decrease in pH (more acidic) causes a shift in the oxygen dissociation curve in which direction? What does that mean? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Temperature increase causes what kind of shift in the oxygen dissociation curve? |
|
Definition
| Right shift (lower affinity) |
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|
Term
| What is the dominant form in which CO2 exists in the blood? |
|
Definition
| Bicarbonate (H2CO3/ H+ HCO3-) |
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|
Term
| What accelerates the conversion of CO2 to HCO3- ? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is carbonic anhydrase located? What effect does this have on hydrogen and chlorine ions? |
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Definition
| It is located in the red blood cell. As CO2 becomes HCO3- and diffuses into the plasma, chlorine ions enter the RBC. Hydrogen ions combine with hemoglobin in the RBC. |
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Term
| What happens to CO2/bicarbonate as the blood is oxygenated? |
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Definition
| O2 binds to hemoglobin, causing H+ ions to be displaced and form H2CO3. The bicarbonate decomposes to water and CO2, carbon dioxide diffuses to lung alveoli. |
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Term
| What happens to remedy acidosis? |
|
Definition
increased ventilation (lowers CO2-> decreases H+)
kidneys export H+ and retain HCO3- |
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|
Term
| What happens to remedy alkalosis? |
|
Definition
Decrease ventilation (raise CO2-> increases H+)
excrete HCO3- (kidneys) |
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Term
| Trace the path of blood from the right atrium (including valves) |
|
Definition
Right atrium
Right AV valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary artery
Lungs
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left AV valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
body
Vena Cava
Right Atrium |
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Term
| What are the 5 phases of the heart cycle? |
|
Definition
Atrial Systole
Isovolumetric contraction
Ventricular ejection
Isovolumetric relaxation
Ventricular filling |
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|
Term
| What is cardiac output? What is it measured in? |
|
Definition
| The volume of blood pumped by a heart per unit of time. It is measured in mL/min. |
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|
Term
| How is cardiac output calculated? |
|
Definition
| heart rate (bpm) x stroke volume (mL/beat) |
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|
Term
| Cardiac output refers to which chamber of the heart? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal adult cardiac output? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How does exercise affect heart rate and stroke volume(when not exercising) ? |
|
Definition
| Lower heart rate, greater stroke volume |
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|
Term
| What about the heart muscle allows quick depolarization of neighboring cells? |
|
Definition
| Gap junctions on intercalated disks |
|
|
Term
| What is the pacemaker of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the SA node cause heart contraction? |
|
Definition
SA node depolarization causes atrial contraction and depolarization of the AV node.
The AV node's atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) carries the depolarization to the ventricles, which then contract from the bottom up. |
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Term
| Are vertebrates myogenic or neurogenic? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Depolarization of the SA node is caused by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Voltage gate activation in the SA node causes influx of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What system causes an increase in heart rate? |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic (epinephrine) |
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|
Term
| What system causes a decrease in heart rate? |
|
Definition
| parasympathetic (acetylcholine) |
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|
Term
| How is a cardiac potential difference from a skeletal muscle potential? |
|
Definition
| Longer contraction, no absolute refractory period, no summation |
|
|
Term
| What causes repolarization of heart cells? |
|
Definition
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