Term
| What are clusters of cell bodies in the CNS called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are groups of axons in the CNS called? |
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Definition
| Pathways, tracts, or commissures |
|
|
Term
| What are clusters of cell bodies in the PNS called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are groups of axons in the PNS called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Bone that surrounds the spinal cord |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A procedure to sample the CSF for diagnosis |
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Term
| What is the function of gray matter? |
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Definition
| Synaptic transmission and neural integration |
|
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Term
| What is the function of white matter? |
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Definition
| Propagate action potentials, it is white because of myelin |
|
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Term
| Define subcortical nuclei |
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Definition
| Small areas of gray matter within white matter |
|
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Term
| How many spinal nerves are there? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cauda equina? |
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Definition
| The bottom 1/3 of the column, individual nerves but no spinal cord bone surrounding them |
|
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Term
| Which horn of the spinal cord is posterior? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which horn of the spinal cord is anterior? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cell bodies are in the dorsal horn? |
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Definition
| Interneurons on which afferent neurons terminate |
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Term
| What type of cell bodies are in the lateral horn? |
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Definition
| Autonomic efferent nerve fibers |
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Term
| What type of cell bodies are in the ventral horn? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Bundles containing afferent neurons |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bundles containing efferent neurons |
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Term
| Where do autonomic preganglions of the sympathetic nervous system originate? |
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Definition
| The thoracic and lumbar positions of the spinal cord (T1-L3) |
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Term
| What part of the spinal cord do preganglionic neurons originate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
| The thoracolumbar sympathetic nerves |
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Term
| Where do preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system originate? |
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Definition
| The brainstem or sacral spinal cord |
|
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Term
| What is another name for the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
| Craniosacral parasympathetic nerves |
|
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Term
| What can the adrenal medulla be called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of receptors are on chromaffin cells? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the effect of Ach binding to nicotinic cholinergic receptors on chromaffin cells? |
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Definition
| Production of 80% epinephrine, 20% norepinephrie |
|
|
Term
| What effects does epinephrine have when released from the adrenal medulla? |
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Definition
| It acts as a hormone, diffuses into the bloodstream, and increases blood glucose |
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitter is released from all preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of receptor is on postganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What neurotransmitter is released primarily from parasympathetic postganglionic neurons? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of receptor is on parasympathetic effectors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurotransmitter is released from sympathetic postganglionic neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of receptors do sympathetic effectors have? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do motor neurons originate? |
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Definition
| The ventral horn of the spinal cord or the analogous brainstem nuclei |
|
|
Term
| What is the neurotransmitter for the neuromuscular junction? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of receptors are on the motor end plate? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What can the PNS be divided into? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What can the autonomic nervous system be divided into? |
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Definition
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Also, enteric (digestive system) |
|
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Term
| Define sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| Autonomic flight or fight response, expends energy |
|
|
Term
| Define the parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| Autonomic system for rest, digest, divest(eliminating), conserve/replenish energy |
|
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Term
| How many neurons does the somatic nervous system have in a single pathway? How many does the autonomic? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What kind of receptor is on the effector in the somatic nervous system? For the autonomic nervous system? |
|
Definition
Somatic: nicotinic
Autonomic: Muscarinic, adernergic |
|
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Term
| Do preganglionic nerves have myelin? Do postganglionic? |
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Definition
| Pre-ganglionic nerves do, post-ganglionic do not |
|
|
Term
| Compare and contrast sympathetic vs parasympathetic postganglionic nerves |
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Definition
Parasympathetic are very short, often on the organ
Sympathetic are longer
Both are unmyelinated |
|
|
Term
| Define intermediolateral nucleus |
|
Definition
| Small protrusion of gray matter in the spinal cord where preganglionic sympathetic neurons originate |
|
|
Term
| Define paravertebral ganglia and prevertebral ganglia |
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Definition
Paravetebral ganglia are higher up on the spinal cord
Prevertebral ganglia are lower on spinal cord
Both are where sympathetic ganglia originate from the chain |
|
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Term
| What is the effect of nicotine on skeletal muscle? |
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Definition
| A low dose contracts muscle, a high dose blocks |
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Term
| Give an example of a nicotinic antagonist at the neuromuscular junction |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a nicotinic antagonist at the autonomic ganglia |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the drug Trimethphan (Arfondad) |
|
Definition
A nicotinic antagonist at the autonomic ganglia
Previously used to lower emergency HBP, but not anymore because it removes the autonomic nervous sytem |
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Term
| Give an example of an antagonist for muscarinic cholinergic receptors |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the effect of atropine? |
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Definition
| As an antagonist for muscarinic cholinergic receptors, it blocks the parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary neurotransmitter for sympathetic postganglionic neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What releases epinephrine? |
|
Definition
| The adrenal medulla, NOT sympathetic postganglionic nerves |
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|
Term
| By what method does most NE deactivate? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems both have adrenergic and cholinergic receptors? |
|
Definition
Adernergic are just in sympathetic,
cholinergic are in both |
|
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Term
| Give an example of an Adrenergic α receptor agonist and describe it |
|
Definition
| Phenylephrine (Neosynephrine), the active ingredient in many decongestants |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of an Adrenergic α receptor antagonist |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of an Adrenergic β receptor agonist and describe it |
|
Definition
| Isoproterenol (Isuprel), a drug not used too much because it stimulates all of the Beta receptors |
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Term
| Give an example of an Adrenergic β receptor antagonist and describe it |
|
Definition
| Propanolol (Inderal), blocks β1 and β2 |
|
|
Term
| Do α receptors produce excitatory or inhibitory responses? |
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Definition
| α receptors produce excitatory effects everywhere except in GI, where they produce inhibitory effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
α-2s are on presynaptic terminals and act as a negative feedback system
However, they are still on effector organs and tissues and have the same responses as α-1s |
|
|
Term
| Do β receptors produce excitatory or inhibitory responses? |
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Definition
| β receptors produce inhibitory effects everywhere except in the heart, where they produce excitatory effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only on the heart, and therefore the only excitatory β receptors |
|
|
Term
| Where are β2 receptors found? |
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Definition
| All over the body, they are the β receptors that produce inhibitory effects |
|
|
Term
| Where are β3 receptors found? |
|
Definition
| In fat, do lipolysis (we don't need to worry about those) |
|
|
Term
| Does NE excite or inhibit adrenergic receptors? |
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Definition
| NE excites all α receptors and β1 receptors |
|
|
Term
| Does Epi excite or inhibit adrenergic receptors? |
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Definition
| Epi excites all adrenergic receptors, but has a greater potency for β over α |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The primary receptor on effector organs and tissues mediating alpha-aderenergic responses
(α-2 are for feedback on preganglion terminals, but are still on effector organs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Organs which receive innervation from both
the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have dual innervation |
|
|
Term
| Define single innervation |
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Definition
| When tissues receive innervation from only one autonomic system, such as the blood vessels that control peripheral resistance which receive only sympathetic innervation |
|
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Term
| Define functional synergism |
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Definition
| Functional synergism: This occurs in dual innervated organs when the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems work together to produce an effect. A good example is the control of heart rate. |
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Term
| Define intrinsic heart rate |
|
Definition
| Once atropine and propanolol are given to the heart, no autonomic influence, just pacemaker rate |
|
|
Term
| If a heart was transplanted and did not have nerve endings, could HR still be raised? |
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Definition
| Yes, by epinephrine from the chromaffin cells |
|
|
Term
| Define tonic/basal efferent activity |
|
Definition
A continuous resting level of autonomic neural activity to an organ or tissue. This means that there is almost always some autonomic nerve activity from both the SNS and PNS under all types of conditions |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Contraction of the pupil radial muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Contraction of the pupil circular muscle
Also, a symptom of Horner's syndrome, due to unopposed parasympathetic innervation to the iris. |
|
|
Term
| Is pupil dilation an excitatory or inhibitory response? |
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Definition
| Inhibitory by definition- the pupil is overall relaxing and expanding in size; anologus to an arteriole, for example |
|
|
Term
| Describe autonomic control of blood vessels |
|
Definition
Sympathetic innervation constricts with α-1 and α-2 and dilates with β-2 to direct blood flow to areas needed
No parasympathetic innervation |
|
|
Term
| In arterioles, how does the sympathetic nervous system distinguish between α-1 and α-2 (dilating) and β-2 (constricting) during a response? |
|
Definition
| β-receptors are more strongly stimulated by Epi than α, so there is a contest |
|
|
Term
| What is the most prominent inhibitory sympathetic response? |
|
Definition
| β-2 dilation in the lungs |
|
|
Term
| What do inhalers act on in asthmatics? |
|
Definition
| β-2 receptors in the lungs |
|
|
Term
| What sympathetic receptors decrease motility in the GI tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the male reproductive tract, what does the parasympathetic system control and what does the sympathetic system control? |
|
Definition
Parasympathetic: erection
Sympathetic: ejaculation |
|
|
Term
| What is the major exception of the sympathetic effector receptor? |
|
Definition
| Eccrine sweat glands have muscarinic receptors for thermoregulation, and therefore respond to Ach not NE |
|
|
Term
| Where are the stretch sensors that sense blood pressure located? |
|
Definition
| The carotid sinus and aortic arch |
|
|
Term
| Describe the neural pathway of the baroreflex from the carotid sinus to the nucleus of solitary tract |
|
Definition
1. Carotid sinus mechanoreceptors
2. Carotid sinus nerve
3. Glossopharengeal nerve into brainstem
4. Nucleus of solitary tract (NTS) in brainstem
|
|
|
Term
| Describe the neural pathway of the baroreflex immediately after the nucleus of solitary tract (NTS) |
|
Definition
The nucleus of solitary tract goes to both
A. The nucleus ambiguss
B. The Caudal ventral lateral medulla (CVLM) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the neural pathway of the baroreflex after the nucleus ambiguss |
|
Definition
| The nucleus ambigus nerves act on postganglionic parasympathetic neurons to the heart, lowering blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| Describe the neural pathway of the baroreflex after the Caudal ventral lateral medulla (CVLM) |
|
Definition
The CVLM acts on the Rostal ventral lateral medulla (RVLM) in the ONLY inhibitory reaction in the baroreflex
RVLM acts on the intermediolateral nucleus (IML)in the spinal cord
The IML uses parasympathetic ganglia to decreases constriction in arterioles and slow heart rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What produces bladder contraction? |
|
Definition
| Excitation of parasympathetic neurons via the Sacroparasympathetic nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An area near the bladder that contains a lot of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves |
|
|
Term
| What senses how full the bladder is? |
|
Definition
| The mechanosensors on the bladder wall |
|
|
Term
| What nerves transmit sympathetic innervation to the bladder? |
|
Definition
The hypogastric nerve and other preganglions from intermediolateral nucleus eventually transmit to bladder wall
Onuf's nucleus transmits to external urethral sphincter |
|
|
Term
| Is sympathetic input required for bladder filling? |
|
Definition
Currently, the best evidence is that
the sympathetic nervous system is not required for bladder filling, but can
assist
This is indicated by people with diseases of the SNS that still can have bladder filling |
|
|
Term
| Where in the body do the (sympathetic) hypogastric nerve (and other preganglions from intermediolateral nucleus) transmit signals? |
|
Definition
| They transmit signals to bladder postganglionic neurons and also transmit inhibition to parasympathetic presynaptic terminals in the pelvic plexus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sympathetic sacral ganglion that constricts the external urethral sphincter |
|
|
Term
| Define supraspinal reflex |
|
Definition
| A reflex that needs to travel to the brain to function (ex. micturition) |
|
|
Term
| Where do bladder wall mechanoreceptors terminate? |
|
Definition
All the way in the midbrain, the mechanoreceptors activate the periaqueductal gray
Also, to the intermediolateral nucleus in the spine |
|
|
Term
| Define the periaqueductal gray |
|
Definition
The area in the dorsal midbrain that is activated by bladder mechanoreceptors
With enough innervation, it activates the pontine micturition center |
|
|
Term
| Define the Pontine micturition center |
|
Definition
| A region in the dorsal pons that, with sufficient innervation from the periaqueductral gray, will(via sacral neurons)contract the bladder wall and inhibit Onus nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Define the Pontine continence center |
|
Definition
| An area in the dorsal pons that is active during rest to excite the Onus nucleus to keep the sphincter closed |
|
|
Term
| What happens if the bladder gets too full? |
|
Definition
The Pontine continence center is overriden by the Pontine micturition center
Then the Onus nucleus is overpowered and the bladder wall contracts |
|
|
Term
| Can the parasympathetic innervation of the micturition reflex be overidden? |
|
Definition
| Yes, by higher areas of the brain (Cerebral cortex)to a point |
|
|
Term
| Why do young babies lack control over their bladders? |
|
Definition
| The micturition reflex descending pathways have not developed |
|
|
Term
| Do we have control over the urethral sphincter? |
|
Definition
| Cerebral cortex control over the internal urinary sphincter (to a point), and skeletal muscle contol over the external urinary sphincter |
|
|
Term
| What causes hypertension? |
|
Definition
While there are many causes, one
contributory mechanism is an increase in the tonic or basal level of sympathetic tone to
the heart and/or blood vessels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
This is a tumor of the chromaffin cells in the adrenal gland, releasing more epinephrine.
This
accounts for only 0.1% of hypertensive patients. |
|
|
Term
| Define Postural (orthostatic) hypotension |
|
Definition
A drop in arterial pressure of 30
mmHg or more upon standing |
|
|
Term
| What causes Postural (orthostatic) hypotension? |
|
Definition
Dizziness is felt upon standing due to an inadequate perfusion of the CNS.
Orthostatic hypotension is due to inadequate reflex control of blood pressure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Loss of sympathetic innervation to the head
Can occur from damage in any part of the total pathway from hypothalamus to spinal cord and back up to the brain |
|
|
Term
| What are three signs of Horner's syndrome? |
|
Definition
Miosis, Ptosis (eyelid drooping), and anyhydrois (loss of sweating in head and neck)
Ptosis and anhydrosis occur from loss of sympathetic innervation/tone |
|
|
Term
| In Horner's syndrome, will Miosis cause permanent damage to the iris? |
|
Definition
Possibly, but miosis will subside (but not completely disappear) due to the development of increased
sensitivity to circulating catecholamines. |
|
|
Term
| Define Autonomic diabetic neuropathy |
|
Definition
Degeneration of small nerve fibers in diabetics
Possibly due to inadequate blood perfusion or neuron metabolism problems |
|
|
Term
What are some symptoms of Autonomic diabetic neuropathy? |
|
Definition
Impaired swallowing, delayed gastric emptying, diarrhea, orthostatic hypotension, bladder dysfunction, and erectile dysfunction. |
|
|
Term
| What causes Autonomic dysreflexia (aka sympathetic hyperreflexia) |
|
Definition
Some patients with a spinal
cord lesion at the T6 level or above may develop this condition, presumably due to the plasticity/"rewiring" that occurs after the injury |
|
|
Term
| What are some symptoms of Autonomic dysreflexia (aka sympathetic hyperreflexia)? |
|
Definition
| Extremely high blood pressure, activated by stimuli such as bladder/colon distention, pregnancy, or touching the lower abdomen |
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|
