Term
functions of the Circulatory system, Transportation;
- Respiratory: transports ___
- nutritive: carry ____
- excretory: carry ___ |
|
Definition
- transport O2 and CO2
- carry absorbed digestion products to the liver and to tissues
- carry metabolic wastes to kidneys to be excreted |
|
|
Term
| regulation of the circulatory system is by ___ and ___ control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hormonal regulation: carries ___ |
|
Definition
| hormones to target tissues to produce their effects |
|
|
Term
| temperature regulation works by ____ |
|
Definition
| diverting blood to cool or warm the body |
|
|
Term
| protective functions of the circulatory system include ___ and ____ |
|
Definition
| blood clotting and immune |
|
|
Term
| blood clotting prevents ____ |
|
Definition
| blood loss when vessels are damaged |
|
|
Term
| immune works by creating ____ that ___ |
|
Definition
| leukocytes (white blood cells) protect against disease causing agents |
|
|
Term
| two main components of circulatory system |
|
Definition
| cardiovascular system and lymphatic system |
|
|
Term
| cardiovascular system composed of __, __, and ___ |
|
Definition
| blood, heart, blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| pumping action of the heart creates ____ |
|
Definition
| pressure needed to push blood through vessels |
|
|
Term
| blood vessels permits _____ |
|
Definition
| blood flow from heart to cells and back to heart |
|
|
Term
| in the lymphatic system: ___ transport ___ |
|
Definition
| lymphatic vessels; interstitial fluid |
|
|
Term
| lymph nodes ___ prior to ___ |
|
Definition
| cleanse lymph; return in venous blood |
|
|
Term
| 5 factors of blood composition |
|
Definition
| blood plasma, formed elements, hematopoiesis, RBC antigens, Blood clotting |
|
|
Term
| ___ is the liquid portion of blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| formed elements of blood are composed of ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plasma is a ___ colored liquid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plasma consists of ___ and ____ |
|
Definition
| H2O and dissolved solutes |
|
|
Term
| dissolved solutes include |
|
Definition
| ions, metabolites, hormones, and antibodies |
|
|
Term
| ___ is the major solute of the plasma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plasma proteins constitute ___ of plasma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ accounts for 60-80% of the plasma proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| albumin is produced in the ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| albumin provides the ___ needed to draw ____ |
|
Definition
| colloid osmotic pressure; H2O from interstitial fluid to capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plasma proteins also include ___ and ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ globulins function in the liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ globulin are lymphocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alpha and beta globulins transport _____ |
|
Definition
| lipids and fat soluble vitamins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antibodies that function in immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| important clotting factor |
|
|
Term
| fibrinogen is converted into ____ during ___ |
|
Definition
| fibrin; the clotting process |
|
|
Term
| 7 formed elements of blood |
|
Definition
| neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| erythrocytes are flattened ____ with a ____ to promote ___ |
|
Definition
| biconcave discs; large surface area; diffusion of gases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| erythrocytes are replaced about every ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| each RBC contains hundreds of millions of ___ molecules that contain ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the iron group of the ___ helps to transport ___ from the ___ to the ___ |
|
Definition
| heme; oxygen; lungs; tissues |
|
|
Term
| ___ are almost invisible, so named after their staining properties |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| leukocytes can be divided into ___ and ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| granular leukocytes include: |
|
Definition
| neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
|
|
Term
| agranular leukocytes include: |
|
Definition
| lymphocytes and monocytes |
|
|
Term
| granular leukocytes help ____ |
|
Definition
| detoxify foreign substances |
|
|
Term
| agranular leukocytes produce ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| agranular leukocytes contain ____??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| platelets are fragments of ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| platelets are important in ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
platelets-blood clotting;
- platelets constitute _____
- release ___ to ___ and ___ to area
- maintain the ____
- ___ lived |
|
Definition
- most of the mass of the clot
- release serotonin to vasoconstrict and reduce blood flow to area
- maintain the integrity of the blood vessel wasll
- short lived (5-9 days) |
|
|
Term
| ___ is the formation of blood or of blood cells in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hematopoiesis occurs in ____ and ____ |
|
Definition
| myeloid tissue (bone marrow of long bones); lymphoid tissue |
|
|
Term
| in hematopoiesis; ___ become ___ that form blood cells |
|
Definition
| undifferentiated cells (stem cells); hematopoietic stem cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| erythropoiesis and leukopoiesis |
|
|
Term
| ___ is the formation of RBC's. primary regulator is ____. |
|
Definition
| erythropoiesis; erythropoietin |
|
|
Term
| ____ is the formation of WBC's. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| each person's blood type determines which ___ are present on their RBC surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| major group of antigens of RBCs is the ABO system: |
|
Definition
type A: only A antigens present
type B: only B antigens present
type AB: both A and B antigens present, universal recipient
type O: neither A or B antigens present, universal donor |
|
|
Term
| antibodies in plasma of blood types |
|
Definition
A: anti-B
B: anti-A
O: anti A and anti B
AB: neither anti A nor Anti B |
|
|
Term
| another group of antigens found on RBC's is the ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| does not have Rho (D) antigens |
|
|
Term
| Rh factor significant when: |
|
Definition
| RH- mother gives birth to RH+ baby, at birth the mother may become exposed to RH+ blood of fetus. mother at subsequent pregnancies may produce antibodies against the RH factor |
|
|
Term
____: Rh- mother produces antibodies, which cross placenta
- ___ of Rh+ RBCs in the fetus
- prevented by ____ |
|
Definition
| erythroblastosis fetalis; hemolysis; injecting mother with Rh antibodies after delivery |
|
|
Term
| ___ and ___ of RBCs can occur with a mismatch of blood types |
|
Definition
| agglutination and hemolysis |
|
|
Term
| ___ joins platelets together to form a ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood clotting, damage to the endothelium wall can be ___ or ____ |
|
Definition
| intrinsic or extrinsic pathway |
|
|
Term
intrinsic:
- exposes ___ to the ___
- exposure to ____ |
|
Definition
-subendothelial tissue (collagen) to the blood
-collage (and other negatively charged surfaces activates plasma protein factors to form fibrin) |
|
|
Term
extrinsic pathway:
- damaged tissue releases ___
- ___ is not a part of the blood, so called ____
- ___ initiates a ____ |
|
Definition
- thromboplastin
- thromboplastin; extrinsic pathway
- thromboplastin, short cut to formation of fibrin |
|
|
Term
| blood clotting: recognize an extensive cascade of clotting factors, most produced by ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anticoagulants include ___ and ___ |
|
Definition
| heparin (inactivates thrombin); coumadin (warfarin)(vitamin K deficiency) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation |
|
|
Term
| pulmonary circulation: path of blood from ____. |
|
Definition
| right ventricle through the lungs and back to the heart |
|
|
Term
| systemic circulation: ___ pumped to ____ |
|
Definition
| oxygen rich blood; all organ systems to supply nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rate of blood flow through systemic circulation = flow rate through pulmonary circulation |
|
|
Term
| atria and ventricles are separated into ___ by a sheet of connective tissue with ____ |
|
Definition
| 2 functional units; atrioventricular valves |
|
|
Term
| AV valves are ____, allow _____ |
|
Definition
| one way valves; blood to flow from atria into the ventricles |
|
|
Term
| at the origin of the pulmonary artery and aorta are ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| semilunar valves are ____; and _____ |
|
Definition
| one way valves; open during ventricular contraction |
|
|
Term
| opening and closing of valves occur as a result of ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ refers to the repeating pattern of contraction and relaxation of the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 phases of the cardiac cycle |
|
Definition
1. systole
2. diastole
3. end diastolic volume (EDV)
4. Stroke volume (SV)
5. End systolic volume (ESV) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| End diastolic volume: ____ |
|
Definition
| total volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of the diastole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of blood ejected from ventricles during systole |
|
|
Term
| end systolic volume: ____ |
|
Definition
| amount of blood left in the ventricle at the end of a systole |
|
|
Term
| during a systole, the ventricles ____, the atria ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during a diastole, the ventricles ____, the atria ____ |
|
Definition
| relax and fill; are relaxed at the beginning of a diastole but contract at the end of the diastole |
|
|
Term
| formula for stroke volume |
|
Definition
| = amount of blood ejected from the ventricle = EDV - ESV |
|
|
Term
| 5 steps in the cardiac cycle |
|
Definition
1. isovolumetric contraction
2. ejection
3. isovolumetric relaxation
4. rapid filling of ventricles
5. atrial systole |
|
|
Term
isovolumetric contraction (isometric):
- contraction of the ventricle causes ____; _____
- ____ pressure is less than _____; ____
- volume of blood _____ |
|
Definition
- ventricular pressure to rise above atrial pressure; AV valves close
-ventricular pressure is less than aortic pressure; semilunar valves are closed
- volume of blood is EDV |
|
|
Term
Ejection
- contraction of the ventricle causes ____; ____
- ventricular pressure _____; ____
- volume of blood ____ |
|
Definition
- causes ventricular pressure to rise above aortic pressure (~80mmHg); semilunar valves open
- ventricular pressure is greater than atrial pressure; AV valves are closed
- volume of blood ejected: SV |
|
|
Term
Isovolumetric relaxation:
- ventricular pressure _____; ____
- volume of blood ____ |
|
Definition
- ventricular pressure drops below aortic pressure and back pressure causes semilunar valves to close; AV valves are still closed
- volume of blood in the ventricle: ESV |
|
|
Term
Rapid filling of ventricles
- ventricular pressure _____; ____
- ____ occurs |
|
Definition
- ventricular pressure decreases below atrial pressure; AV valves open
- rapid ventricular filling occurs |
|
|
Term
Atrial systole
- _____
- push _____ |
|
Definition
- atrial contraction
- push 10-30% more blood into the ventricle |
|
|
Term
| _____ creates heart sounds |
|
Definition
| closing of the AV and semilunar valves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lub (first sound); dub (second sound) |
|
|
Term
lub (first sound)
- produced by ____ |
|
Definition
| closing of the AV valves during isovolumetric contraction |
|
|
Term
dub (second sound)
- produced by _____ |
|
Definition
| - closing of the semilunar valves when pressure in the ventricles falls below pressure in the arteries |
|
|
Term
| abnormal heart sounds produced by _____ |
|
Definition
| abnormal patterns of blood flow in the heart (turbulence) |
|
|
Term
| murmers produced as _____ |
|
Definition
| blood regurgitates through valve flaps due to damaged or defective valves |
|
|
Term
murmers can occur because:
- valves become damaged by ____
- mitral valve becomes ____
- damage to ___
- valves do not ____ |
|
Definition
- antibodies made in response to infection, or congenital defects
- thickened and calcified
- papillary muscles
- close properly |
|
|
Term
| heart murmurs due to ____ are usually ____ |
|
Definition
| septal defects; congenital |
|
|
Term
| ___: holes in septum between the left and right sides of the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| septal defects may occur _____ |
|
Definition
| either interatrial or interventricular septum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sinoatrial (SA) node demonstrates ____; functions as the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sinoatrial node has _____: ___ open in response to hyperpolarization (allow ___). cells do _____ |
|
Definition
| spontaneous depolarization (pacemaker potential); hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide (HCN) gated channels; (allow inward diffusion of Na+); not maintain a stable Resting membrane potential |
|
|
Term
| during the depolarization of the pacemaker AP, _____ |
|
Definition
| voltage gated Ca+2 channels open, and calcium diffuses inward |
|
|
Term
| during the repolarization of the pacemaker AP, _____ |
|
Definition
| voltage gated K+ channels open; K+ diffuses outward |
|
|
Term
| In the pacemaker AP the SA node spreads ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when myocardial cells reach threshold, ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| three phases in myocardial APs |
|
Definition
1. rapid upshoot occurs
2. plateau phase
3. rapid repolarization |
|
|
Term
| in myocardial APs, when rapid upshoot occurs: ____ open and _____ |
|
Definition
| voltage gated Na+ channels; inward diffusion of Na+ |
|
|
Term
| in myocardial APs, during plateau phase: rapid ____; ____ open; inward ____ |
|
Definition
| reversal in membrane polarity to -15mV; voltage gated slow calcium channels open; inward slow flow of calcium balances outflow of K+ |
|
|
Term
| in myocardial APs, when rapid repolarization occurs: ___ open; ___ diffusion of ____ |
|
Definition
| voltage gated K+ channels open; rapid outward diffusion of K+ |
|
|
Term
| APs spread through myocardial cells through ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| impulses cannot spread to ventricles directly because of ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. SA node
2. AV node
3. Bundle of His
4. Purkinje fibers |
|
|
Term
| stimulation of ___ cause both ventricles to _____ |
|
Definition
| purkinje fibers; contract simultaneously |
|
|
Term
| heart contracts as ____; contraction lasts almost ____; ____ last almost as long as contraction |
|
Definition
| synctium; 300msec; refractory periods |
|
|
Term
| depolarization of myocardial cell stimulates ______ in _____. |
|
Definition
| opening of voltage gated calcium channels in sarcolemma |
|
|
Term
depolarization of myocardial cells:
- calcium diffuses _____
--stimulates ____ in ___ by a ___
--calcium binds to ___ and stimulates ____ |
|
Definition
-calcium diffuses down gradient into cell
-- stimulates opening of calcium release channels in Sarcoplasmic reticulum by a calcium induced calcium release mechanism (different than skeletal muscle)
--calcium binds to troponin and stimulates contraction (similar to mechanisms as in skeletal muscle) |
|
|
Term
| during repolarization in heart muscle ___ is transported into ___ via ____ and into the ___ via ____ |
|
Definition
| cytosolic calcium; extracellular fluid; sodium calcium exchangers; the SR; Calcium-ATPases |
|
|
Term
| an electrocardiogram is a measure of the ______ |
|
Definition
| electrical activity of the heart per unit time |
|
|
Term
| ECG: ____ generated by heart are conducted to ___ where they can be recorded on ____ |
|
Definition
| potential differences; body surface; electrodes on the skin |
|
|
Term
| An ECG does not measure ____, ____, or a _____ |
|
Definition
| flow of blood through the heart, contraction of the heart, or a transmembrane potential difference (i.e. an action potential) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| P wave, QRS complex, T wave |
|
|
Term
P wave:
QRS complex:
T wave: |
|
Definition
P wave: atrial depolarization
QRS complex: ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
T wave: ventricular repolarization |
|
|
Term
correlation of ECG with heart sounds:
first heart sound:
Second heart sound: |
|
Definition
first: produced immediately after QRS wave; rise of intraventricular pressure causes AV valves to close.
Second: Produced after T wave begins; fall in intraventricular pressure causes semilunar valves to close. |
|
|
Term
| name 5 types of blood vessels |
|
Definition
| arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins |
|
|
Term
| the role of blood vessels is to direct the flow of blood from the ____ to the ____ |
|
Definition
| heart; capillaries, and back to the heart |
|
|
Term
| blood vessels have wall composed of ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tunica externa, tunica media, tunica interna |
|
|
Term
| the tunica externa is the ____ comprised of ____ |
|
Definition
| outer layer; connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| the tunica media is the ___ composed of ___ |
|
Definition
| middle layer; smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| the tunica intera is the ___ composed of ___, ___ membrane, and layer of ___ |
|
Definition
| innermost; simple squamous endothelium, basement, elastin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elastic arteries, muscular arteries, and arterioles |
|
|
Term
| elastic arteries have ____ between ____; expand when ____; act as ___ when ___ |
|
Definition
| numerous layers of elastin fibers between smooth muscle; expand when the pressure of the blood rises; act as recoil system when ventricles relax |
|
|
Term
| muscular arteries are ___ and have ___; __ changes slightly as ___ |
|
Definition
| less elastic and have a thicker layer of smooth muscle; diameter changes slightly as BP rises and falls. |
|
|
Term
| arterioles contain ___; have the greatest ___ and greatest ____ |
|
Definition
| highest % smooth muscle; pressure drop; resistance to flow |
|
|
Term
| ___ are the smallest blood vessels; provide ___; permit ____ |
|
Definition
| capillaries; direct access to cells; permits exchange of nutrients and wastes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continuous, fenestrated, and discontinuous (sinusoidal) |
|
|
Term
| continuous capillaries are _____ tightly joined together. have ___ that permit the ____ between ___ and ___. found in __, __, and ___ |
|
Definition
| adjacent endothelial; intracellular channels; passage of molecules (other than proteins); capillary; tissue fluid; muscle, lungs, adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
| fenestrated capillaries have ____; provide ____; found in ___, ___, and ____ |
|
Definition
| wide intercellular pores; greater permeability; kidneys, endocrine glands, intestines |
|
|
Term
| discontinuous (sinusoidal) capillaries have ____; found in ___, ___, and ___ |
|
Definition
| large leaky capillaries; liver, spleen, and bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| most of the blood volume is contained in the _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| venules are formed when ____; they are ____ |
|
Definition
| capillaries unite; very porous |
|
|
Term
| veins contain ____; have ____; contain ___ that ensure _____ |
|
Definition
| little smooth muscle or elastin; capacitance vessels (blood reservoirs); 1 way valves that ensure blood flow to the heart |
|
|
Term
| skeletal muscle pump and contraction of diaphragm aid in ______ |
|
Definition
| venous blood return of blood to the heart |
|
|
Term
| ___ is the most common form of arteriosclerosis; ___% of US population |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mechanism of plaque production is atherosclerosis: begins as a result of ____; ___ are secreted by endothelium; ___,___, and ____; attract ____ |
|
Definition
| damage to endothelial cell wall; cytokines; platelets, macrophage, and lymphocytes; more monocytes and lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
atherosclerosis:
- ___ become macrophages and engulf ___ and transform into ____
- ___ cells synthesize ____; ___ cells migrate to ____ and proliferate forming ____ |
|
Definition
- monocytes; lipids; foam cells
- smooth muscle cells; connective tissue proteins; smooth muscle cells; tunica interna; fibrous plaques |
|
|
Term
| ___ carry lipids in the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cholesterol is carried to the arteries by _____ |
|
Definition
| low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) |
|
|
Term
| LDL's are produced in the ____. LDLs are ___ in people who eat a diet rich in cholesterol and saturated fat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cholesterol is carried away from the arterial wall by ____ |
|
Definition
| High density lipoproteins (HDLs) |
|
|
Term
| HDLs protect against ____; HDLs are __ in sedentary people and ___ in people who exercise. drugs that raise HDLs are ___,___, or ____ |
|
Definition
| atherosclerosis; low; higher; statins, fibrates, high doses of niacin |
|
|
Term
| ___: oxygen supply to tissue is deficient; most common cause is ____; due to ___ produced by ____ |
|
Definition
| ischemia; artherosclerosis of coronary arteries; increased [lactic acid]; anaerobic respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
mycardial infarcation:
- changes in ___ of ___
- increased blood levels of ___,___, and ___ |
|
Definition
- ST segment of ECG
- creatine phosphokinase(CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and troponins (T and I) |
|
|
Term
| ischemic heart disease or MI symptoms include ___, ____, ____, or ____ |
|
Definition
| chest discomfort, pain and discomfort in other areas, shortness of breath, other signs such as breaking out in cold sweat, nausea, or lightheadedness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extremely rapid rates of excitation and contraction of atria or ventricles; atrial flutter dengenerates into atrial fibrillation |
|
|
Term
| fibrillation: _____; ___ impossible; it is ____ |
|
Definition
| contractions of different groups of myocardial cells at different times; coordination of pumping is impossible; ventricular fibrillation is life threatening |
|
|
Term
| first degree AV nodal block: |
|
Definition
| rate of impulse conduction through AV node exceeds 0.2 sec; P-R interval |
|
|
Term
Second-degree AV nodal block;
- ___ is damaged so that only ____ can pass to ventrilcels
- ___ wave without ___ |
|
Definition
- AV node; 2-4 atrial APs
- P, QRS |
|
|
Term
| Third degree AV nodal block: |
|
Definition
| none of the atrial waves can pass through the AV node; ventricles paced by ectopic pacemaker |
|
|
Term
3 basic functions of the lymphatic system:
1. transports ___ back to the ___
2. transports ___ from ___ to the ___
3. helps provide ___ against ___ |
|
Definition
1. interstitial (tissue) fluid; blood
2. absorbed fat; small intestine; blood
3. immunological defenses; pathogens |
|
|
Term
| lymphatic capillaries: ____ that form ___ in ____ |
|
Definition
| closed-end tubules; vast networks; intercellular spaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid that enters the lymphatic capillaries |
|
|
Term
| lymph nodes: ___ before ____ |
|
Definition
| filter the lymph before returning it to the veins |
|
|
Term
| the cardiac output is the volume of ____ by each ____ |
|
Definition
| blood pumped/min; ventricle |
|
|
Term
| pumping ability of the heart is a function of the ____ and the ____ |
|
Definition
| beats/min; volume of blood ejected per beat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| total blood volume averages about ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| each ventricle pumps the equivalent of the ____ |
|
Definition
| total blood volume each minute |
|
|
Term
| without neuronal influences, the heart beats according to the rhythm set by the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regulation of heart rate (___ effect): may be ___ or ___ effect |
|
Definition
| chronotropic effect; +; - |
|
|
Term
Autonomic control:
____ to the heart modify the rate of ____ |
|
Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers; spontaneous depolarization |
|
|
Term
| Autonomic Control: Innervate the SA node - ___ and ___ stimulate opening of HCN channels - ___ promotes opening of K+ channels |
|
Definition
| - NE and Epi stimulate opening of HCN channels - ACH promotes opening of K+ channels |
|
|
Term
| Cardiac control center (___): coordinates activity of ____ |
|
Definition
| (medulla oblongata); autonomic innervation |
|
|
Term
| Stroke volume is regulated by 3 variables: |
|
Definition
1. EDV
2. Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)
3. Contractility |
|
|
Term
| ____: strength of ventricular contraction at a given length |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___: volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of a diastole
- ___ relationship --___ curve |
|
Definition
EDV
- Frank-Starling relationship; length tension curve |
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Term
| ___: frictional resistance or impedance to blood flow in the arteries |
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Definition
| total peripheral resistance (TPR) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| mean arterial pressure (MAP) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| contractility - ____ effect |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stretch on the heart prior to contraction |
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Term
| ___ directly proportional to preload |
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Definition
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Term
| increase in EDV results in an increase in ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| SV directly proportional to the ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| strength of contraction _____ with EDV |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ejection fraction is normally ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| ___: impedance to the ejection of blood from ventricle |
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Definition
| total peripheral resistance |
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Term
| in order to eject blood, ___ generated in the ___ must be greater than ___ in the ___. |
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Definition
| pressure; ventricles; pressure; arteries |
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Term
| the pressure in the arteries before the ventricle contracts is a function of ____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
the ___ the TPR, the ___ the SV.
why? |
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Definition
| greater; lower; because the heart needs to work harder to eject the same amount of blood |
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Term
Frank Starling law of the heart:
- relationship between ___, ___, and ___ |
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Definition
| EDV, contraction strength, and SV |
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Term
Intrinsic mechanism:
- varying degree of ______
- as EDV increases; _____
- as the ventricles fill, _____ |
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Definition
- stretching of myocardium by EDV
- myocardium is increasingly stretched, contracts more forcefully
- the myocardium stretches; so that the actin filaments overlap with the myosin at the edges of the A band |
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Term
Frank Starling law of the heart:
- allows more ___ to develop
- explains how the heart can ____ |
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Definition
- force
- adjust to rise in TPR |
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Term
Extrinsic control of contractility
- contractility:___
-depends upon ___ system: ___ and ___ produce ____
- +inotropic effect: ____ |
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Definition
-contractility: strength of contraction at any given fiber length
- depends upon symathoadrenal system: NE and Epi produce an increases in contractile strength
- more Calcium available to sarcomeres |
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Term
Extrinsic control of contractility:
- parasympathetic stimulation: ___ effect; does ____
- CO increased 2 ways: ____ or ____ |
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Definition
- -chronotropic effect; does not directly influence contraction strength
- +inotropic effect on contractility; +chronotropic effect on HR |
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Term
___: strength of contraction
___: timing |
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Definition
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Term
| Return of blood to the heart via ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is the driving force for return of blood to the heart |
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Definition
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Term
| veins have ____, thus ____ |
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Definition
| thinner walls; higher compliance |
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Term
venous return:
capacitance vessels: _____ |
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Definition
| 2/3 blood volume is in veins |
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Term
| EDV, SV, and CO are controlled by factors which affect ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| distribution of H2O can be divided up into the ____ and ____ |
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Definition
| intracellular compartment; extracellular compartment |
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Term
| intracellular compartment: ___ of total body H2O _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| extracellular compartment: ___total body H2O; divided into ____ and ____ |
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Definition
| 1/3; 80% interstitial fluid; 20% blood plasma |
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Term
| the distribution of H2O is maintained by _____ |
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Definition
| constant balance between H2O loss and gain |
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Term
| there is a balance between ___ fluid and ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| distribution of extracellular fluid between plasma and interstitial compartments is in a state of ____ |
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Definition
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Term
Hydrostatic pressure:
- exerted against the ____
- promotes formation of ____
- net ____ |
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Definition
- inner capillary wall
- tissue fluid
- net filtration pressure |
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Term
colloid osmotic pressure:
- exerted by ___
- promotes ____ |
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Definition
- plasma proteins
- fluid reabsorption into circulatory system |
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Term
net filtration pressure:
- nfp=____
- blood hydrostatic pressure (arteriolar pressure) = ___
- blood hydrostatic pressure (venular end) = ____
- interstitial hydrostatic pressure = __ |
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Definition
- nfp= hydrostatic pressure of the blood capillaries minus hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial fluid
- 37mmHG
- 17mmHG
- 1mmHG |
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Term
net colloid pressure
- pressure exerted by ___ or ___
- pressure exerted by ___ is sometimes called ___ |
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Definition
- plasma proteins; interstitial proteins
- proteins; oncotic pressure |
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Term
plasma oncotic pressure =
interstitial oncotic pressure= |
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Definition
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Term
| formula for fluid movement= |
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Definition
Pc + (pie)i > Pi + (pie)p
Hydrostatic pressure in the capillary = Pc = 28 mmHg
Colloid osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid = Pi = 0
Hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial fluid = Pi = 1 mmHg
Colloid osmotic pressure of the blood plasma = Pp = 25
28 mmHg + 0 mmHg > 1 mmHg + 25 mmHg
Net filtration of 2 mm Hg. |
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Term
| __: excessive accumulation of tissue fluid |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Edema may result from:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. |
|
Definition
1. high arterial blood pressure (up Pc)
2. venous obstruction (up Pc)
3. leakage of plasma proteins into interstitial fluid (up (pie)i)
4. hypothyroidism that leads to extra mucin in extracellular matrix (up pie i)
5. decreased plasma [protein] (down pie p)
6. obstruction of lymphatic drainage |
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Term
| formation of urine begins by ___ through ____ |
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Definition
| filtration of plasma; glomerular capillary pores |
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Term
volume of urine excreted can be varied by changes in _____
- adjusted according to needs of body by action of ____ |
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Definition
reabsorption of filtrate
- hormones |
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Term
ADH is released by ___ when osmoreceptors detect an ____
- produces sensation of ___
- stimulates ___ from urine |
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Definition
posterior pituitary; increase in plasma osmolality
- thirst
-H2O reabsorption |
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Term
| ___ or ___ increases plasma osmolality |
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Definition
| dehydration; excess salt intake |
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Term
| ___ and ___ contain negative feedback responses |
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Definition
| blood volume; blood osmolality |
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Term
aldosterone
- ___ hormone secreted by ___
- mechanism to maintain ___ and ___ through absorption and retention of ___ and ___
-stimulates reabsorption of ____
- indirectly increases ___ reabsorption
- does not ___ |
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Definition
- steroid; adrenal cortex
- blood volume; pressure; Na+; Cl-
-NaCl
- H2O
- dilute osmolality |
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|
Term
| releases of aldosterone stimulated during ___ or ___ and ___ |
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Definition
| salt deprivation; reduced blood volume and pressure |
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Term
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
- when blood pressure and flow are reduced in renal artery, ____ secretes ___
- ___ converts ___ to ____
- ___ is converted to ___ by ACE |
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Definition
- juxtoglomerular apparatus; renin
- renin; angiotensinogen; angiotensin I
- angiotensin I; angiotensin II |
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Term
Angiotensin II
- powerful ___
- stimulates production of ___
- stimulates ___ |
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Definition
- vasoconstrictor
- aldosterone
- thirst |
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Term
| amount of blood that the heart pumps/min is equal to the _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| the flow of blood through the vascular system is due to the _____ |
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Definition
| difference in pressure as the two ends |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| TPR(sum of all vascular resistance within the systemic circulation_ |
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Term
| blood flow is ___ to pressure differences and ___ to resistance |
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Definition
| directly proportional; inversely propotional |
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Term
|
Definition
Ln/radius^4
L=length of the vessel
n= viscosity of blood
r=radius of the vessel |
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Term
if radius = 2
resistance = __
blood flow = ___ |
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Definition
resistance= 1/16 R(resistance)
blood flow= 16 F (blood flow) |
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|
Term
if radius = 1/2 mm
resistance =
blood flow = |
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Definition
resistance = 16 R
blood flow = 1/16 F |
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Term
poiseuille's law
- Blood flow =
- ___ and ___ do not vary significantly |
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Definition
- delta Pr^4/Ln
- vessel length; blood viscosity |
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Term
| major regulators of blood flow through an organ are ___ and ____ |
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Definition
| Mean Arterial Pressure; vascular resistance to flow |
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Term
| ___ arteries and arterioles provide the greatest resistance to blood flow |
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Definition
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|
Term
extrinsic regulation of blood flow:
- controlled by ___ and ___
- ____
--increase ___
--increase ___:
---____ stimulation
---____ fibers |
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Definition
- autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
- sympathoadrenal
--increase CO
--increase TPR
---alpha adrenergic stimulation
---cholinergic sympathetic fibers |
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Term
| alpha adrenergic stimulation: ___ of arteries in skin and viscera |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| cholinergic sympathetic fibers: ___ of arteries to skeletal muscles |
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Definition
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|
Term
Extrinsic regulation of blood flow, PNS:
- ___ innervation is limited
-- promotes ___ to the ___, ___, and ___
-Less important than sympathetic nervous system in control of ___
--___ endings in arterioles promote ___ |
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Definition
- Parasympathetic
-- vasodilation; digestive tract; external genitalia; salivary glands
-TPR
--parasympathetic; vasodilation |
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Term
paracine regulation of blood flow:
- ___ produces several ____
--__ of arterioles contains ___, which produces ___
---___ diffuses into ___
--- production of ___ can be increased by ___
---___,___: vasodilation |
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Definition
- endothelium produces several paracrine regulators
--Endothelium; eNOS; Nitric Oxide
---NO; smooth muscle
---NO; ACH
---bradykinin, prostacyclin |
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|
Term
Intrinsic regulation of blood flow:
- myogenic (originating in smooth muscle) control mechanism: ___
- occurs because of the _____
-- a ___ in systemic arterial pressure causes cerebral vessels to ___
-- ___ blood pressure causes cerebral vessels to ___ |
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Definition
- autoregulation
- stretch of the vascular smooth muscle
- decrease; dilate
- high; constrict |
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Term
| 3 mechanisms that regulate the bloodflow to different tissues: |
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Definition
1. coronary: extrinsic and intrinsic
2. skeletal muscle: extrinsic and intrinsic (primary regulator during exercise)
3. cerebral: almost exclusively intrinsic |
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|
Term
Cerebral:
-____
-____:vessels sensitive to stretch
--if pressure goes down, ___ to maintain constant flow rate
--if pressure goes up, ___ to maintain constant flow |
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Definition
- metabolic
- myogenic
--dilate
--constrict |
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|
Term
circulatory changes during exercise:
vascular resistance decreases to ___ and increases to ___ |
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Definition
| skeletal muscles; GI tract and skin |
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|
Term
ciculatory changes during exercise:
- ___ to skeletal muscles increase
- ___ and ___ increase but ____ stays the same
- ___ increases to max of 190 beats/min; ___ increases due to increased ___ |
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Definition
- blood flow
- SV;CO;Blood flow to brain
- HR; ejection fraction; contractility |
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|
Term
cutaneous blood flow:
-___: blood flow through the skin is adjusted to maintain deep-body temps at about 37 C. occurs due to _____ of arteries |
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Definition
| thermoregulation; vasoconstriction/vasodilation |
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|
Term
Cutaneous Blood Flow:
-___: divert blood to deep venules |
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Definition
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|
Term
cutaneous blood flow:
-___: sweat glands secrete this which increases blood flow to skin and sweat glands |
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Definition
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|
Term
| changes in cutaneous blood flow occur as a result to changes in ___; which is controlled by the brain |
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Definition
| sympathetic nerve activity |
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Term
pressure of arterial blood is regulated by __,___, and ____
- operates by ____ |
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Definition
| blood volume, TPR, cardiac rate; negative feedback |
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Term
| arteriole resistance is greatest because they have the ____ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| capillary BP is reduced because of the _____ |
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Definition
| total cross-sectional areas |
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Term
| 3 most important variables are __,__, and ___. An increase in ___ will result in ___ |
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Definition
| HR, SV, and TPR; any of these; an increase in BP |
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Term
| BP can be regulated by __ and ___ system |
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Definition
| kidney; sympathoadrenal system |
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Term
Baroreceptor Reflex:
- stretch receptors located in the ___ and ___
- an increase in ___ causes the walls of these regions to stretch, increasing ____
- baroreceptors send ___ to ___ control and ____ centers in the ___ |
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Definition
- aortic arch; carotid sinuses
- pressure; frequency of APs
- action potentials; vosomotor; cardiac control; medulla |
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Term
| baroreceptor reflex activated with changes in ___. more sensitive to ___ and ___ |
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Definition
| BP; decrease in pressure; sudden changes in pressure |
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Term
| 3 ways for measurement of blood pressure |
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Definition
1. auscultation (art of listening)
2. laminar flow
3. turbulent flow |
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|
Term
| ___: indirect method of correlating blood pressure and arterial sounds |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: normal blood flow; blood in the central axial stream moves faster than blood flowing closer to the artery wall |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ___: vibrations produced in the artery when cuff pressure is greater than diastolic pressure and lower than systolic pressure |
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Definition
|
|
Term
average arterial BP is ___
average pulmonary BP is ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| systolic Pressure-diastolic Pressure |
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|
Term
| ___: the expansion of the artery in response to the volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle |
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Definition
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|
Term
| ___: represents the average arterial pressure during the cardiac cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MAP is closer to ___, as the period of the __ is longer than the period of the ___ |
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Definition
| diastolic pressure; diastole; systole |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| diastolic pressure + 1/3pulse pressure |
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|
Term
| ___: blood pressure in excess of normal range for age and gender |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____: is the result of a complex or poorly understood process (most common) |
|
Definition
| primary or essential hypertension |
|
|
Term
| ___: is a result of a known disease process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 medication for hypertension |
|
Definition
1. diuretics
2. beta-blockers
3. calcium antagonists
4. ACE inhibitors
5. angiotensin II receptor antagonists |
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|
Term
| ___: increase urine volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: block calcium channels (vasodilator) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: inhibit conversion to angiotensin II |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| angiotensin II receptor antagonists |
|
|
Term
| ___: circulatory shock that is due to low blood volume |
|
Definition
| circulatory hypovolemic shock |
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|
Term
| ___: dangerously low blood pressure as a result of sepsis (bacterial endotoxins activates nitric oxide synthase, causing vasodilation) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: severe allergic reaction - release of histamine and vasodilation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: rapid fall in BP- sympathetic tone is decreased |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: cardiac failure - CO inadequate to maintain perfusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| trace the path of blood through the heart |
|
Definition
Superior and Inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonic valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonic veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve and through the aorta (vessel that flows blood to the rest of the body)
And, if you didn't know, veins are oxygen-poor blood vessels that are returning to the heart. And, arteries are oxygen-rich blood vessels that are going to the cells. |
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