Term
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Definition
| made up of plasma, leukocytes and erthrocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid matrix of the blood, within which cellular elements are suspended. water is the main component, accounting for 92%of its weight. Protein accounts for 7% |
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Term
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Definition
| include erthrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets (cytoplasmic fragments) |
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Term
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Definition
| is a percentage of total blood volume that is occupied by packed (centerfuge) red blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the oxygen-binding protein of red blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| when there is a reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| iron is required for heme production. The iron loss by the body exceeds iron intake, the marrow does not have adequate iron to make heme groups, and the hemoglobin synthesis slows. |
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Term
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Definition
| anemia characterized by defective production of erythrocytes and the presence of megaloblasts in the bone marrow, and sometimes accompanied by neurological changes. It is caused by a deficiency of vitamin B12 due to either a dietary deficiency of the vitamin or a failure of production of intrinsic factor. |
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Term
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Definition
| can be caused by certain drugs or radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| the rate of red blood cell destruction exceeds the rate of red blood cell production |
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Term
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Definition
| is a genetic defect in which glutamate, the sixth amino acid in the 146-amino acid beta chain of hemoglobin, is replaced by valine |
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Term
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Definition
| the spleen and liver convert remnants of the heme groups into color pigament. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An antigenic substance present in the erthrocytes of 85% of humans. A person having the factor is Rh positive, and a person lacking the factor is Rh negative |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody. Antigens include toxins, bacteria, foreign blood cells, and the cells of transplanted organs |
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Term
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Definition
| A Y-shaped protein on the surface of B cells that is secreted into the blood or lymph in response to an antigenic stimulus, such as a bacterium, virus, parasite, or transplanted organ, and that neutralizes the antigen by binding specifically to it; an immunoglobulin. |
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Term
| differential white cell count |
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Definition
The differential white cell count presents estimates of the relative proportions of the five types of leukocytes in a thin blood smear stained with biological dyes.
Neutrophils-50-70%
Eosinophils1-4%
Basophils<1%
lymphocytes 20-40%
Monocytes 2-8% |
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Term
| what is the normal amount of blood in the body? what is the normal pH? Osmolarity? |
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Definition
normal amount of blood-5 liters
blood pH- 7.35-7.45 |
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Term
| what are the principle components of plasma? |
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Definition
| Water is the main component of plasma (92%) of its weight; proteins account for another 7%. The remaining 1% is dissolved organic molecules (amino acids, glucose, lipids and nitrogenous wastes) ions (Na+, K+,CL-H+, Ca2+ and HCO-3) |
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Term
| Describe the process of erythropoiesis? |
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Definition
| decreased blood oxygen->kidney secrete erthropoietin-->bone marrow stimulated--> creates new red blood cells |
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Term
| how does fetal hemoglobin differ from adult hemoglobin? |
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Definition
| Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) contains gamma chains instead of alpha chains. As a result, it has higher affinity than HbA |
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Term
| What is the significance of the difference for a fetus and mom? |
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Definition
| •An Rh-negative woman who gives birth to an Rh-positive baby may develop antibodies to the Rh factor during her first pregnancy. These antibodies may cause a disorder in Rh-positive babies conceived afterward that could result in the death of the infant if the condition is not recognized and treated. |
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Term
| What dictates a person's blood type? |
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Definition
| A person's blood type is determined by the type of antigens of the red blood cells. there are 2 main antigens, A and B. A person with the A antigen is blood type "A." A person with the B antigen is blood type "B", a person with both antigens is "AB." And we call people without both of them type "O" |
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Term
| What are the rules for recieving blood based on blood types? |
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Definition
| For blood transfusions one must avoid giving the blood that contains the antigens for which the recipient has the antibodies. For the person with type A blood, this means they cannot recieve type B blood because those RBC's have B antigens on them and the person with type A blood has B antiboties in their plasma. The combination would cause an agglutination reaction to occur. |
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Term
| why can't a person with Rh- blood safely receive Rh+ blood? |
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Definition
| what are the special precautions (RhoGam) for woman |
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Term
| what are the 5 sub-types of leukocytes? What is the (are) the roles of each? |
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Definition
-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils
-lymphocytes
-monocytes |
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Term
| How do each of the 3 things assist with clotting process? vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, clot formation |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the role of fibrinogen? |
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Definition
| Fibrinogen (factor I) is a soluble plasma glycoprotein, synthesised by the liver, that is converted by thrombin into fibrin during blood coagulation. Fibrin is then cross linked by factor XIII to form a clot. |
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Term
| How does heparin impair the clotting process? |
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Definition
| heparin increase the action of antithrombin on thrombin and factor Xa |
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Term
| How does aspirin impair the clotting process? |
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Definition
| aspirin is a agent that prevents platlet plug formation. Acts by inhibiting the COX enzyme that promotes synthesis of the platlet activator thromboxane A2.Does prevent clots from forming by blocking platlet aggregation.Aspirin is given to in heart attach information |
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Term
| how does citrate impair the clotting process? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does coumadin (warfarin) impair the clotting process? |
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Definition
| blocks the action of Vitamin K, a cofactor in the synthesis of clotting factors II (thrombin), VII, IX, and X. |
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Term
| what is the problem with hemophelia A? |
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Definition
| Hemophilia A- a factor VIII (8) deficiency, 80% all cases; is ressive sex-linked trait that usually affects only males. |
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Term
| Why is tPA (Tissue plasminogen activator) effect for treatment for strokes? |
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Definition
| because it dissolves clots. These drugs are now being combined with antiplatelet agents to prevent further platlet plug and clot formation. Some antiplatlet agents act as antagonists to platelet integrin receptors and prevent platlets from adhering to collagen |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the alveoli and bronchioles |
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Term
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Definition
| is a blockage of the main artery of the lung or one of its branches by a substance that has travelled from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream (embolism). PE most commonly results from deep vein thrombosis (a blood clot in the deep veins of the legs or pelvis) that breaks off and migrates to the lung, |
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Term
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Definition
| Bronchitis is inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi, the airways that carry airflow from the trachea into the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder that affects most critically the lungs, and also the pancreas, liver, and intestine. It is characterized by abnormal transport of chloride and sodium across an epithelium, leading to thick, viscous secretions |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammatory condition, often associated with allergies, charized by bronchoconstriction and sirway edema |
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Term
| pneumothorax (spontantous and traumatic) |
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Definition
| air in the pleural cavity breaks the fluid bond holding the lung to the chest wall. Spontaneous-air-ffilled blister on the lung ruptures; Traumatic air enters through chestinjuries |
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Term
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Definition
Bronchoscopy (bron-KOS-ko-pee) is a procedure that allows your doctor to look
inside your lungs' airways, called the bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
| increased respiratory rate and/or volume in response to increase metabolism Example: Exercise |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
rapid breathing; usually increased respiratory rate with decreased depth
Example: panting |
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Term
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Definition
difficulty breathing ( a subjective feeling sometimes decribed as air hungar
Example: various pathologies or hard exercise |
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Term
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Definition
cessation of breathing
Example: voluntary breath-holding; depression of CNS control centers |
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Term
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Definition
| a state of to little oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| elevated concentrations of cardon dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
| destruction of alveoli means less surface area for gas exchange. Po2 normal or low |
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Term
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Definition
| when conducting airways do not exchange gases with the blood |
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Term
| Hematocrit values increase with? |
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Definition
| dehydration, higher altitudes and with polycycthemia |
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Term
| blood transfusions are needed at hemoglobin below ? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the following values for males:
Hematocrit
hemoglobin
RBC |
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Definition
Males
Hematocrit:40-54%
Hemoglobin: 14-17
rBC: 4.5-6.5 X10(6) |
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Term
Females:
Hematocrit
hemoglobin
RBC |
|
Definition
Females:
Hematocrit: 37-47%
hemoglobin: 12-16
RBC: 3.9-5.6X 10(6) |
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Term
| what is the problem with hemophelia B? |
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Definition
| a deficiency in clotting factor IX. Patients injected with a viral engineered to carry the gene for factor IX started to produce some of the factor on their own, reducing the need for artifical injections. |
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Term
| what is the problem with hemophelia von Willenbrand's disease? |
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Definition
| Activated by release in response to collagen; regulates level of factor VIII;deficiencies or defect causes prolonged bleeding |
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Term
protein made by the liver
Globulins? |
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Definition
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Term
| protein made by the liver--- fibrinogen --function? |
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Definition
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Term
protein made by the liver transferrin
(function)? |
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Definition
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Term
| why would a man recieving chemotherapy for cancer develop anemia? |
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Definition
| the kidneys make the hormone erythropoietin which signals the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. Cancer can disrupt this process by slowing erythropoietin production or by not allowing the body to use stored iron. Cancer patients’ red blood cells also wear out faster than normal and are not replaced as quickly as they are needed. Additionally, cancer may cause bleeding, which results in blood loss. In each case, fewer red blood cells means there is less hemoglobin to carry oxygen throughout your body. |
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Term
| why would a man with renal failure develop anemia? |
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Definition
| because the kidneys wouldn't screte erthropoietin therefore not stimulating bone marrow or creation on new red blood cell. |
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Term
| Until the age of 5 all bones produce? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| after the age of 20 erthrocytes are produced? |
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Definition
| mostly in vetebrae, sternum, ribs and pelvis |
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Term
| What are the two categories or causes of anemia? |
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Definition
1. accelerated red blood cell loss
2. Decrease red blood cell production |
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Term
| What are the special precautions for women that are Rh-if they become pregnant with Rh+ baby yo avoid hemolytic disease in newborns? What do they give the mom? |
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Definition
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Term
| neutrophils What is the the roles of WBC? |
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Definition
| called polys or segs due to the appearance of the nucleus. Release cytokines, including fever causing pyrogens |
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Term
| eosinophils What is the the roles of WBC? |
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Definition
| detoxifies foreign substances and secretes substance that break down clots. Phagocytes of antibody coated parasites |
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Term
| basophils? What is the the roles of WBC? |
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Definition
| releases heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine (inflammation) |
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Term
| Lymphocytes What is the the roles of WBC? |
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Definition
| Part of the acquired immune response. There are seperate B abd T lymphocytes. Only 5% of all lymphocytes are found in blood circulation (majority in lymph) |
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Term
| Monocytes What is the the roles of WBC? |
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Definition
| phagocyte. When they migrate into tissues they differentiate into macrophages |
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Term
|
Definition
| Incision of the trachea through the skin and muscles of the neck for exploration, for removal of a foreign body, or for obtaining a biopsy specimen or removing a local lesion |
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Term
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Definition
| An opening in the trachea (stoma: Greek for ‘mouth’). The operation which creates the opening is tracheotomy (tome: Greek for ‘incision’) ; it involves slitting open the trachea (windpipe), to enable the patient to breathe when the upper respiratory tract is obstructed either by a foreign body or as a result of disease or injury. |
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Term
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Definition
| thin, membranous sac that lines chest cavity and contains lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| is excess fluid that accumulates between the two pleural layers, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs. Excessive amounts of such fluid can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs during ventilation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Total or partial collapse of the lung |
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Term
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Definition
is the difference between the alveolar pressure and the intrapleural pressure in the lungs. During human ventilation, air flows because of pressure gradients.
Ptp = Palv - Pip. Where Ptp is transpulmonary pressure, Palv is alveolar pressure, and Pip is intrapleural pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| Intrapleural pressure is the pressure difference between the lungs and the pleural cavity of the lungs. |
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Term
|
Definition
(PA),
the pressure in the alveoli of the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A thin membrane lining the lungs that secretes serous fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| The portion of the pleura external to the pulmonary pleura lines the inner surface of the chest wall, covers the diaphragm, and is reflected over the structures occupying the middle of the thorax; this portion is termed the parietal pleura |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of the ease of expansion of the lungs and thorax, determined by pulmonary volume and elasticity |
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Term
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Definition
| (TV) air entering and leaving the lungs during a normal I or E. -500ml |
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Term
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Definition
| (RV) Air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort. -100mL |
|
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Term
| inspiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| (IRV) air above TV that is inpired with deepest inspiration-3000ml |
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Term
| expiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| (ERV) air above Tidal Volume that is expired with deepest expiration -1100-1500ml |
|
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Term
| functional residual capacity |
|
Definition
| the amount of air remaining at the end of normal quiet respiration. |
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Term
|
Definition
| VC; the volume of gas that can be expelled from the lungs from a position of full inspiration, with no limit to duration of inspiration; equal to inspiratory capacity plus expiratory reserve volume. |
|
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Term
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Definition
| the volume of gas that can be taken into the lungs in a full inhalation, starting from the resting inspiratory position; equal to the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume. |
|
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Term
| expiratory reserve volume |
|
Definition
| the maximal amount of gas that can be exhaled from the resting end-expiratory level. Abbreviated ERV |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of gas contained in the lung at the end of a maximal inhalation |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of air that reaches the alveoli and is available for gas exchange with the blood per unit time |
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Term
| pulmonary (minute) ventilation |
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Definition
| the total volume of gas in liters exhaled from the lungs per minute |
|
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Term
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Definition
| the measurement of the breathing capacity of the lungs |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Insufficient oxygenation of arterial blood |
|
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Term
| positive pressure ventilation intubation |
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Definition
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|
Term
| negative pressure ventilator |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of Thrombin? |
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Definition
| Thrombin in turn acts as a serine protease that converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble strands of fibrin, as well as catalyzing many other coagulation-related reactions. |
|
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Term
| where is the dividing line between the upper and lower respiratory systems? |
|
Definition
neck up upper rspiratory.
trachea down is lower respiratory system |
|
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Term
| What is the function of the upper respiratory system? |
|
Definition
| the upper respiratory system warms, humidifies and cleans the air before it reaches the lower respiratory system |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the lower respiratory system? |
|
Definition
-Gas exchange
-Defends against microbes
-Regulates plasma H+ concentration and pH |
|
|
Term
| WHat type of tissue makes up the respiratory epithelium? |
|
Definition
| pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue with goblet cells |
|
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Term
| WHat role do cila and mucus play in the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| a sticky layer of mucus floats over the cilia to trap inhaled particles larger than 2um. The mucus layer by the goblet cells. the cilia beat with an upward motion that moves the mucus continually toward the pharynx until it can be spit out. |
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Term
| How does cystic fibrosis impact the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| Cystic fibrosis causes the mucus that coats the breathing tubes to become so thick and sticky that the cilia are unable to sweep the germs and other particles up and out of the lungs. The trapped bacteria lead to frequent, serious infections and permanent lung damage. |
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Term
| list the structures that air flow through on its way from the atomosphere to the air exchange surfaces in the lungs. |
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Definition
| Larynx->primary bronchi-> Secondary Bronchi-> tertiary bronchi-> terminal bronchioles-> repiratory bronchioles-> alveoli |
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Term
| What is the role of type II cells in the lungs? |
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Definition
| Type II cells produce surfactant, which decreases the work of breathing. Surfactant reduces the forces between water molecules thus decreasing surface tension |
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Term
| What happens to lung compliance when elastic connective tissue in the lungs increase. |
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Definition
| elastic means to return to the orginal size after stretching. Icreased elasticity means reduced complaince. |
|
|
Term
| How does surface tension impact the lung compliance? |
|
Definition
| to stretch the lung, surface tension must be overcome |
|
|
Term
| What is Boyle's Law and how does it relate the lung volumes and pressure changes involved in inspiration and expiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the pressure and volume changes that occur leading to inspiration. Why are humans said to be negative pressure breathers? |
|
Definition
| Diaphram contracts-increases intrapleural volume which decrease the pressure. lungs expand because of the decrease in intrapleural pressure. The increase in lung volume decrease pressure below atomospheric pressure. Air flows from atomosphere into lungs |
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Term
| Describe the pressure and volume changes that occur leading to expiration. |
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Definition
| diaphragm relaxes. This decreases intrapleural volume which increases the pressure (boyles law). The lungs recoil because of the increase in intrapleural pressure. The decrease in lung volume increases lung pressure above atomspheric pressure. Air flows from the lungs into the atomsphere. |
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Term
| What happens to alveolar partial pressure of oxygen with hyperventilation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide with hyperventilation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What about hypoventilation?
What is the normal alveolar partial pressure of oxygen?
What is the value of carbon dioxide? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How do changes in carbon dioxide and oxygen change the diameter of the bronchioles? |
|
Definition
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