Term
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Definition
| Proteins on a target cell tjat recoginizes and binds a chemical messenge; in sensory systems, detectors of stimuli |
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Definition
| A measure of how tightly ligand molecules bind to proteins( strength of binding between a messenger and receptor) |
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Definition
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Definition
| How a chemical signal is translated into a cell action |
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Term
| Chemical Messenger(F): Neurotransmitter |
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Definition
| Chemical messenger released from the axon terminal of a neuron (a messenger produced by neurons released from the ECF of the synaptic cleft). Ex. Glycine |
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Term
| Chemical Messenger(F): Hormone |
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Definition
Messenger produced by endocrine cell secreted into blood via interstitial fluid. Ex:Insulin and Estrogen
Special Class-Neurohormones, ex:ADH |
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Definition
| Time for a chemical to decrease concentration in half(interstitial or blood)-(dissolved=short) (bound=long) |
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Definition
| Receptor number increase on target. May result in too little messenger. Sensitivity to messenger increase. |
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Definition
| Receptor numbers decrease on target. May result from excess messenger. Sensitivity to messenger decrease. Tolerance to messenger develop. |
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Definition
| Chemcial which bind to receptors. Action mimic normal response.(Activation) |
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Definition
| Chemical that binds to a receptor but does not result in a response. Competes with normal ligands. Opposite of agonist.(no activation) |
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Definition
| Binding of first messenger to receptor lead to production of second messenger. Involves: Gi-activates amplifier enzyme, Gs-imhibits amplifier enzyme |
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Term
| Chemical Messenger(F):Paracrine |
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Definition
chemicals that serve to signal nearby cells. Ex: Histamine
Autocrine-subclass that acts on the same cell that secreted them. |
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Term
| Chemical Messenger(C): Amino Acids |
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Definition
Lipophobic, target cell receptors on a membrane.Only four function as a messenger, but all are neurotransmitters.
Ex. GABA, glutamate, aspartate, glycine |
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Term
| Chemical Messenger(C): Amine |
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Definition
| Most are lipophobic except thyroid hormones. Derived from amino acid and contain amine groups. Ex: Catecholamine |
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Term
| Chemical Messengers(C):Peptide/protein |
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Definition
| Most abundant ligand; lipophobic. Made of chain of amino acids. Peptide<50a.a. and protein>50a.a. |
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Term
| Chemical Messenger(C): Steroid |
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Definition
| Lipophilic; target has intercellular receptors. Derived from cholesterol and function as hormones |
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Term
| Chemical Messenger(C): Eicosanoid |
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Definition
| Lipophilic; intercellular target receptors. Derived from arachidonic acid(phospholipid) |
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Term
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Definition
| Water soluble not lipid soluble. Does not easily cross cell membrane. May require pumps or channels. General action of target response: enzyme activation, membrane permeability changes. Syn independent, Stored in vesicles until needed, Exocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Lipid soluble not water soluble. Easily crosses cell membrane. Receptor location with in cell.General action of target response is gene activation. Syn on demand, release immediately, and release rate depends on syn. |
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Term
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Definition
| One messenger=many receptor, one target=many types of receptors. Strength of response depends on: concentration, #of receptors per target, and receptor affinity. |
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Term
| Ligand-gated channels: Channel-linked receptor |
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Definition
| Fast ligand-gated channel. Receptor and channel are the same protein. Binding of ligand causes channels to open and close. Change in transport of ions cause target response. Action is direct. |
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Term
| Ligand-gated channel: Enzyme-linked receptor |
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Definition
| Receptor and enzyme=same protein. Ligand binding activates enzyme which cause target response. Action is direct. |
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Term
| Ligand-gated channel:G-protein-linked receptor |
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Definition
| Slow ligand-gated channel. Receptor and channel=different protein but are linked by g proteins. Binding of ligands activated G which activates channels. Change in transport ions cause target response. Action is indirect. |
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Term
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Definition
| cAMP, cGMP, IP3, DAG, and calcium ions( Table 5.3) |
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Term
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Definition
| "a little does alot". Small amount of ligands can cause a huge response in targets. Each step recruits more participants. Similar to second messenger. |
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Term
| Primary endocrine organs: Pineal Gland |
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Definition
| Glandular tissue that secretes hormone melatonin. Also may be involved in circadian rhythm. |
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Term
| Primary endocrine organ: Thymus |
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Definition
| Secretes Thymosin and also regulates T cell function |
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Term
| Primary endocrine organs: Parathyroid Hormones |
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Definition
| Regulate calcium level in the blood |
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Term
| Primary endocrine organs: Thyroid glands |
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Definition
| Two types T3and T4. Regulates metabolism. Calcitonin-regulates calcium level in blood also. |
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Term
| Primary endocrine organs: Adrenal glands |
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Definition
Mineralocorticoid(aldosterone)- secreted from zonae glomerulosa, regulates Na and K levels.
Glucocorticoids(cortisol)-secreted from zonae facciculata and reticularis, regualates body's response to stress and metabolism.
Sex hormones(androgen)-secreted from zonae facciculata and reticularis,regulates reproduction functions |
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Term
| Primary endocrine organs: Adrenal medulla |
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Definition
| Secretory cells: chromaffin cell, under neutral control |
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Term
| Primary endocrine organs: Exocrine Pancreas |
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Definition
| Acinar and duct cells: Secretes fluid and enzymes. Secretion enters digestive tract via pancreatic ducts |
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Term
| Primary endocrine organs: Endocrine pancreas |
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Definition
| Islet of Langerhan: Alpha cell-glucogen, Beta cells-insulin, delta cells-somatostatin and fcells-pancreatic poypeptides. |
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Term
| Primary endocrine organs-Gonads |
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Definition
| Males(testes):Testosterone and Androstenedione Females(overies)-Estradiol, Progesterone, and Placenta of pregnant female. |
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Term
| Secondary endocrine organ:Heart |
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Definition
| Atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP) |
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Term
| Secondary endocrine organ: Kidney |
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Definition
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Term
| Secondary endocrine organ: Gastrointestinal tract |
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Definition
| Secretin, cholecystokinin, and gastrin |
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Term
| Secondary endocrine organ: Liver |
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Definition
| Insulin-like growth factor(IGFs) |
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Term
| Secondary endocrine organ:Skin and Kidney |
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Definition
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Term
| Primary endocrine organ:hypothalamus |
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Definition
| release inhibiting hormones. Regulates secretion of anterior pituitary hormones |
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Term
| Primary endocrine organ:Pituitary gland-Posterior |
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Definition
ADH-water balance and osmolarity(paraventricular nucleus)
Oxytocin-milk ejection (supraoptic nucleus) |
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Term
| Three factors affecting hormone levels in blood |
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Definition
| Rate of hormone secretion, amount of hormone bound to plasma protein, and hormone metabolism |
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Term
| Primary and Secondary hypersecretion and hyposecretion |
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Definition
| Hyper=too much, hypo=too little. Primary-abnormality in endocrine organs secreting hormones. Secondary-Abnormality in tropic hormone(hypothalamic and anterior pituitary tropic hormones) |
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Term
| Hormone interaction: Antagonistic |
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Definition
| Effect of hormones oppose each other.Ex: glucogen increase blood glucose level and insulin decrease. |
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Term
| Hormone interaction: Additive |
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Definition
| Net effect equals sum of individual effect |
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Term
| Hormone interaction:Synergism |
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Definition
| Effect of two hormones favor each other but the net effect exceeds the sum of individual effect. Ex: glucagon |
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Term
| Hormone interaction: Permissive |
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Definition
| One hormone needed for the other to exert its effects |
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Term
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Definition
| Two neurons linked together by gap junction. Function in nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| Functional anatomy of chemical synapse, signal tranduction, excitatory and Inhibitory |
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Term
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Definition
| Performs functions in response to commands from neurons; are usually muscles and glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| The synapse between a motor neuron and skeletal muscle cell |
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Term
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Definition
| A neuron that transmits signals to a second neuron or and effector cell |
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Definition
| the extracellular space between the axon terminal of the presynaptic cell and the postsynaptic cell at a synapse |
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Term
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Definition
| the neuron that receives signals from another neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| Axodendritic, Axosomatic, and Axoaxonic |
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Term
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Definition
| the transmission of information from two or more neurons to one cell |
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Term
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Definition
| The axon of one neuron often has several collaterals that communicate to several other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| More likely to produce an action potential-depolarization |
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Term
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Definition
| Less likely to produce action potential- Hyperpolarization;membrane stability |
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Term
| 90% of the CNS is composed of? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| protects CNS from foreign matter through phagocytes. Also it protects CNS from oxidative stress |
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Term
| Glial Cell: Oligodendrocytes |
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Definition
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Term
| Glial Cell: Schwann Cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| development of neutral connection, modulate synaptic activities, and removes neurotransmitters from synaptic cleft. |
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Term
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Definition
| Communicate to neurons through chemical messengers, maintain normal electrolyte composition of ICF, and protects neurons aganist toxic substances/oxidative stress |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by ependymal cells of the choroid plexus which circulates to subarachnoid space and ventricle; reasorbed by arachnoid villi |
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Term
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Definition
1) Cushions Brain
2) Maintain interstitial fluid environment
3) total volume 125-50mL(recycled 3times day) |
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Term
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Definition
1)CNS comprises 2% of body weight
2)High metabolic rate
3)Depends on blood flow for energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by decreased blood supply |
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Term
| Blood-Brain Barrier: Capillaries |
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Definition
| Sites of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| Special anatomy of CNS capillaries which limits exchange |
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Term
| White Matter: Projection Fiber |
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Definition
| Cerebral cortex with lower levels of brain or spinal cord |
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Term
| White Matter: Association Fiber |
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Definition
| connect to areas of cerebral cortex on same side of brain |
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Term
| White Matter: Commissural fibers |
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Definition
| Connects same cortical region on two sides of the brain |
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Term
| White Matter: Corpus Callosum |
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Definition
| primary location of commissural fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory region of skin, each served by spinal nerves |
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Term
| Gray Matter: functional halves |
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Definition
Dorsal: sensory functions
Ventral: motor functions |
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Term
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Definition
| tracts-ascending and decending |
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Term
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Definition
1)Bilaterally symmetrical
2)Cortex and nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
1)Motor coordination and balance
2)Coordination of eye and body movement |
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Term
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Definition
| contain both afferent and efferent axon |
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Term
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Definition
| transmit info from spinal cord to brain |
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Definition
| transmit info from brain to spinal cord |
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Definition
| when a pathway crosses to the side opposite its origin |
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Definition
| Automatic patterned response to a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals in the air which binds to chemoreceptors in Olfactory epithelium |
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Term
| Olfactory epithelium is located in the...? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| are precursors for the development for new receptors |
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Definition
| neurons that respond to odorants |
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Term
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Definition
| maintain the extracellular environment surrounding the receptor cells |
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Term
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Definition
| produces the mucus found in the nasal cavity and olfactory neuron axons. |
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Term
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Definition
| contains receptors that bind with specific odorant molecules.These cilia are immotile and increase SA |
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Term
| AXON of olfactory receptor: |
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Definition
| enter the CNS through holes(foramina) in the cribriform plate of the skull and terminate in the olfactory bulb. |
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Term
| Cilia projected into mucus: |
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Definition
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Term
| Olfactory binding proteins are located in the...? |
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Definition
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Term
| Olfactory binding proteins transport odorants to? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Base of skull with holes through which axons of receptor cells can travel |
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Term
| Binding of an odorant molecule to a membrane receptor activates: |
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Definition
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Term
| G-olf activates the enzyme: |
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Definition
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