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| Molecules held together by ionic bonds |
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| tend to dissociate in water |
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| smallest unit of life that can exhibit all the characteristics if living things |
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| an atom that gains electrons |
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| becomes negatively polarized |
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| molecules that release hydrogen ions when they dissociate in water. |
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| hold together Hydrogen and oxygen atoms within water |
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| are gen held together by covalent chemical bonds |
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| is slightly basic / alkaline > 7.4 |
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| elements with the same # of electrons in outer orbit |
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| have similar chemical properties |
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| study of types of tissue cells |
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| fluorine, iodine and chlorine |
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| atom with diff # of electrons than protons |
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oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
duodenum
ileum
colon
rectum |
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| major substances of living org |
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| elements differ from one another in their |
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| course of sperm during sexual intercourse |
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epididymis
vas deferens
seminal vesicle
ejaculatory duct of the prostate gland
urethral canal
vaginal canal
uterus
Fallopian tube |
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| endocrine and nervous systems |
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| primary source of androgen hormones |
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| organic coenzymes, cofactors that assist enzymes in catalyzing biochemical reactions |
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| digests proteins into peptide chains |
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| used by cells to cynthesize steroids |
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| antibodies, attack bacteria and toxins |
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| attack compromised body cells |
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stores glycogen
produces bile
stores vitamins and minerals
synthesizes blood clotting proteins |
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| passes out of urethral canal |
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| carries nutrient laden blood from digestive tract directly to liver |
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| aka electrolytes, minerals |
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into the blood stream
pancreas
pituitary gland
ovaries, testes
thyroid, parathyroid
adrenal
? hypothalamus |
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| produced in one part on the body, carried in bloodstream to other places in body where action is exerted. |
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sat and unseat fatty acids
prostaglandins
mono,di,triglycerides (triclyglycerols)
phospholipids (cell membrane) 15%of all
steroids (made from cholesterol) |
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| testosterone ,estrogen, aldosterone are structurally related to . . . |
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testosterone
Adrenal Androgen DHEA last two |
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increase anabolic growth reactions ,bones, muscles
increases catabolic reactions , energy production
increase hair growth
increases libido |
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from adrenal gland
control mineral balance Na+ K+ in body |
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adrenal cortex
increase bld sugar level during states of stress |
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100+ coiled up chains fo AA
denatured by
heat
acidosis/ alkalosis
heavy metals, Pb lead, Hg, mercury |
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Amino grp, NH2
Carboxylate "Acid" grp, COOH
H,
R, rest of it |
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| increases of CO2 and H2O= carbonic acid H2CO3 = increasse in H hydrogen and bicarbonate HCO3 ??? |
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Steroids (cholesterol) ,hormones?
Enzymes (proteins)
hormones (protein) must be injected, if not made, insulin, growth hormone, oxytocin
antibodies(proteins) |
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Emzyme Inhibitors
cyanide CN
statin |
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Definition
prevent substrate from attaching to enzyme
blockers
CN inhibits cytochrome oxidase in cellular reps.
AChase inhibits enzyme in nerve cyst muscle paralysis
inhibits enzyme that converts FA into cholesterol |
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| inhibit enzyme that converts phophlipids into prostaglandins |
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| 5c sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate grp |
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| hydrophilic and hydrophobic |
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number of AA
type of AA
way coiled |
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O binds to hemoglobin
iron is required for the production of |
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| most steroid hormones end in |
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| most protein enzymes end in |
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| most AA or nitrogen bases / nucleotides? |
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| minerals that function as co enzymes |
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| building blocks of nucleic acids |
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Low K+ in ECF, K diffused out of cell, hyperpolarized, morer neg.,
cause: diuretics, anorexia, hyperaldosteronism, excessive diarrhea, vomiting |
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more K + ECf increased diffusion of K into cell
caused by kidney failure, hypoaldosteronism
stimulation of nervous system . . . |
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| synaptic transmission at neuromuscular junction |
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Definition
AP down somatic motor neuron to synaptic knob
voltage gated CA+2 channels open due to reversal of polarity
CA2 enters into synaptic knob causes secretion of Acetylcholine
Ach diffuses across syntic cleft binds to aCh receptor site proteins on the skeletal muscle cell membrane
causes ligand gated Na+ channels to open , Na flows in depolArizes cells causing AP , muscle contraction
ach at receptor site is split into acetate and choline by acetylcholinestrase
ligand gated Na channels close allowing muscle cell to relax
acetyl and choline active reuptake |
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binds to nicotinic ACH receptor site proteins
causing ligand gated Na + channels to open |
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| Neuromuscular blocking agent |
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Definition
curare block Ach receptor sites on skeletal muscles keeping them from contracting
causing flaccid paralysis
- also caused by poliomyelitis , botulism and myasthenia |
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| Acetyl cholinesterase Inhibitors |
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prevent acetylcholinesterase from breaking down acetylcholine, it remains attached to ach receptor site Na+ continues to flow onto muscles and they remain contracted.
causing spastic paralysiss, organophosphate insecticides parathion, malathion, sevin & nerve gas tabun, sarin soman |
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