Term
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Definition
| has no axon and no dendrites so its depolarization decays with distance; make inhibitory contact w/ bipolar cells |
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Term
| These form the optic nerve |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| where the optic nerves of the 2 eyes meet and the axons from the nasal half (in humans) cross over to the opposite side of the brain |
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Term
| lateral geniculate nucleus |
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Definition
| part of hypothalamus where most ganglion cells go; sends nerves to parts of thalamus and occipital cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| a photoreceptor is stimulated and excites both a bipolar and a horizontal cell. the horizontal cell inhibits the bipolar cell for that photoreceptor as well as the others around it, but the inhibition is not enough to stop the transmission of the photoreceptor's message |
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Term
| where (and in what order) is visual information sent in the eye? |
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Definition
| receptors (rods and cones), horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve |
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Term
| parvocellular ganglion neurons |
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Definition
| small cell bodies; small receptive fields; mostly near fovea; responds to color and detailed analysis of stationary objects |
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Term
| magnocellular ganglion neurons |
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Definition
| larger cell bodies; larger receptive fields; distributed evenly throughout retina; responds to movement and broad outlines and shape |
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Term
| koniocellular ganglion neurons |
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Definition
| small cell bodies; small receptive fields; occur throughout retina; responds to varied stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| aka striate cortex; responsible for conscious vision |
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Term
| V2 secondary visual cortex |
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Definition
| processes visual info from V1 and sends additional areas |
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Term
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Definition
| visual paths leading to temporal cortex; "what is it?" pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| visual path to parietal cortex; "where is it and how do we use it?" pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| temporal region where movement is perceived; mostly magnocellular pathway |
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Term
| posterior inferior temporal cortex |
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Definition
| for color and brightness perception; mixed magnocellular/parvocellular pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| complex shape analysis; mostly parvocellular pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| receptive field w/ fixed excitatory and inhibitory zones. the more light there is on the excitatory field, the more the cell responds. the more light there is on the inhibitory zone, the less the cell responds |
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Term
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Definition
| located in V1 & V2; responds to pattern of light in particular orientation w/in large receptive field |
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Term
| end stopped or hypercomplex cell |
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Definition
| like complex cell except has strong inhibitory zone at one end of bar shaped field |
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Term
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Definition
| outer ear that helps us locate the origin of the sound |
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Term
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Definition
| part of middle ear that vibrates at same rate as sound wave; connects to 3 bones |
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Term
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Definition
| first, larger bone connected to tympanic membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| bone between hammer and stirrup |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest bone in middle ear; transfers sound waves that are now more amplified to the oval window |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane of the inner ear; surrounded by fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid filled containing hair cells; has scala vestibuli, scala mediali, and scala tympani |
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Term
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Definition
| canal of the cochlea that touches the oval window |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane in the cochlea that has hair cells |
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Term
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Definition
| *works at low frequencies (deep bass); basilar membrane vibrates at same rate as sound; ex 50 Hz wave produces 50 action potentials per second |
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Term
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Definition
| applies to high frequencies (squeaky sounds), high frequency sounds excite hair cells near the base of the cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
| applies to normal range of hearing; auditory neurons produce action potentials that are phase locked with peaks of a sound wave, summation of many neurons matches the sound frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| auditory information travels through this right after switching sides |
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Term
| primary auditory cortex A1 |
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Definition
| in superior temporal cortex; most auditory input goes here |
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Term
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Definition
| "what pathway" of hearing |
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Term
| posterior temporal cortex |
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Definition
| "where" pathway of hearing |
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Term
| 3 types of sound localization |
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Definition
| difference in intensity between 2 ears; sound shadow; difference in time of arrival |
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Term
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Definition
| for high frequency sound localization w/ wavelength shorter then width of head; head makes sound louder for closer ear |
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Term
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Definition
| prevents middle ear from transmitting sound to cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
| damage to hair cells or auditory nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| frequent or constant ringing in the ears due to nerve deafness |
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Term
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Definition
| monitoring of self movements in relation to what you are looking at; directs compensatory eye movements; |
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Term
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Definition
| section of skin that responds to certain spinal nerves |
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Term
| why is pain information relayed slowly? |
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Definition
| pain neurons have no myelin sheath; thicker axons convey sharp pain, thinner axons deliver dull pain |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotransmitter released for mild pain |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotransmitters released for strong pain |
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Term
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Definition
| theory about pain that says spinal neurons receiveing input from pain receptors also recieve pain from touch receptors. this competing input can block the pain |
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Term
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Definition
| decreases pain in the cingulate cortex, area of emotional response to pain, and release opiates in that area |
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Term
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Definition
| a suggestion that the pain will increase will worsen pain by increasing anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| special photopigment from the retinohypothalamic path that alerts the Suprachiasmatic nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| area that controls circadian rhythm |
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Term
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Definition
| gland that communicates with the SCN and releases melatonin |
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Term
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Definition
| part of reticular formation in the midbrain that sends axons into the forebrain releasing acetycholine and glutamate to the hypothalamus, thalamus, and basal forebrain |
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Term
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Definition
| small structure in pons that releases bursts of impulses in response to meaningful events; releases norepinephrine; increases memory storage; also helps w/ arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| peptide neurotransmitters released by hypothalamus; released to help someone STAY awake |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits activity throughout the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| blocks acetylcholine in the brain. when adenosine is blocked by caffeine, acetycholine stimulates the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| sleep disorder in which someone's hypothalamus doesn't produce orexin (maintains wakefulness) |
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Term
| vasopresin aka antidiuretic hormone |
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Definition
| raises blood pressure by constricting blood vessels, this helps compensate for decreased volume; enables kidneys to reabsorb water |
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Term
| trichromatic theory aka young-helmholtz theory |
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Definition
| we percieve color based on relative rates of response by 3 types of cones- long, medium, and short wavelengths |
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Term
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Definition
| brain has mechanism that perceives color on continuum from red-green, another from yellow-blue, and one from white-black |
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Term
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Definition
-explains color constancy
-cortex compares info from different parts of the retina to determine brightness and color for each area |
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Term
| Anterior hypothalamus and preoptic area (POA/AH) |
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Definition
| monitors its own temperature and is strengthened by input from temperature receptors in the skin; causes physiological changes such as raised hair and shivering |
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Term
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Definition
| Leukocytes white blood cells release cytokines which attack intruders and stimulate the vagus nerve, increases set point of body temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| created when kidneys release renin enzyme in response to vasopressin. renin helps break down large protein in blood to angiotensin II. this constricts blood vessels as well, and sends signal to hypothalamus through the 3rd ventricle for hypovolemic thirst |
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Term
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Definition
| hunger control center of hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| hunger hormone; stimulates stomach contractions |
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Term
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Definition
| satiety hormone; released when intestines are distended; |
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Term
| paraventricular hypothalamus (PVN) |
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Definition
| the arcuate nucleus stimulates this; part of hypothalamus that inhibits lateral hypothalamus (important area for eating) |
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Term
| paraventricular hypothalamus damage causes this... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| controls insulin secretion (which alerts to satiety), alters taste responsiveness, and facilitates feeding; damage to this causes food and water aversion |
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Term
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Definition
| first stage in lateral hypothalamus damage; refusal to eat or drink; must be force-fed |
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Term
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Definition
| stage 2 of lateral hypothalamus damage; eats small amount and drinks sugar water, but not enough to stay alive |
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Term
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Definition
| 3rd stage of lateral hypothalamus damage; eat enough to stay alive but refuse plain water |
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Term
| fourth stage of lateral hypothalamus damage |
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Definition
| near recovery, yet still eat less then normal; only drink plain water at meal times; during stress may regress to refusing food |
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Term
| ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) |
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Definition
| damage here leads to overeating and weight gain |
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Term
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Definition
| enables glucose to enter cells; when levels of this are high, cells access glucose easily; high levels decrease appetite |
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Term
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Definition
| glucose converted into this form for storage by the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates liver to release glycogen to glucose to replenish low glucose levels in blood |
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Term
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Definition
| hormones containing 4 carbon rings; derived from cholesterol; have rapid effects on cells; activate or inactivate specific genes |
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Term
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Definition
| testosterone falls under this category; "male" hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| estradiol falls under this category; "female" hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone that prepares uterus for implantation of fertilized ovum and maintains pregnancy |
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Term
| sexually dimorphic nucleus |
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Definition
| part of anterior hypothalamus that is larger in a male then a female and contributes to to control of male sexual behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone that helps development of sex hormones as well as uterus contractions and breast feeding |
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