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| Descartes argued that the universe was made of 1-physical matter and 2-human mind/soul; views mind and brain as separate entities |
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| the father of behaviorism |
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| all behavior is a product of learning (nurture) |
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| study of animal behavior in the wild; instinctive behaviors (nature) |
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| a deficiency in awareness of parts of one's own body; usually results from damage to the right parietal lobe and typically involves the left side of the body |
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| undergo gradual orderly change |
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| Charles Darwin's 1st publication |
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| On the Origin of Species, 1859, described his theory of evolution; not the first to suggest that species evolve but first to support how it occurs |
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| Darwin's Evidence (3 kinds) |
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1-fossil records
2-structural similarities among living species suggesting common ancestors
3-impact of selective breeding |
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| species vary greatly and heritable traits best for survival and reproduction are passed to future generations |
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| animals with dorsal nerve cords |
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| chordates that possess spinal bones; 1st were primitive boney fishes; about 600 million years ago complex, multicellular water-dwelling org. first appeared; 150 million years later chordates evolved |
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| fins and gills of boney fishes transformed to legs and lungs; about 410 million years ago |
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| lizards, snakes, turtles; 300 million years ago; 1st to lay shell covered eggs and 1st to be covered in dry scales |
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| 180 million years ago; mammary glands to feed young; |
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| latin for "first" or "foremost"; 5 families: ape, prosimian, hominid, new and old world monkey |
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| incidental nonadaptive evolutionary by-products; ex: belly button |
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| evolved to perform one function and were later co-opted to perform another |
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| similar due to common evolutionary origins; ex: bird wing and human arm |
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| similar but different evolutionary origin; ex: bird wing and bee wing |
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| the evolution in unrelated speciesof similar solutions to the same environmental demands |
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| regulates reflex activities that are critical for survival ex: heart rate, respiration, and blood glucose level |
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| complex adaptive processes ex: learning, perception, and motivation |
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| folds on the cerebral surface |
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| one male forms mating bonds with more than one female; pattern most prevalent in mammals |
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| traits that form in one form or another, never in combination; pea color in a pod |
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| same trait generation after generation |
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| traits passed to offspring through its genetic material |
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| two genes that control the same trait |
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| 2 different genes for a trait |
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| threadlike structure in the nucleus of each cell |
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| process of cell division that produces gametes |
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| all other cell division in the body |
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| tendency of traits encoded on the same chromosome to be inherited together |
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