Term
|
Definition
| these senses are tuned towards skin and body: 4 types |
|
|
Term
| propriception + Kinestisia |
|
Definition
| muscles send info to brain of body position + mov't, this comes from muscles, tendons & joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| somatosenses from skin + touch: pressure, heating (this response is based in change compared to a baseline temperature), stimuli (that damage tissue and create pain) |
|
|
Term
| Types of Nerve Endings (2) |
|
Definition
Free: pain + temperature
Encapsulated: 'pacini & rufini corpuscles & melkel's disks for pressure & vibration' |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is involved with touch: the lateral spinothalmic tract synapses in the white matter here and information heads to brain |
|
|
Term
| Lateral Spinothalamic Tracts |
|
Definition
This tract is involved with pain & temperature
it travels in the white matter of the dorsal column and synapses in thalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| happens in 70% of amputees: could be due to collateral sprouting (aka plasticity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasticity (ability of axons to form new connections and take over dendrites) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| these neropeptides (long chains of protein) are the "anti-pain" (think runner's high) - can be found in poppies |
|
|
Term
| Where are endorphins found in brain? |
|
Definition
| in midbrain, with effects on the "periaqueductal gray matter" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this is the name for the polypeptide compounds that are also known as "endorphines" - inhibited by substance "p:" resemble the opiates in their abilities to produce analgesia and a sense of well-being |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this system helps with balance and provides information of head position and mov't |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made of the semicircular canals, utricle + saccule. |
|
|
Term
| parieto-insular-vestibular cortex (?!?!?!) |
|
Definition
| the pathway that the vestibular system takes to the cortex: parietal lobe - see diagram? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sloshing fluid w/in the semicircular canals of inner ear: balance is based on displacement of this liquid: it helps with mov't |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this part of the inner ear relies on mov't of hair cells connected to neurons underneath a jelly to tell the location of the head in space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| location of the primary motor cortex |
|
|
Term
| somatotopically organized |
|
Definition
| the motor cortex has this type of organization |
|
|
Term
| the motor cortex receives input from these (3) areas of the "secondary motor corticies" |
|
Definition
-the premotor coretx (in frontal lobe)
-the supplimental motor area (in front of primary motor cortex)
-the primary somatosensory cortex (or posterior parietal cortex) |
|
|
Term
| the prefrontal lobe + the post parietal lobe |
|
Definition
| this sets up the goal of motion, and this gives input regarding to the goal |
|
|
Term
| over-representation on primary-motor-cortex |
|
Definition
| parts of the body that require 'fine' control (lips, fingers) are _______________ on the _______________ |
|
|
Term
| Damage to secondary motor areas |
|
Definition
| damage to this area results in problems coordinating intent + action (the monkey + the peanut) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to properly execute a mov't after brain damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mov't of wrong portion of limb, incorrect mov't of correct limb part, incorrect sequence of mov't |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cannnot initiate mov't to verbal request |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
this motor cortex is made of axons descending from the primary motor cortex, and has three parts:
1. Lateral Corticospinal tract
2. Ventral corticospinal tract
3. Corticobulbar (sp?) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located on the precentral gyrus; has 'homunculus' or somatotopic representation of the different body parts: sends long axons to the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves and to the lower motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. These axons form the corticospinal tract. |
|
|
Term
| Corticospinal "Pyramidal" tract |
|
Definition
| this tract which has axons from the primary motor cortex is 'pyramidal,' starts in layer 5 of the PMS, descends through various white matter of the brain & finishes on motor neurons w/in the ventral horn of spinal chord and exits to muscles |
|
|
Term
| Lateral corticospinal tract |
|
Definition
| this corticospinal tract is axons (from the PMC) which synapse in the arms, hands, lower leg & feet (distant, fine mov't) ---> the axons of this tract are the 80% that 'crossedover' at junction of medulla & spinal chord |
|
|
Term
| Ventral corticospinal tract |
|
Definition
| the axons of this tract synapse in the muscles of the upper leg/trunk (and controls gross, proximal mov't)---> these axons are the 20% that didn't cross over at the junction of the medulla & spinal chord |
|
|
Term
| crossover of corticospinal tract |
|
Definition
| 80% = lateral, 20% = ventral: the axons that do or don't crossover at the medulla/spinal chord junction |
|
|
Term
| Basal Ganglia & where it receives information from |
|
Definition
| made up of caudate, putamen + globus pallidus, this structure receives info from the primary motor cortex, the substancia nigra, cerebellum & somatosensory cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell bodies that use dopamine and have axons that terminate on the putamen of the basal ganglia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caudate + putamen combined together: have a lot of dopamine receptors: where the information from movement synapses on |
|
|
Term
| What is basal ganglia important for? |
|
Definition
| this structure is good for slower mov't, learning mov't, breaking down mov't into sequences, and is linked to OCD & other repetitive thoughts and actions) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this disease is when neurons in substancia nigra are dying, and as a result, the basal ganglia looses imputs. One symptom is 'tremors' |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this is an inherited degenerative disorder of motor system due to a loss of cells within the basal ganglia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This auto-immune disorder kills AcH receptors on muscle & weakens it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this is an autoimmune disease where the body attacks the mylined cells of the CNS |
|
|
Term
| What type of mov't is the cerebellum in charge of? |
|
Definition
| this area within the brain is responsible for faster mov't as opposed to the Basal Ganglia's responsibility of slower, methodical mov't |
|
|
Term
| semicircular canals filled with..... |
|
Definition
| filled with sloshing fluid known as cupula (the displacement of which deals with mov't) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sensory regions on body that enter diff't vertebrates in spine i.e. info from feet = L5 (or 5th vertebrate of lumbar region) |
|
|
Term
| corticubulbar tract (think cortex!) |
|
Definition
| this tract connects cerebral cortex to brainstem - controls muscles of head, face & neck |
|
|
