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| study of the biological aspects of behavior(aka biopsychology; cog. neuroscience) |
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| nerve cell; basic unit of nervous system |
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| collection of neurons surrounded by membrane |
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| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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| Peripheral Nervous System |
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| nerves and ganglia outside CNS |
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| collections of cell bodies of neurons |
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| (extirpation) removal or surgical destruction (frontal lobotomy v. removing tumors) |
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| creation of small areas of physiological destruction (electrical; chemical; thermal) |
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| passive measuring (EEG; single-cell; biofeeback) |
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| activation of areas in body (electrical; chemical) |
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| control of behavior by neurotransmitters |
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| computer calibrated "knife." cuts thin sections of tissue |
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| apparatus used for implanting electrodes in the brain |
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anterior; posterior
dorsal; ventral
medial; lateral |
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Definition
head; tail
top (inferior); underside (superior)
middle; towards sides |
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| decision maker; decides whether or not to fire (neural impulse) |
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| fatty insulator; originates from glial cells |
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| the jumping of an action potential along a myelinated axon |
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| Schwann cells; oligoendrocytes |
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| PNS/CNS: glial cells that have a flattened shape that enables them to wrap around the axon |
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| neural impulse; hillock and down axon |
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| tiny sac in which neurotransmitters are stored |
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| (unipoloar) a neuron with only one process |
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| a neuron with two processes |
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| a neuron with many processes |
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| process of which neural impulse hits the vesicles and vesicles come to surface and release the NT |
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| use to record neural impulses |
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| membrane at resting potential of approximately -70mv |
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Definition
| membrane potential more negative than -70mv |
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| membrane potential more positive |
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| absolute refractory period |
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Definition
| portion of the action potential when even with a stimulus will not fire no matter how strong the stimulus |
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| relative refractory period |
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Definition
| if a stronger than usual stimulus is present it may fire |
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| dendrites & cell body - graded and decremental |
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| addtion of input from many different presynaptic neurons |
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Definition
| addition of input from one presynaptic neuron over a brief period |
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| Excitatory postsynaptic potential |
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Definition
| small increase (~.5 mv) in charge across postsynaptic membrane |
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| Inhibitory postsynaptic potential |
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Definition
| small decrease (~.5 mv) in charge across postsynaptic membrane |
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Definition
| (collateral sprouting) once neurons in the CNS have been damaged, neighboring neurons compensate by sprouting new axonal endings. |
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| (projection neuron) Located in the spinal cord |
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| (local-circuit neuron) Located in the brain |
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| in striated muscle cells -> need end-plate potential |
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| (EPSP;IPSP) dendrites and cell body (all neurons) |
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| (receptor potential) occurs at junction of sensory receptor cell and dendrites of sensory neuron |
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| if strong enough creates muscle action, impulse is sent both ways causing actin segments to shorten -> depolarization through z-lines / depolarization that occurs on the end-plate |
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| NT drawn back into vesicles |
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| deactivation of NT by an enzyme |
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| activation of muscle by neurons |
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| fibers throughout muscle; slide past each other - movement = sections |
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| a collection of smooth or cardiac muscle cells that function as a unit |
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| (myoneural junction) ACh goes across the synapse and causes activation |
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| pores, little black holes between the actin; contract actin, making it shorter |
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| single motor neuron and striate muscle cells it innervates |
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| the actual number of striated muscle cells innervated by a single motor neuron; lower ratio -> greater behavioral control |
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| poor transmission of ACh due to attack on ACh receptors |
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| the vigor of a muscular contraction; higher muscle tone = more impulses from cerebellum |
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| (monosynaptic reflex or reflex arc) reflex involving only one sensory and one motor neuron and one synapse |
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| (multisynaptic reflex) reflex involving a sensory neuron, motor neuron, and one or more interneurons |
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| Dura mater; arachnoid, pia mater. |
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| formed by glial cells called astrocytes (star-shaped); keeps toxins out |
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| rounded skull and thus brain (standing monkeys, humans) |
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Definition
| "ridge" in cerebral cortex |
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| "groove" in cerebral cortex -> if deep forms a fissure (sylvian / lateral fissure) |
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| Syndenham's Chorea / St. Vitus Dance |
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Definition
- Bacteria infection in motor pathways that use ACh. Causes damage to inhibitory paths of ACh.
- Targets kids 5-15 and pregnant women.
- Treated with antibiotics & sedatives
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| Huntington's Disease / Huntington's Chorea |
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Definition
- Progressive degeneration of the CNS
- genetic but doesn't appear until 35-50
- Pathways using GABA deteriorate (inhibitory NT)
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| cortex acts as a whole in learning; greater degree of damage causes greater degree of impairment |
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All areas of the cortex are equally important in learning
(thalamus and reticular formation; 17&18) |
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"little man"
surface area of the motor cortex devoted to motor actions (4) |
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| takes away excitatory pathways |
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| all exterior muscles contract |
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| organic psychotic disorder associated with syphilis; organism eats away at person's frontal cortex (loss of intellectual functioning) |
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| probes put in frontal association areas and destroying large area |
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| disorder of area 22 (prior to seizure hear rush of sounds "aura") |
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| disorder of area 18 & 19 (word reversals) |
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disorder of area 40 & 43
does not know what to do with common objects |
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| Broca's Aphasia (expressive) |
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Definition
difficulty in saying common words
lesioning left frontal |
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| Wernicke's Aphasia (receptive) |
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Definition
difficulty understanding own language
lesioning left temporal cortex |
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did initail temporal probing
causes vivid flashbacks |
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cut off all sensory stimulation
transection of brain stem - spinal chord & medulla
(sleep and wakefulness retained in cat) |
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Definition
transection higher; midbrain level
(cat went into permanent coma)
cut right thru reticular formation associated with arousal & wakefulness |
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| Assending Reticular Activation System (ARAS) |
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Definition
| general arousing system; not modality specific, very much affected by drugs (from reticular fomation up to the cortex) |
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Diffuse Thalamic Projection System (DTPS)
(Thalamocortical System) |
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Definition
| sends imput to sensory projection areas; very modality specific; not affected by drugs |
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| Descending Reticular Activation System (DRAS) |
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Definition
| works in conjuction with ARAS; associated with back and neck pain; originates in cerebellum |
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Definition
| an increase in REM sleep observed in individuals who have been deprived of REM sleep |
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| derived from observation that the brain appears very active while skeletal muscles are very inactive (stressful but its the stage we need the most) |
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