Term
| What are the two different approaches used to explain events that occur in the body? |
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Definition
Teleological - the purpose of a body process
Mechanistic - underlying mechanism |
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Term
| What is the fundamental unit of both structure and function? |
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Definition
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Term
| What (generally) needs to occur for cells to form tissues? |
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Definition
| They need to have similar structure and function |
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Term
| With muscle tissue, what does contraction cause? What does this end up causing? |
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Definition
| Contraction generates tension which produces movement |
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Term
| What is the function of nervous tissue? |
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Definition
| Initiates and transmits electrical impulses |
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Term
| What is the function of epithelial tissue? |
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Definition
| Exchanging materials between the cell and its environment |
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Term
| For a substance to enter or leave the body, what must it cross? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two general structures of epithelial tissues? |
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Definition
| Epithelial sheets and secretory glands |
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Term
| Loose connective tissue attaches ______________ to ____________ |
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Definition
| epithelial tissue to underlying structures |
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Term
| How do exocrine glands secrete materials to the body? (2 ways) |
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Definition
| Through ducts to the body surface or into a cavity that communicates with the outside |
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Term
| What are glands derived from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term for an interconnected network of body components that work together to maintain a given factor? |
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Definition
| Homeostatic control system |
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Term
| What are the subclasses of the homeostatic control system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are intrinsic and extrinsic, relative to the homeostatic control system? |
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Definition
Intrinsic - controal are built into an organ
Extrinsic - controls are initiated outside an organ to alter the organ's activity |
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Term
| Where would one find enzymes involved in intermediary metabolism and ribosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the process for uptaking ECF into the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of enzymes are found in lysosomes? Peroxisomes? |
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Definition
Lysosomes - hydrolytic
Peroxisomes - oxidative |
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Term
| Where does glycolysis occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the TCA cycle occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which step of cell respiration is anaerobic? What is produced during this step? |
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Definition
| Glycolysis 4 total ATP but a net of 2 ATP as well as 2 NADH. Glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules |
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Term
| What step occurs pre- TCA cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the major function of the citric acid cycle? |
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Definition
| Preparing hydrogen carrier molecules to enter oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
| During protein synthesis, what goes into forming a ribosome? |
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Definition
| A large and a small ribosomal subunit |
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Term
| Ribosomes translate _______________ into chains of __________________ according to the DNA code? |
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Definition
| translate mRNA into chains of amino acids |
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Term
| What is the subunit of microtubules? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the subunit of microfilaments? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cellular subunit plays an important role in contractile systems? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the irregular threadlike proteins that help cells resist mechanical stress? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the cells self identity markers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What significance does the ECM serve with cell cell adhesions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What protein allows for stretching and recoil? |
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Definition
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Term
| What no elastic protein provides tensile strength? |
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Definition
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Term
| What protein hold cells together? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of a desmosome? |
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Definition
| Links 2 non touching cells like Velcro. |
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Term
| Function of tight junctions? Where are they most abundant? |
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Definition
| Seal between 2 adjacent cells which prevents salutes from going to cell to cell. Found in epithelial sheets |
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Term
| What is the function of gap junctions and how do they work? Where are the abundant |
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Definition
| Tubes made of connexons link 2 cells and allow unrestricted flow of solutes between the 2 cells. Found mostly in cardiac tissue |
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Term
| How can small ions pass the bilayer? |
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Definition
| Down electrochemical gradient through open protein channels |
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Term
| What are the channels that water can pass through? |
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Definition
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Term
| Whys specifically is osmotic pressure? |
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Definition
| Pressure needed to stop osmosis |
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Term
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Definition
| The effect the solution has on cell volume |
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Term
| How is glucose transported into cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe secondary active transport. |
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Definition
| Driven by ion gradient as a result of primary active transport |
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Term
| What are the two types of vesicular transport? |
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Definition
| End oxytocin and exocytosis |
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Term
| Describe membrane potential? |
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Definition
| Separation of opposite charges across a membrane |
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Term
| What is equilibrium potential? |
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Definition
| The membrane potential when ion concentration gradient is balanced by electrical gradient. |
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Term
| What is the difference between graded and action potentials? |
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Definition
Graded - short range
Action - long range |
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Term
| What part of the membrane do graded potentials occur? |
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Definition
| Active parts of the membrane |
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Term
| At the top of an action potential, what is the state of the voltage gated sodium channel? |
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Definition
| Activation gate remains open but the inactivation gate is closed. Not capable of opening. |
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Term
| At the end of the falling phase but before hyperpolarization, what is the state of the sodium channel? |
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Definition
| Inactivation gate Is open while the activation gate is closed. Still capable of opening though. |
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Term
| At what points during an action potential are the voltage potassium channels closed? |
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Definition
| Until the top of the action potential and at the very end of the action potential. Channel is only open during the falling phase. |
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Term
| Describe propagation of an action potential? |
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Definition
| One direction only and it is non diminishing. |
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Term
| What ensures an action potential only moves in one direction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the difference between absolute and relative refractory period? |
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Definition
Absolute- cannot be restimulated
Relative- can be restimulated if there is a strong enough stimulus |
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Term
| How do action potential vary? |
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Definition
| Only in the frequency not the size. |
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Term
| What part of a neuron is where action potentials initiate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of conduction and how do they differ. |
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Definition
Contiguous- Unmyelinated fibers
Salvatore- myelinated fibers |
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Term
| What are the myelinated cells of the pns and cns? |
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Definition
Pns- Schwann
Cns- oligodendracitws |
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Term
| Describe two types of synapses |
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Definition
Electrical- linked by gap junctions
Chemical- neurotransmitters flow across |
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Term
| If a neurotransmitter opens Sodium and potassium channels, what occurs? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a neurotransmitter opens potassium and chloride channels, what happens? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is temporal summation? |
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Definition
| Epsp or ISP from a single repetitive firing Presynaptic input occurs so close together in time that they end up adding together |
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Term
| What is spatial summation? |
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Definition
| Adding epsp or Ipsp from different Presynaptic inputs! Simultaneously |
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Term
| What is the grand post synaptic potential? |
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Definition
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