Term
|
Definition
- the property of a system that regulates its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable, relatively constant condition of properties such as temperature or pH, it is basically a process in which the body's internal environment is kept stable
- set points.
- positive/negative feedback:
-
- positive feedback moves system away from set point, produce significant changes in a relatively short period of time (pregnancy)
- negative feedback keeps body’s conditions close to body’s set point
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|
Term
| Metabolic Pathways (anaerobic) |
|
Definition
Glucose-Pyruvate-Lactate
net atp: 2 |
|
|
Term
| Metabolic Pathways (aerobic) |
|
Definition
Pyruvate -> Acetyl - CoA (Mitochondrial matrix)
2. Citric Acid Cycle (Mitochondrial matrix): + 2 ATP, +8 NADH, +2 FADH2 (As regard 2 pyruvate)
3. Oxidative Phosphorylation (Mit. inner-membrane):
+28 ATP (10 NADH x 2.5 ATP, 2 FADH2 x 1.5 ATP)
ATP Total: 32 ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
firmly bound by adjacent cells, seal passageway between two cells, prevent leaks within epithelial cells
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Term
|
Definition
formed by proteins connections, permit unrestricted passage of small nutrient molecules between cells, also allows direct transfer of small signaling from one cell to another |
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Term
|
Definition
act like velcro, connect two adjacent non touching cells, abundant in tissues that are subject to stretching. |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs in membrane until equilibrium, follow concentration gradient, high to low. |
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Term
|
Definition
| high to low, follows concentration gradient, need carrier (protein) molecule |
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Term
|
Definition
using ATP directly, against concentration gradient.
low to high. |
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|
Term
Secondary active transport
Symport/Antiport |
|
Definition
concentration gradient, uses carrier molecule (sodium)
symport: 2 molecules go through same direction
antiport: two molecules go through opposite directions. |
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Term
|
Definition
-"all or nothing"
-goes in one direction (axon to terminal)
--comes from EPSP (+ toward threshold) and IPSP (- away from threshold)
- is a result of EPSP and IPSP (not the other way around)
-long distance signals |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-get stimulus
-local depolarization of cell.
-can go both ways-no set direction
-short distance signals |
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|
Term
| PNS (Afferent divides to what?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PNS (efferent devides to what, and details?) |
|
Definition
-Somatic: innervates skeletal muscle, voluntary
-Autonomic: innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, involuntary. |
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|
Term
| Autonomic system devides to what? |
|
Definition
Sympathetic- fight or flight
parasympathetic- rest, digest, relaxed, important in homeostasis. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Cross Bridging (actin & binding sites):
-actin is thin filament
-myosin is thick filament.
-action potential reaches the neuromuscular junction which stimulates the release of Acetylcholine which triggers an action potential in the muscle fiber
-WHEN EXCITED Calcium binds with troponin which moves the tropomyosin off the actin binding sites
-Myosin head binds with actin, triggers cross-bridge power stroke
-Myosin heads moves towards center of sarcomere. Power stroke slides filaments inward resulting in contraction. ATP binds to myosin head which causes it to detach from actin, ATP undergoes hydrolysis, transfers energy to myosin. Head is now re-energized.
-ATP hydrolyzed----> hydrolyzed to ADP & P
( means ATP is being broken down to be used for energy)
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|
Term
| Cardiac Output (definition, equation, and what is stroke volume?) |
|
Definition
(amount of blood that moves through body in one minute)
- Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
-
- Stroke Volume: (Diastolic - Systolic)
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|
Term
| What monitors blood pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Good BP - 120/80
- Hypo - 100/60
- Hyper - 140/90
-Any change in the Mean Arterial Pressure triggers an autonomically mediated baroreceptors reflex that influences the heart and blood vessels to adjust cardiac output and total peripheral resistance in an attempt to restore blood pressure towards normal. |
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Term
|
Definition
Alveolar Pressure in the lung is less than the atmospheric pressure due to contraction of diaphragm
1. Alveolar P < Atmospheric P
2. Contraction of diaphragm
3. Contraction of External intercostal muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alveolar Pressure in the lung Is greater than atmospheric pressure outside
- Summary
1. Alveolar P > Atmospheric P
2. Relaxation of diaphragm
3. Relaxation of External intercostal muscles
** p.s. Intrapleural P is always less than Atmospheric and Alveolar P. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O2- 2% dissolved in blood plasma and 98% transport by hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| CO2 transport percentages |
|
Definition
CO2: 60%- by bicarbonate 30%-by hemoglobin 10%-dissolved in plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glomerular filtration rate- tubular reabsorption + secretion= urine output
only 20% of blood actually gets filtered |
|
|
Term
| What is the functional unit of the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the capillary system in the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do peritubular capillaries do? |
|
Definition
| Give up/takes what it needs. |
|
|
Term
| What do carbohydrates break down to? |
|
Definition
| monosaccharides, mainly glucose to be absorbed, diffuse directionly into the blood. |
|
|
Term
| What is glucose stored as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do proteins get broken down to? |
|
Definition
| amino acids and a few polypeptides. |
|
|
Term
| What are fats broken down to? |
|
Definition
| monoglycerides and free fatty acids, emulsification of lipase |
|
|
Term
| Carbs and proteins diffuse directly to ______ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lacteal system by way of protein carriers |
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Term
|
Definition
- stimulating the digestion of fat and protein
- influence on duodenal control of gastric emptying
- decrease appetite
- stimulate acinar cells -> pancreatic digestive enzymes going up
- causes gallbladder to secrete bile |
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|
Term
| Chyme is buffered by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Propulsive movements: push contents forward
2. Mixing movements: mix food with digestive juices, helps with absorption
movement, peristalsis, segmentation
3. Small amounts of chyme go to stomach, responses go back to stomach to tell it to rest. |
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|
Term
| Parietal cells secrete what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does bile break down? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does pepsin break down? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes pepsinogen (inactive) into pepsin (active)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phases of digestion- Motility |
|
Definition
motility- (in esophagus and stomach) movement through smooth muscle contraction. Peristalsis and segmentation. |
|
|
Term
| Phases of digestion- Secretion |
|
Definition
HCl, enzymes, bicarbonate, hormones, bile. Cells an pancreas, gallbladder. |
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|
Term
| Phases of digestion- absorption |
|
Definition
absorption- carbs: monosaccharides
fat: triglycerides
protein: amino acids |
|
|
Term
| Phases of digestion: digestion |
|
Definition
| mechanical and chemical breakdown of food |
|
|
Term
| What is the phase called when you see/smell food? |
|
Definition
sephalic phase
-simple reflex when food is in mouth
-conditioned reflex when see and smell food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- done mostly in small intestine
- H2O reabsorbed in large intestine
- Alcohol can be absorbed in stomach
- proteins and carbs absorbed into bloodstream
- fat is broken down by lipase
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|
|
Term
|
Definition
25% of chemical energy in foods is used to do biological (internal) work, 75% is converted to heat and used to maintain body temperature (98.7 F/37 C) |
|
|
Term
| Appetite control is where? |
|
Definition
| arcuate nuclues (the hypothalamus) |
|
|
Term
| NPY signals from where, and increases/decreases appetite? |
|
Definition
-arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus
-increases appetite |
|
|
Term
| Melanocortins signal from where, and increase/decrease appetite? |
|
Definition
-arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus
-decreases appetite |
|
|
Term
| Where does leptin signal from and does it increase or decrease appetite? |
|
Definition
-adipose tissue
-decreases appetite
-made by fat cells |
|
|
Term
Where does insulin signal from and does it increase or decrease appetite?
|
|
Definition
-endocrine pancreas
-decreases appetite |
|
|
Term
Where does orexins signal from and does it increase or decrease appetite?
|
|
Definition
-lateral hypothalamus
-increases appetite |
|
|
Term
Where does corticotropin-releasing hormone signal from and does it increase or decrease appetite?
|
|
Definition
-paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
-decreases appetite |
|
|
Term
Where does gherlin signal from and does it increase or decrease appetite?
|
|
Definition
-stomach
-increases appetite
-made by stomach |
|
|
Term
Where does peptide YY signal from and does it increase or decrease appetite?
|
|
Definition
-small and large intenstine
-decreases appetite |
|
|
Term
Where does stomach distention signal from and does it increase or decrease appetite?
|
|
Definition
-stomach
-decreases appetite |
|
|
Term
Where does CCK signal from and does it increase or decrease appetite? and what does it control?
|
|
Definition
-small intenstine
-decreases appetite
-controls stomach emptying |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
direct contact exchange of heat (ex. if you are cold and hug someone warm, you get some of their body heat) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transfer of heat by air currents |
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|
Term
|
Definition
movement of heat energy via electromagnetic waves (ex. waves of heat leaving the skin, or sitting on a cold chair) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
extraction of heat energy from the body by the conversion of liquid H20 to H20 vapor (ex. sweating) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
the lowest energy you need to survive (lowest is upon waking but before rising) |
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|
Term
| Temperature increase mechanisms |
|
Definition
Fever set point increases in the hypothalamus. indogenous pyrons. shivering. fever turns down replications of viruses. |
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Term
|
Definition
Ketones are the by product of fatty acids used for energy; used as energy source of other tissues in place of glucose (ex. brain) |
|
|
Term
| Posterior pituitary hormones |
|
Definition
| Vasopression and oxytocin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hypophysiotropic
has neuron in hypothalamus
moves to APG to be released, then signals again
-all 3 levels except testes/ovum/testosterone
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|
Term
| Hypophysiotropic hormones (definition) |
|
Definition
hormones released from the hypothalamus which trigger the release of a hormone from the anterior pituitary |
|
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Term
|
Definition
GnRH ----> FSH and LH -----> Gonads (germ cell development and secrete hormones) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
GHRH -----> growth hormone -----> liver and other cells (secrete IGF-1) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
TRH-----> TSH-----> Thyroid (secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
CRH----> ACTH----> Adrenal Cortex (secretes cortisol) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
releases parathryroid hormone when calcium levels are low. work on osteoclast to harvest bone matrix and free up blood plasma. break down bone formation |
|
|
Term
| When the blood plasma levels are high, what is released? and what happens? |
|
Definition
calcitonin (opposing) released reduces blood levels and blocks osteoclasts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
molecule that is water loving and readily absorbed and dissolved in water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fat loving, ability to dissolve fats, oils, and other lipids
-steroid hormones don't dissolve in water, require help through fluid |
|
|
Term
| Target cell receptor sensitivity |
|
Definition
binds with particular hormone that initiates a chain of events within target cells to bring about the hormone’s final effect
-antagonism: one hormones decreases the effectiveness of another
-down regulation: decrease in number of target-cell receptors
-permissiveness: one hormone increases effectiveness of another.
-synergism: combines effect of two homrones is greater than separate effects |
|
|
Term
| Where does E live and what is its duty? |
|
Definition
(Medulla, 80%): reinforcing sympathetic activity, maintaining arterial blood pressure, increasing blood glucose and fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| Where does NE live and what is its duty? |
|
Definition
(Medulla, 20%): reinforcing sympathetic activity with Epinephrine |
|
|
Term
| Where does cortisol live and what is its duty? |
|
Definition
glucocorticoids (Cortex, Zf, Zr) : gluconeogenesis, influencing nutrient metabolism, involving in stress-resistance, exerting anti-inflammatory & immunosuppressive effects |
|
|
Term
| Where does aldosterone live and what is its duty? |
|
Definition
mineralocorticoids (Cortex, Zg): Na+ Reabsorption, K+ Secretion, maintaining blood pressure homeostasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
melatonin - keeps inherent cardiac rythyms in synchrony with the light-dark cycle. |
|
|
Term
| Which 2 hormones do not secrete third level? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dividing and pushing epiphyseal plate upwards, chondrocytes (increase length of bone) stop dividing but osteoblasts (build matrix) keep building up, osteoclasts= breakdown.
Calcitonin puts calcium into bone from blood (osteoblasts)
Parathyroid homrone puts calcium from bone and puts in blood (osteoclasts) |
|
|
Term
| Which hormone is responsible for allowing calcium absorption in GI tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anabolic hormone. Insulin lowers blood sugar levels by moving glucose into cells, responds to glucose in blood. secretion increased during absorptive state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glucagon supports gluconeogenesis, moves glucose out of the blood from the livers glycogen stores (glucose levels low) |
|
|
Term
| What has to be available to grant permission for GH to reach optimal levels in blood, and if it is not reached, dwarfism is a result? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some growth hormone abnormalties? |
|
Definition
| Dwarfism (too little TSH), gigantism (too much TSH), acromegaly, TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glucse to glycogen; making glucose in liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glycogen to glucose; storage form of glucose in liver/muscles, taking glycogen in liver and breaking it down/putting it back into bloodstream. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(turned on by glucagon hormone for post absorptive state)
Amino acids to glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pathophysiological. Cell is asking for glucose, but not getting it. It signals along pathways to increase glucose, but more glucose is outside of the cell membrane than it could ever use. gluconeogenesis ongoing. |
|
|
Term
| What does androgen convert to and what does it use to do this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is accomplished by meiosis resulting in genetically unique sperm and ova.
- Man: Spermatogenesis
- Woman: Oogenesis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sex-determining region of Y Chromosomes (SRY): Products testis-determining factor
(TDF) -> influence gonads to develop to testis |
|
|
Term
| Wolffian and Muellerian Duct Formation in Male |
|
Definition
1. Testis -> Secreting Testosterone and Mullarian-Inhibiting Factor
2a. MIF -> Degeneration of Mullarian Ducts
2b. Testosterone ->Transform Mullarin ducts into male reproductive tracts |
|
|
Term
| Wolffian and Muellerian Duct Formation (woman) |
|
Definition
1. Absence of MIF -> Develop Mullarian Ducts into female reproductive tracts
2. Absence of Testosterone -> Degeneration of Wolffian Ducts |
|
|
Term
Spermatogenesis
(where does it take place?)
(which hormone goes to cell to support this?)
(what releases testosterone?)
(what does it result in?)
(what 2 things does it require? |
|
Definition
-Takes place in sertoli cell.
-Testosterone goes to sertoli cell to support spermatogenesis.
-Leydig cells release testosterone.
•Results in many highly specialized sperm.
•Requires both testosterone and FSH. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two phases of ovulation? describe them. |
|
Definition
•follicular phase - follicle development, mainly estrogen
•luteal phase - corpus luteum, progesterone and estrogen release |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does to corpus lutem form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does corpus luteum release? |
|
Definition
| progesterone and estrogens |
|
|
Term
| What happens if there is no fertilization of corpus luteu,? |
|
Definition
| degeneration, new cycle starts |
|
|
Term
| Where does fertilization take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone lets you know if you're pregnant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many folliles do females start with at birth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does secretin tell the pancreas? |
|
Definition
| to secrete bicarb and pancreatic enzymes |
|
|
Term
| Where does segmentation take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Process of digestion starting in mouth. |
|
Definition
mastication---forms bolus---- bolus moves to stomach via peristalsis----chyme, further digestion |
|
|
Term
| What do chief cells secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do mucus cells secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increases blood pressure
(Renin ^ -> Angiotensin ^ -> Aldosterone ^). |
|
|
Term
| What are the steroid classes? |
|
Definition
mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones. |
|
|
Term
| CO2 and O2 in alveoli are exchanged by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-underweight- 18.5 and lower
-normal- 18.6- 24.9
-overweight: 25-29.9 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-anaroid: central adiposity
-gynoid: curves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the gonads in a male and a female? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ cells contain 46 chromosomes (diploid) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ contain 23 chromosomes (haploid) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormones are the testes regulated by? |
|
Definition
| LH and FSH, which are controlled by the GnRH from the hypothalamus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sertoli cells/inhibit/spermatogenesis |
|
|
Term
| LH secretes what from what? |
|
Definition
| testosterone from leydig cell |
|
|
Term
| Testosterone goes to ________, inhibits it for spermatogenesis, makes long and short feedback loops. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the corpus luteum house and what does it release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 types of cells are in follicular phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during hyperthyroidism? |
|
Definition
| Secrete too much, lose weight fast, bulging eyes. |
|
|
Term
| What happens during hypothyroidism? |
|
Definition
| Secretes too little, gain weight, metabolic rates slows down, sleepy |
|
|
Term
| What does the thyroid gland control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the adrenal gland maintain? |
|
Definition
| salt balance, nutrient metabolism |
|
|
Term
| What is the endocrine pancreas important for? |
|
Definition
| nutrient metabolism and glucose homeostasis. |
|
|
Term
| What is the parathyroid gland important in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the follicular cells produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the thyroid hormone synthesized and stored as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 things couple together to create T3? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 things couple together to make T4? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is most secreted into T4 or T3? |
|
Definition
| most T4 is converted to T3 |
|
|
Term
| What does the adrenal cortex secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the adrenal medulla secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sex hormones are with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The adrenal medulla releases _____ and _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is in the absorptive state? |
|
Definition
| fed state, glucose is plentiful |
|
|
Term
| What is in the postabsorptive state? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a triglyceride made up of? |
|
Definition
| 3 fatty acids and a glycerol |
|
|
Term
| What is most important in regulating fuel metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Beta (B) cells produce what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A (alpha) cells produce what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Delta (D) cells produce what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only type of transporter that responds to insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What opposes the actions of insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is excitation-contraction coupling? |
|
Definition
| time in between stimulus coming in and depolarization of muscle cell, cross bridging |
|
|
Term
| What does oxytocin stimulate? |
|
Definition
| uterine contraction during childbirth and milk ejection during breast-feeding |
|
|
Term
| What type of loop is in the anterior pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of loop is in the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SS----> Growth hormone----> many organs and tissues (protein synthesis, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DA -----> prolactin ----> breasts (breast development and milk production) |
|
|
Term
| Duodenem Digestion Activities |
|
Definition
•Factors in duodenum inhibit further emptying:
•fat already in duodenum
•acid in duodenum
•hypertonic fluid in duodenum
•distension of duodenum |
|
|
Term
| What are the two pancreatic enzymes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is gastrin produced? |
|
Definition
| produces in stomach when fat/protein present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
