maintanence of a stable conditoin in the INTERNAL environment around the cell 

Example: Lungs provide O₂ to extracellular fluid to replenish O₂ used by the cells.

soemthing that can change in value, usually maintained at a set point.  

example: blood pressure up or down

set point

perferred value of a variable

example: body temperature

deviation

movement away from the set point

example: more people in a room cause the temperature to rise from 37 to 39--- deviation is +2. 

control mechanism in which deviation and correction from set point are in the OPPOSITE direction.

example: regualtion of blood glucose levels.

Positive Feedback mechanism

control mechanism in which deviation and correction from set point are in the SAME direction. 

example: blood clotting mechanism

Thyroid gland releases...

What happens to the levels of a person who's hypothyroid thyroid is not producing hormone?

TRF goes up because TH can't inhibit the hypothalamus.

TSH goes up becuase TH can't inhibit the hypothalmus.

TH goes down.

What happens to a patient who's adenohypophysis not producing hormone?

TRF goes up because TSH can't inhibit the hypothalamus.

TSH goes down because the adenohypophysis isnt releasing TSH.

TH goes down beucase the thyroid isn't being stimulated by TSH.

What happens to a patient who's hypothalamus is not producing hormone?

TRF goes down because the hypothalamus isn't releasing TRF.

TSH goes down because the adrenohypophysis isn't beign stimulated by TRF.

TH goes down because the thyroid isn't beung stimulated by TSH.

irritability

weight loss

elevated CV levels, heart rate and temperature

bulging eyes

Symptoms of HYPOthyroidism

lethargy

weight gain

depressed CV levels, heart rate adn temperature

Goiter

in childrem-- cretinism and retardation

Intracellular fluid is where?

Extracellular fluid has three subcompartments, what are they?

1. interstitial

2. plasma

3. transcellular 

interstitial fluid is located...

spaces surrounded by epithelial membrane

example: pericardial

Is Sodium at a higher concentration in the cell or in the plasma?

Is potassium at a higher concentration in the cell or in the plasma?

What is blood comprised of?

What is the blood volume of plasma?

How much of plasma is water?

What proteins are in blood?

Albumin (60%)

Globulin (35%)

Fibrinogen (5%)

What is the blood volume of packed cells in the blood?

Erythrocytes

Leukocytes

Thrombocytes

What are thrombocytes?

Hemocytoblasts (stem cell) ----> CFU-M (Colony forming Myeloid stem cell)----> End: erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes or thromocytes

OR

hemocytoblasts---> CFU-L (Colony forming Lymphoid  stem cell)--->  lymphocytes

What does Anisocytosis mean?

1.  P. Vera: cause unknown

2.  Secondary: physiological cause (pregnancy)

increased workload on the heart

elevated blood pressure

causes of anemia

if too few RBc: low HTC, RBC count and Hgb concentration

if normal # of RBCs: low Hgb concentration, MCH and MCHC

hemolytic

hemorrhagic

aplastic

iron deficiency

released into plasma but cannot flow freely---> apotransferrin proteins binds to iron to create transferrin unit.  this unit floats in plasma and is delivered to cells needing iron or is stored inside as: 

1.  ferrin 

2.  hemosiderin

pink/blue stain so cytoplasm is purple... it is the first line of defense in inflammatory response (destroys cells walls of bacteria)

**most abundant type of leukocyte.

stain red... fight parasitic infections and end allergic reactions by degrading histamine and other allergens leading to inflammation.

** fairly rare but predominant in digestive tract.

stain dark purple... inflammation mediation by releasing granules containing histamine; similar to mast cells but directs later stages.

** rarest type of leukocyte.

occupies most cell volume and stains dark purple (small halo of blue around cytoplasm)... fight against infection and specific antigens. Tcells: attack foreign cells directly  Bcells: multiply to become plasma cells and secrete antibodies.

** most important cells of immune system!

stains purple (blue cytoplasm around purple nucleus)... transforms into macrophages and attacks invaders.

** the largest leukocyte.