Proprioceptors

-do not adapt, you always know where your arm is.

-Joints and muscles

Thermoreceptors

-They adapt.

- ex. Elbow in water adapts to temp.

ON & OFF

 - In the dark: ON is off

                     OFF is on

ON - glutamate is inhibitory

OFF - glutamate is excitatory

Pinnicle > Ext. Auditory Meatus > Tympanic membrane vibrates > Moves auditory ossicles (MIS) > pressure on oval window > perilymph of scala vesttibuli > pushes on vestibular membrane > pushes on endolymph of cochlear duct > pushes on basilar membrane > bounces hair cells, then you hear

*endolymph is high in K+

Retina, rods and cones > ganglia cell > optic nerve > optic chiasm > optic tract > lateral geniculate > synapes > optic radiation > primary visual area > Optical lobe

        O  O    L OO R

          X

       O   O    L OO R

P-Type

 - color, texture, form

M-Type

 - movement, location, brightness, depth

RCG's

 - circadian rythm

How rods work?

Pathway

Rods

Black & White

Dim Light

Photopigment - rhodopsin

Not in fovea centralis

not acute

Night

120 mil per retina

Cones

Color

Bright light

Chromophore

in fovea centralis

acute

Day

6 mil per retina

What is Modality?

Name 4 kinds

Modality - Type of sensory stimulus

-Temp

-Light

-Vibrations

-Taste

     sweet,salty, bitter, sour, unami

Each receptor is highly sensitive to specific stimulus for which it was designed.

  ex. adequate stimulus for taste buds are chemicals

After they move to the trigger zone, which is usually the node of ranvier

This happens because of Transducin

Label Line Coding

 - Homunculus in somatosensory cortex of parietal lobe

Strength of stimulus

 - # of action potentials per neuron

 - # of neurons involved

Introlateral

 - Temp & pain. Crosses over at spinal cord

Dorsal lateral column

 - Movement and vibration. Crosses over in brainstem

Type A-delta

 - Fast, sharp, acute, myelinated

Type C

 - slow, dull, aching, unmyelinated

*fear and anxiety make pain worse. Perception of the situation will play a role in how one feels pain

Analgesia

 - descending pathways that originate in these brain areas selectively inhibit transmission

Draw

1. Action potential

2. Some Action potential

3. No action potential

1.   \\\

       O

2.   lll

      O

3.   ///

      O

Conduction

 - something wrong with sound pathway

Nerve

 - pathway to temporal lobe is damaged

Central

 - Temporal lobe damage

What area of the body do these organs refer pain too?

1. Heart

2.  Gall bladder

3. Uterine bladder

Heart

 - refers to shoulder, back, left chest, left neck

Gallbladder

 - back

Uterine bladder

 - Coccyx

Cochlea near the oval window

 - basilar membrane is thicker there

Superior semicircular canal

 - pitch

Posterior semicircular canal

 - roll or ear to shoulder

Lateral semicircular canal

 - Shake head no

Static

 - no movement

Dynamic

 - movement

Autonomic

-involuntary

-effector

     cardiac

     smooth muscle

     adipose

-2efferent neurons

-excitatory or inhibitory

-dual innervation

-slow. lightly or no myelination

-does not use specialzed motor end plate

-has ganglia

-Ach on Norepinephrine

Somatic

-voluntary

-effector

     skeletal

-1 efferent neuron (motor)

-excitatory

-single innervation

-fast. well myelinated

-specialized motor endplate

-no ganglia

-Ach on effectors

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

-Fight or Flight

-Pupils dialate

-Decreases insulin

-Increases heart rate

-Dialates bronchial tubes

-Constricts visceral and skin vessels

-increased blood glucose

-relaxes gallbladder

-origin-ThoracoLumbar

Parasympathetic

-Rest and digest

-Pupils constrict

-increases insulin

-decreases heart rate

-constricts bronchial tubes

-dialates vessels to viscera

-decreased blood sugar levels

-contracts gallbladder

-origin-Craniosacral

Sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral)

Collateral ganglia (prevertebral)

Inferior mesenteric

 -large intestines, urinary bladder, genitalia

Superior mesenteric

 -large intestines

Celiac

 -liver, spleen, stomach, kidney

Superior cervical

 -pupil, salivary glands, heart, eyes

Middle cervical

 -upper respiratory tract, heart

Inferior cervical

 -upper respiratory tract, heart

Smooth pursuit

 -tracking objects as they move

Saccadic

 -short jerky movement, prevents adaption

     ex. reading

Modality of Sensation

Stimulus location

Stimulus intensity

Central Control

What is

The Law of Specific Nerve Energies

Enteroception

 -internal organs

Proprioception

 -joints muscles

Exteroception

 -sight, pain

Thermoreceptors

  -temp

Mechanoreceptors

  -pressure, touch, vibration, acceleration, sound

Photoreceptors

  -light

Osmoreceptors

  -osmolarity, will tell a cell if it needs   water.Thalamus

Chemoreceptors

  -Chemicals. Aorta

Nociceptors

  -protection, pain and damage

  -detects things on the verge of tissue damage

  -some chemicals that stimulate are prostaglandins

Central nervous system

  -Hypothalamus

  -Brainstem

  -Spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system

  -everything else

Muscarinic

  -acts on G-proteins to open ion

Nicotinic

  -acts as a receptor and and ion channel

Alpha 1 & 2

Beta 1,2 & 3

Beta 1

  -NE = E

  -activates cAMP

Alpha 2

  -NE > E

  -Inhibits cAMP

Beta 2

  -E > NE

  -Activates cAMP

Alpha 1

  -NE > E

  -Activates phospholipase C

  -IP3, DAG, CA

Ciliary ganglion

  -III

  -ciliary eye muscles, iris

Pterygopalatine/sphenopalatine ganglion

  -VII

  -lacrimal, and nasal mucous glands, pharynx, palate

Submandibular ganglion

  -VII

  -salivary glands,but not parotid

Otic ganglion

  -IX

  -parotid salivary gland

Propranolol (1 & 2)

Metoprolol (1 only)

Regulates chemical composition and volume of internal environment.

  -regulates Ca+, K+, blood volume

Assumes a role in the smooth intergration of growth and development.

Heart

Stomach

Small intestines

Hypothalamus

Kidney

Adipose

What tissue hormone is released by all cells, but because they are so rapidly broken down, circulating levels are very low.

They intergrate activity of adjacent cells rather then intergrating activity of tissue and organs.

?

Prostaglandins

*is an Eicosand, 20 carbon

PGA

  -cause a quick fall in BP, increased regional flow to heart and kidney

PGE

  -regulate RBC, deformability, platelet aggregation, induces fever, regulates HCl secretion of stomach to prevent ulcer

PGF

  -Can induce labor, need for normal peristalsis

Amines

  -derived from amino acids

Peptide

  -made in RER, may be neuromodulators

  -most common

Steroids

  -made in mitochondria and sER

  -derived from cholesterol made by liver

Permissiveness

ex. thyroid is permissive to epinephrine on    adipocytes.

  -put th 1st then add epinephrine, then the adipose sites relese fats.

What is permissive to reproductive hormones forr the development of reproductive system?

Sella Turcica

  -under diaphragma sellae

Hypothalamus

  -connected to the hypothalamus via the infundibulum

What endocrine gland makes up 75% of the pituitary gland?

The Anterior pituitary gland contains what 3 types of cells?

Chromophobes

Acidophils

Basophils

Anterior Pituitary gland

Posterior Pituitary gland

Somatrophs

  -secrete GH

Lactotrophs

  -secrete PRL

Corticolipotrophs

  -secrete ACTH and MSH

Thyrotrophs

  -secrete TSH

Gonadotrophs

  -secrete FSH, LH (females), ICSH (males)

What 2 hormones are synthesized by neurons in 2 areas of the hypothalamus?

They are secreted by the Posterior Pituitary but not produced the hormones.

Vasopressin

  -supraoptic, ADH (antidiuretic)

Oxytocin

  -parventricular nuclei, OT

* no releasing or inhibiting factors cause them to be secreted

GH 

Prolactin

TSH 

FSH 

LH 

ACTH 

MSH

  -3 subtypes: alpha, beta, gamma 

B- lipotropin (LPH) 

B-endorphin

-promotes body growth

-decreases blood amino acid levels

-stimulates protein anabolism

-increase mobilization and catabolism of fats

-hyperglycemic

  -antagonist to insulin

-maintain size of tissue

-stimulates hormone production by liver and by the target cells of GH

-production and release of acidophils stimulated by GHRH

What disorders are caused by the following?

1. excess GH in childhood

2. excess GH in adulthood

3. No GH

4.  No IGF-1

1. excess GH in childhood

  = Gigantism

2. excess GH in adulthood

  =Acromegaly

3. No GH

  =Dwarfism

4. No IGF-1

  =Pigmy

Prolactemia

  -they will produce breast milk

ACh

Deep sleep

Dopamine

Estrogen

Glucagon

Hypoglycemia

Insulin

TH

Vigorous excercise

Gonads

  -females, stimulates ovary to mature an ovum and stimulates follicle cells to secrete estrogen

-males, stimulates thee seminiferous tubles to develop, be maintained and produce sperm

Gonads

  -females, stimulates ovulation

  -males, stimulates testes to develop and secrete testosterone

Adrenal Cortex

  -facilitates learning and behavior

Brain, Melanocytes

  -causes hyperpigmentation

  -controls use of lipids

B(beta)-endorphin

  -Stimulates release of PRL, GH, ADH

  -Inhibits TSH, LH, FSH

What are the 4 target organs of ADH / Vasopressin?

* secreted by posterior pituitary

*Decrease in ADH causes diabetes insipidus (excess urination), treated with vasopressin

-Kidney

-Smooth Muscle

-Blood Vessel

-Brain

*decreases water loss

     -decreases urine production to conserve water in kidneys

*works with osmoreceptors to detect dehydration

*increases memory

What is the target organ for Oxytocin?

*secreted by the posterior pituitary

Breast

Brain

uterus

-stimulates contractions of uterine smooth muscle for labor

-stimulates ejection of milk, not production, just let-down

-acts on kidneys

-stimulates maternal feelins for social feelings for others

Pancreas

  -exocrine, 98%, secretes digestive juices into duodenum

  -endocrine, 2%, islets of Langerhans or pancreatic islests

     *contains 4 types of cells

       alpha

       beta (most common)

       delta

       F or PP cells

Tyrosine kinase

  -to put Glut4 in cell membrane

  -lowers blood glucose levels

Type 1 diabetes

  -IDDM (insulin dependent diabetes mellitus)

  -beta cells are destroyed so they lack insulin

  -childhood onset

  -hyperglycemia, tissue damage:cataracts, blindness in retina

Type 2 diabetes

  -NIDDM (noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus)

  -receptors are down-regulated or dont work

  -genetic with insulin resistance but has normal insulin and no glucogon

  -adult onset, 80% are obese

  -treated with diet

  -

Zona fasciculata

  -85% are cortisol

Parathyroid gland (main player)

  -bones, intestines

  -maintains blood calcium

Thyroid gland (follicular cells & parafollicular cells)

  -bones, kidneys, intestines

  -decreases blood calcium

Fast

  -neurally mediated

  -acute stress

  -fight or flight

  -miliseconds to react

Slow

  -endocrine mediated

  -chronic stress

  -cortisol

  -seconds to react

Thyroid hormone

Calcitonin