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| intentional combinations of sounds that we choose to hear for esthetic enjoyment and usually depends on an orderly pattern of sounds for its pleasing effect |
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| communicate the entire range of human ideas through word symbols rather than by conveying emotions directly |
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| all sounds, especially those that are unorganized, unpleasant, or unwanted |
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| vibrations too fast for the ear to detect, nevertheless useful for calling dogs, detecting burglars, and removing dirt from small machine parts. |
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| vibrations too slow for the ear to detect, used by atmospheric physicists to study blast waves or weather systems |
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| useful in detecting submerged objects, whether schools of fish or submarines, with sonar devices |
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| building motion caused by wind, earthquake, or trampling of feet |
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| mechanisms of ear and nerve operation and their pathology, often involving experiments on animals |
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| human perception of sound: judgements, comparisons, and reactions to various sounds |
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| organization of sounds for human communication; strong emphasis on therapy for correction such problems as stuttering, aphasia, and deafness |
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| Noise measurement and control |
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| rapidly burgeoning activity in response to concerns about environmental noise, including aircraft, highway, traffic, machinery, rock concerts |
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| designs and materials for improving homes, offices, and concert halls |
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| mechanisms of sound production by musical instruments; effects of reproduction processes or room design on musical sounds; human perception of sound as music |
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| how it travels from one place to another |
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| how it affects the senses and emotions of a listener |
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| how does sound originate? |
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| when something moves back and forth really fast |
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the sensation of how "high" and "low" a sound is
psychological impression of the height of a sound
high pitched sounds often called treble
low pitched sounds often called bass |
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the sensation of strength or weakness in sound
psychological impression of sound strength; measured in sones |
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| many different sounds can travel through the same space at the same time, and each will be unaffected by the others. |
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| rapid back and forth movement of a single object or of a singe small piece of some large object |
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| a disturbance traveling outward in all directions from a vibration source |
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| the density and pressure of the air are greater than they would be in the absence of the sound wave |
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| the density and pressure are reduced below their normal values |
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| vibration travels in the direction perpendicular to the length of the object as the wave passes through |
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vibration of each little parcel of the air is aligned parallel to the direction of wave travel
sound in air |
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| areas of greatest compression |
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the distance from one crest to the next along the direction of travel
represented by the greek symbol lambda λ |
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| the speed of sound in dry air at room temperature |
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| 344 m/s = 344 hz (T=20 degrees C) |
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all sounds, whether high or low in pitch, travel through the air at the same speed
air is an example of a nondispersive medium |
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| the distance each bit of air moves to either side of its normal position during its vibration |
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| the maximum increase of air pressure in a sound wave compression |
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| a push or pull of any kind, with total strength measured in newtons |
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| physical quantities having both direction and magnitude |
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force per unit area, p=F/S
measure of how much force is concentrated on each part of a surface
units are N/m2 (newtons for meter squared) |
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| an alternative unit to measure pressure |
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| what does it mean to say that air is springy |
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if you try to squeeze it into a smaller volume it will push back with increased pressure
springiness of air is essential to sound wave motion-the increased pressure in each compression pushes outward in all directions on the surrounding air parcels where the pressure is lower, moving them aside so that the compressed air can reexpand. |
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| what does each musical not contain? |
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| many individual sound vibrations |
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| repetition rate of a vibration, measured in Hz |
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length of time taken for a single complete cycle of vibration
P=1/f |
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| range of audible frequencies |
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about 10 octaves
approximately 20Hz to 20,000Hz |
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| velocity (meters/second)= f (cycles/second) X λ (meters/cycle) |
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| expression of how one variable is related to another |
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| any system configuration for which all forces are precisely balanced; when placed in this configuration, the system will remain at rest |
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| any force whose action is always in such a direction as to return an object to an equilibrium position |
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| tendency of any moving object to continue onward with constant speed; a direct consequence of the object's mass |
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how much matter an object is made of and is measured in kilograms
responsible for the property of inertia |
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the force with which a mass is attracted to the Earth
measured in newtons
weight=mg |
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| maximum change in any variable during each cycle of any vibratory disturbance |
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| sinusoidal motion such as that of a mass bouncing on the end of an ideal linear spring, or that of a natural mode |
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| the transfer of energy to an object whenever a force moves it through a distance W=fd |
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capacity for doing work.
kinetic (due to motion)
potential (due to location, distortion, or chemical state) |
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vibration of especially large amplitude occurring when three conditions are fulfilled:
1. a system with a natural vibration mode frequency (Fn) is acted by 2. an alternating driving force with frequency (Fo) and 3. is nearly the same as Fn |
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the particular musical interval characterized by the perception that one pitch seems just like the other even though distinctly higher
a natural unit of measurement for the separation of two notes in pictch |
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| what happens if we double the length of a tube |
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| sound waves will take twice as long to go down and back, and whatever regular oscillations may occur will have twice as long a period as before, or half the frequency |
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most easily noticed at distances of 50 to 100 meters from a large, flat, hard surface
sound will reflect from surfaces of any shape or size. if the surface is smooth, the reflection is regular and orderly. but a rough surface causes irregular or diffuse reflection
the reflected wave is always weaker than the original, because part of the sound energy is absorbed at the reflecting surface |
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| change of direction of wave travel due to difference in its speed from one place to another, to be distinguished from diffraction, which takes place even when the wave speed is the same everywhere |
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| characteristic behavior of all types of waves, in which they tend to spread outward in all directions after passing through an opening, or to fill in the region behind an obstacle rather than leaving a shadow |
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| rage from approximately 10-15m for the lowest audible notes down to 2cm for the highest |
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| a relatively high pitched sound from the approaching source changed to a lower pitch as the source receded |
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| combination of signals of the same frequency from two or more sources, which may cooperate at some points in space (constructive interference) but cancel at others (destructive interference) |
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slow rise and fall of perceived loudness when signals with slightly different frequencies are combined.
a series of accented musical events, evenly separated in time
Fb = l F1-F2 l |
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the simplest, smoothest waveform, one produced by simple harmonic motion.
its fourier spectrum consists entirely of the fundamental, with no higher harmonics |
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a vibration that repeats precisely the same pattern over and over again, thus producing a steady tone
f=1/P |
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| mathematical representations of the equivalence between a complex waveform and a mixture of pure sine waves or fourier components |
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| noise whose spectrum includes equal amplitudes at all frequencies |
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| in acoustics, the statement that human perception of a sound is determined entirely by the amplitudes of its Fourier components and not by their relative phases. True only within limited circumstances. In electric circuits, a relation among current, voltage, and resistance |
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