Term
| Why have humans lost the opposable/divergent big toe? |
|
Definition
| We are bipeds and we are not arboreal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Present in humans. Helps with heel to toe pressure (heel strike to the outside of the foot, to the inside of the foot, and then to the big toe). |
|
|
Term
| How did human locomotion evolve? |
|
Definition
| Humans developed by walking in the heat of the day when other carnivorous predators were relaxing/sleeping and unable to hunt. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Upward movement of the ankle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement of the foot hat flexes the foot or toes downward. |
|
|
Term
| Two major muscles for chewing |
|
Definition
| Temporalis muscle and Masseter muscle |
|
|
Term
| Joint where the jaw meets the skull |
|
Definition
| Temporal Mandibular joint |
|
|
Term
| Gorilla's dietary pattern |
|
Definition
| Folivores. They are a rinding, lead-eating food processor (molars have high cusps and long, shearing crests). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bony protrusion on the top of the skull. Present in male Gorillas. It allows for a larger Temporalis muscle. |
|
|
Term
| Utility of the canine teeth |
|
Definition
| Canines have very little to do with diet. They provide a threat (form of male dominance/protection). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gap. Diagnostic of animals with large overlapping canine teeth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They are offset so that the cusps fit into the fissures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molars do not interlock due to dietary pattern. We do not need to shred leaves but rather grind harder foods such as granola. |
|
|
Term
| Utility of molars and muscles among Humans |
|
Definition
| Emphasis on the back teeth (Temporalis and Masseter muscle). Muscles move/pull up and down, forward and back. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Teeth behind canine run in long vertical rows- creates a longer face (Ape/Gorilla). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pallet and jaw is much wider- shaped like a parabola. |
|
|
Term
| Parabolic dental pattern and utility of the tongue |
|
Definition
| The parabolic pattern allows for an incredibly wide and flexible tongue, which helps with speech articulation and diet. Our tongue lets us push our food back up onto molars to be repeatedly ground. |
|
|
Term
| Temporal Mandibular Joint |
|
Definition
| Highly diagnostic. When we open our jaw, we dislocate our jaw- pulls flap of cartilage forward and then the cartilage snaps back. |
|
|
Term
| Tooth movement among Gorillas vs. Humans |
|
Definition
| When we chew, our jaw slides forward allowing our teeth to slide over each other. Gorillas teeth move up and down. |
|
|
Term
| Tongue utility among Gorillas and Baboons |
|
Definition
| They have a long and narrow tongue. |
|
|
Term
| WWII and it's influence on the study of primate behavior |
|
Definition
| Large numbers of men and women found themselves in exotic places/jungles . They were also offered the opportunity to go to university and they came back curious. |
|
|
Term
| Prejudices among First Generation Primatologists |
|
Definition
| (Zoo studies). They thought primate behaviour was simple, highly stereotypes, and easy to describe. |
|
|
Term
| Africa and Savannah Grassland Baboons |
|
Definition
| Extremely social and live in troops (20-100 animals). Spend a lot of time on the ground and were therefore easy to study. Sleep together in cluster of trees, and out on the grasslands they are always in view of each other. |
|
|
Term
| Baboon competition focuses more on... |
|
Definition
| Social interaction rather than physical aggression. Social exposure is power and violence is just momentary. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 20-100 animals, consists of both sexes and all ages, consistent social patterns and relationships, adaptable, dominated primarily by females who remain in the troop throughout their lives, males shift around. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primarily for reproduction and not recreation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Form troops during the night, but split into individual families during the day. Males have an exclusive group of females and are highly territorial. If they feel threatened, the males will come together to defend, but will return to their families once the threat is gone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They form mated pairs and are highly territorial. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Due to shortage of food, they live alone, because they cannot afford to eat/live together in troops. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A male will capture a group of females he wants to mate with, and when a new male takes over a group of females, he kills all the babies (infanticide). If the female has a baby, she will not go into heat, therefore the male cannot mate with her. Since they only maintain the group of females for 3-4 years, time is of great importance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Focuses on the inner play of how animals are born, succeed, live and die... (how animals adapt to each other). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Seeks to understand how animals adapt to the environment. |
|
|
Term
| Two kinds of reproductive success |
|
Definition
| Individual and Inclusive fitness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drone bees are increasing survival for their fertile relatives and grandparents (infertile primates) support their young who are still reproducing. |
|
|
Term
| Male and female success in the Baboon troop |
|
Definition
| For males it is in numbers (mate as much as possible), for females it is quality (can only have one baby at a time). Males compete for access to females, females compete for resources for their babies. |
|
|
Term
| Two strategies in Baboon troops |
|
Definition
| One is female and stable (blood related), one is male and transitory. |
|
|
Term
| Male Baboon appearance and its affect on reproductive success |
|
Definition
| The price of being terrifying in a world where males don't rape. If a male looks too scary and cannot earn trust from a female, he has no chance of earning reproductive rights. Therefore, they must establish friendships with babies and earn the mother's trust. |
|
|
Term
| Jane Goodall's research on Chimpanzees |
|
Definition
| Studied them from a peak and observed their abandoned sleeping nests, Chimpanzees are nomadic, they have dramatic emotional extremes, grooming and the need to be social, chimps eat up to 7 hours per day, male bluffing, life expectancy is 40-50 years. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Live in a band society, fission-fusion (breaking apart, coming together), friendship exists, dominance and aggression (the roots of human violence go deep), tool-making . |
|
|
Term
| Two strategies in Chimp societies |
|
Definition
| One is male and stable, and one is female and migratory. |
|
|
Term
| Male dominance in Chimp societies |
|
Definition
| Seek dominance, attack females and infants are sometimes killed, rape exists- males will take females away from the centre of the community and control her for a number of days, alliances among brothers and friends, dominance and combat is self-rewarding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Not as bulky as Chimpanzees, have a bald spot on the top of the head, limited to one location in the Congo, highly endangered, fission-fusion, intense parenting, tool-making, female dominated society, less male aggression, diffuse social tension with sex. |
|
|
Term
| Bonobos vs. the common Chimpanzee |
|
Definition
| Matriarchal society, males aggression is minimal and rape does not exist (because females move together in groups), no violence between males and females, large networks and support groups (as opposed to small nucleus communities among common chimps), face-to-face copulation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to create meaning, and impose meaning arbitrarily. |
|
|
Term
| Symbolic language vs. animal communication |
|
Definition
| human language is open and animal communication is closed. Language can communicate states of the environment displaced in time and space, and animals communicate immediate internal emotion states. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shared systems (rules) for creating and transmitting meaning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How the word is spelled, written and formed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Location of the word in the sentence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Technology, social organisation and ideology. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Keith and Cathy Hays in the 1950's raised Vicki like their baby boy- as a human child. Tried to teach her how to articulate words like "cup", but they had to hold her mouth closed when she said it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A part of the brain that is devoted to making emotional noises, almost all animals have it. Deep in the brain around the brain stem. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chimp that was cross-fostered by the Gardiners, and was handed over to Roger Fouts (professor at the University of Oklahoma). |
|
|
Term
| Roger Fout's criteria for linguistic behavior |
|
Definition
| Someone must be transmitting and someone must be receiving, the transmitter must be aware that the target is the receiver, the receiver must be aware that they are the target, and the receiver must be capable of becoming the transmitter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| At the back of the skull, an association area for association areas (allows us associate things like vision and sound), allows us to make cross-modal, non-limbic associations. |
|
|
Term
| The Cenozoic Era (65 million years ago) |
|
Definition
| The age of mammals, began after the mass extinction of dinosaurs (Mesozoic). |
|
|
Term
| The extinction of the dinosaurs |
|
Definition
| A meteor off the shore of the Yucatan, the world became dark, meteor may have contained chemicals 10 times stronger than a nuclear weapon, only small-bodied animals survived (turtles, mammals, etc). |
|
|
Term
| Why did mammals survive the meteor? |
|
Definition
| They are small, which takes less energy. In a world that was cold and dark, mammals were able to maintain a constant body temperature. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A layer of rock, only common to comets and asteroids, marks the line between Mesozoic and Cenozoic, exists in the earth's crust, found all over the globe. |
|
|
Term
| The Modern Forest Ecosystem |
|
Definition
| When the sun came back out, a whole new forest ecology erupted. Explosion of birds created more flowering plants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Before, the earth was a flat, lush and tropical world. The formation of mountains due to continental drift, created higher altitudes and took away from the tropical world climate. Led to all modern mountain systems like the Andes, Rocky Mountains, Pyrenees, Alps, Himalayas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Paleocene (65 million)- explosion of animals, Eocene (55 million)- age of prosimians/modern orders of animals are recognisable, Oligocene (34 million)- age of anthropoids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prosimians of modern aspect (Lemurs). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Looked like modern Tarsiers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Valley, only a few miles from Cairo, the entire fossil record of Anthropoids (old world monkeys). |
|
|
Term
| The Competitive Exclusion Principle |
|
Definition
| Dominants displace subordinates-- subordinates evolve into anthropoids-- anthropoids replace prosimians. |
|
|
Term
| Aegyptopithecus (34 million) |
|
Definition
| post-orbital bar, bigger brain, still retained a long snout like a Lemur, sagittal crest, a possible hominoid ancestor? |
|
|
Term
| Utility of the Petrous bone and the Auditory Bulla |
|
Definition
| Help with diagnosing a primate in the fossil record, all primates have a petrous bone. |
|
|
Term
| Evolution is driven by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contains all the qualities of verbal speech. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hard-wired. A behaviour is defined as phylogenetic when it occurs inevitably. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Speech comprehension (where you hear the sounds of speech). |
|
|
Term
| Angular Gyrus is present in... |
|
Definition
|
|
